覆盖粗糙Value集的不确定性度量研究

在覆盖粗糙集理论研究的基础上,将粗糙集理论与Vague集理论相融合,研究基于覆盖的粗糙Vague集模型及其相关性质。为了更好地度量该模型的不确定性,首先定义了知识含量测度,用于度量覆盖对论域中对象分类能力产生的不确定性,此种度量方法体现了分类知识的本质特征;同时结合边界域大小的度量方法,定义了C-粗糙度的概念用于度量覆盖粗糙Vague集的不确定性。实例分析结果表明了这种度量方法的简洁高效性。     

基于关联熵系数的粗糙Vague集相似性度量方法

粗糙Vague集是将粗糙集和Vague集理论相互融合以处理不确定性信息的一种理论工具。本文在深入研究Vague集及粗糙模糊集的关联熵、关联熵系数及集合相似性度量方法基础上,将关联熵和关联熵系数的概念引入到粗糙Vague集,并详细讨论了它们的主要性质,同时证明了关联熵系数满足粗糙Vague集相似度的定义,可用于粗糙Vague集的相似性度量。最后通过实例验证了粗糙Vague集的关联熵系数用于度量粗糙Vague集之间相似性程度的有效性,该理论为粗糙Vague集相似性度量提供了一种新方法。     

覆盖Value集

覆盖粗糙集和Vague集都是处理不确定性问题的数学工具,它们分别是粗糙集和模糊集的扩展。已有的覆盖粗糙集模型在求上、下近似时,可能将一些实际上并非肯定属于给定集合的元素纳入到下近似中,而一些可能属于给定集合的元素却没有纳入到上近似中,这就会改变一些元素与给定集合的关系。通过深入分析论域中的元素与其相关覆盖元之间的关系,建立了覆盖Vague集。该覆盖Vague集能够从一种新的角度反映出论域中各元素与给定集合之间的从属程度。进一步研究了覆盖Vague集与覆盖粗糙集中一些重要概念之间的关系。最后讨论了当覆盖退化为划分时覆盖Vague集的特性。     

多粒度邻域粗糙直觉模糊集模型*

针对名义型属性和数值型属性并存的混合型数据,结合多粒度邻域粗糙集和直觉模糊集,分别定义模糊覆盖粗糙隶属度和非隶属度.基于不同的属性集序列和不同的邻域半径,构建多粒度邻域粗糙直觉模糊集模型,证明模型相关性质.然后提出乐观和悲观多粒度邻域粗糙直觉模糊集的近似集,并讨论模型性质.最后使用文中模型计算实例,说明其能较好地解决名义型属性和数值型属性的混合型数据的处理问题.     

Vague集间的相似性度量及应用

论文提出了一种描述Vague集间的不确定关联度概念,并提出了一种新的Vague集间相似性度量模型,它不但考虑了Vague集论域元素间的物理意义,而且也考虑了论域元素间的不确定关联程度,因此,它比已存在的Vague集间相似度量模型更加精细地刻画了Vague集间的相似性,从而在基于Vague集的不确定性智能信息处理领域中可有广泛应用。     

覆盖粗糙模糊集的组合熵与组合粒度研究

针对覆盖粗糙模糊集的组合熵与组合粒度的度量问题.定义了覆盖粗糙集下对象的相容类,构造了覆盖粗糙集模型的相容关系,提出覆盖近似空间的覆盖簇,引入了覆盖粗糙模糊集模型的组合熵和组合粒度概念,讨论了组合熵和组合粒度的结构并证明了相关的性质并提出了覆盖粗糙模糊集的组合熵粗糙度度量.定义了覆盖簇的相容关系下对象的相容度,提出了相容度下的组合熵概念,证明了相关的定理和性质.最后,引入相容度下组合粒度概念,证明了组合粒度粗糙度存在随覆盖变细,度量单调减少的规律,并通过实例进行了验证.从而为进一步揭示粗糙集、粗糙模糊集及覆盖粗糙模糊集之间的不确定性度量规律提供了理论依据.     

Vague集模糊熵的注记

Vague集模糊熵应该既有Vague集的未知性又有Fuzzy集的不确定性,在指出了现有Vague集模糊熵定义的错误,给出了一个真正考虑了两种因素的改进的Vague集模糊熵公理化定义,然后提出一种Vague集模糊熵的新计算模型,最后通过定理证明和已有方法分析,给出Vague集模糊熵的定义和计算模型是更加合理的。     

边界不确定信息的处理—Fuzzy集和Vague集

Fuzzy集和Vague集都可用于边界不确定信息的处理。文章首先研究了这两种集合间的关系、性质,提出了Fuzzy集和Vague集的边界不确定性都可用犤0,1犦上的一个子区间来进行描述的思想。然后基于一些Vague集相似度量的思想,提出了一种求Fuzzy集和Vague集的相似性度量方法,并建立了基于Fuzzy集和Vague集度量方法的统一模型,该模型在这两种集合相似性度量上是等价的,并给出了该模型满足的性质。     

基于最小/最大描述的多粒度覆盖粗糙直觉模糊集模型

覆盖粗糙集和直觉模糊集都是处理不确定性问题的基础理论,它们有着很强的互补性,且覆盖粗糙集和直觉模糊集的融合研究是一个新的热点。对多粒度覆盖粗糙集和直觉模糊集的融合进行深入研究。首先将最小描述、最大描述从单一粒度推广到多个粒度,提出了多粒度的最小描述和最大描述,讨论了多粒度的融合;其次,分别给出了基于最小描述和最大描述的模糊覆盖粗糙隶属度、非隶属度的概念,构建了两种新的模型即基于最小描述的多粒度覆盖粗糙直觉模糊集和基于最大描述的多粒度覆盖粗糙直觉模糊集,并讨论了它们的性质,同时举例说明;最后,分析和研究了两种模型的关系。该研究为多粒度覆盖粗糙集和直觉模糊集的融合提供了一种方法。     

粗糙Vague集（值）相似性度量的一种新方法

对粗糙集和Vague集的概念、知识表示方法进行了讨论,把粗糙集和Vague集进行了融合,描述了粗糙Vague集概念,给出粗糙Vague值的相关概念及其相似性度量的一种新方法,研究了粗糙Vague集的相关性质及其相似性度量的方法。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).