不同品种百合中皂苷和多糖的含量测定

以龙山百合、龙牙百合、卷丹、药百合和麝香百合为材料,采用紫外分光光度法测定各品种百合中多糖及皂苷的含量。结果表明,卷丹和麝香百合的皂苷与多糖含量是最高的;龙山百合的皂苷含量最低,多糖仅次于卷丹和麝香百合;龙牙百合和药百合的皂苷与多糖含量都比较低。     

山西省不同品种谷子淀粉理化性质的比较

以山西省13种不同谷子品种作为供试材料,采用酶法制备淀粉,对其溶解度、膨胀度、透光率、冻融稳定性、凝沉性、热特性及结晶结构进行研究,比较其差异性。结果表明:13种谷子淀粉的溶解度及膨胀度范围分别为10.79%~19.11%,25.11%~42.91%,其中2-T9膨胀度最大,2-T3的溶解度最大,品种之间存在显著性差异;透光率为6.278%~19.39%,析水率为7.08%~60.73%,黄谷的透光率和析水率都是最高;凝沉性试验同样表明黄谷的稳定性显著优于其他品种;采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)测定谷子淀粉的热特性,糊化起始温度、峰值温度、最终温度和相变热焓分别为52.78~70.95℃,71.12~79.26℃,80.42~88.48℃,9.83~11.87J/g,这些特性品种间差异显著;X-射线衍射分析表明13种谷子淀粉的结晶结构属于A型。     

湖南湘西百合营养及淀粉理化特性研究

为探讨湖南湘西食用百合(BJBH)的品质特性,本试验系统分析其主要营养成分,生、熟百合质构特性,全粉与精制淀粉的膨胀势和凝胶质构及淀粉理化特性。结果表明:在研究变幅内,BJBH的蛋白、淀粉及膳食纤维等主要成分含量表示出不同;煮熟后其质构特性变化主要是由大分子物质(淀粉、膳食纤维)吸水膨胀引起;全粉和淀粉膨胀势分别为6.2和14.5 g/g,纤维素等不溶性多糖是导致两者凝胶质构显著不同的主要因素;BJBH淀粉颗粒粒径集中分布在9.09~34.57μm,平均粒径19.28μm;衍射类型属B型,相对结晶度为54.4%;DSC曲线中TO、TP、TC和ΔHgel分别为54.0、63.2、75.0℃和13.3 J/g;淀粉颗粒酶解速率先快后慢,72 h后分解速率趋于稳定;淀粉颗粒的吸水速率先减慢后升快,在相对湿度为100%时吸水量约为215 mg/g。     

百合淀粉糊化特性的研究

以自制的卷丹百合淀粉为材料,运用差示扫描量热仪对百合淀粉糊化特性进行了研究。结果表明,百合淀粉具有糊化温度低、糊化热焓小、易糊化等特点。整个糊化过程可分为两个阶段,低温(<63.79℃)糊化的特点是速率低,而且不能彻底糊化;高温(>63.79℃)糊化的特点是速率高,可瞬间完成,类似于高活化能的鸡蛋蛋白变性作用。     

浸泡对玉米SOD和醇溶蛋白提取的影响

100g玉米中加入200mL pH7.80·05mol/L的磷酸缓冲液,40℃下浸泡36h后将玉米淋干,将胚芽与胚乳分离、破碎。从胚芽中提取SOD,SOD酶活最高达到371·55U/g玉米,是未浸泡玉米胚芽的15·8倍;破碎的胚乳∶75%(V)酒精=1∶6混合后,60℃下浸提2h,获得醇溶蛋白。一次浸提醇溶蛋白的提取率为78·94%,比对照提高了20·91%,二次浸提提取率达为93·3%。最后,将提取SOD和醇溶蛋白的玉米残渣进行酒精发酵,同时与采用干法粉碎和湿法粉碎的玉米粉进行对比,其淀粉出酒率分别为53·50%、53·56%和53·51%。     

热烫过程中百合粉的主要营养成分、微观结构及其功能特性

为明确不同热烫方式对百合粉理化特性的影响,以卷丹百合鳞茎为原料,分别采用沸水和蒸汽热烫处理不同时间(0,20,40,60,80 s),研究百合粉的主要营养成分、表观形态、粒径分布、功能特性及其热力学特性在不同热烫过程中的变化规律。结果表明:采用沸水热烫和蒸汽热烫处理不同时间,百合粉理化特性发生显著变化。随沸水热烫时间的延长,百合淀粉含量呈先上升后下降的趋势,沸水热烫60 s淀粉含量增至最高(76.80%),蒸汽热烫致百合淀粉含量从67.33%降至52.82%,呈下降趋势;经两种热烫方式处理的蛋白质含量均先降后升。未热烫的百合粉颗粒光滑圆润,以卵圆形淀粉小颗粒为主。经两种热烫处理的淀粉小颗粒逐渐减少,百合粉中的大颗粒先膨大变粗糙,而后破碎变小。热烫处理后百合粉粒径分布主峰向右偏移。未热烫的百合粉平均粒径为16.58μm,经热烫处理的百合粉粒径随热烫时间的延长均呈现先升高后降低的趋势,其中沸水热烫40 s和蒸汽热烫60 s处理的平均粒径最大,分别为78.97μm和66.53μm。百合粉透光率随贮藏时间的延长而呈下降趋势;未热烫和不同热烫方式处理的百合粉膨胀度和溶解度均随温度的升高呈增大趋势。沸水热烫使百合粉热力学特性消失,蒸汽热烫处理致百合粉的糊化温度升高,未热烫百合粉糊化焓为5.40 J/g,经蒸汽热烫40 s时降至最低1.26 J/g,蒸汽热烫60 s时热力学特性消失。     

鱼油微丸的制备及其稳定性研究

以海藻酸钠为囊材,制备鱼油微丸,并对其稳定性进行研究。方法:鱼油和海藻酸钠混匀、乳化,滴入氯化钙冷凝液制成滴丸;用Agilent6890气相色谱仪,HP-5气相色谱柱,柱温230℃,进样口温度260℃,检测室温度280℃,测定微丸中EPA和DHA含量;测定其5、10d60℃、光照、相对湿度75%加速实验的稳定性;筛选微丸的抗氧化剂。结果:精密称取高、中、低三剂量鱼油微丸,用研磨超声法测定其中EPA、DHA含量,其测定方法精密度分别为3·06%,3·06%,2·86%;3·06%,3·61%,3·19%(n=5)。高、中、低3个剂量鱼油微丸中EPA、DHA平均加样回收率分别为100·6%,99·96%,101·7%;102·4%,100·9%,101·2%(n=3)。在60℃、光照、相对湿度75%中置5、10d后含量下降不大,仍然稳定;抗氧化性比较TBHQ>BHA>VE。结论:用海藻酸钠制备鱼油微丸简便、可行、稳定,具有一定的开发价值。     

卷丹百合茶酒的发酵工艺优化研究

以梵净山卷丹百合和绿茶为原料,考察发酵温度、初始pH值、酵母接种量和初始糖度对卷丹百合茶酒酒精度的影响。采用正交试验对卷丹百合茶酒发酵条件进行了优化。结果表明,卷丹百合茶酒的最佳发酵工艺条件为发酵温度28 ℃,初始pH5.0,接种量0.07%,初始糖度18 °Bx,在此最佳发酵工艺条件下,所得卷丹百合茶酒酒精度为9.23%vol,还原糖含量为0.30 g/L,总糖含量为8.34 g/L,总酸含量为7.33 g/L,茶多酚含量为0.68 g/L,感官评分为21分。     

花生淀粉的提取及性质研究

从脱脂花生蛋白粉制取花生分离蛋白后的副产物中提取纯化花生淀粉,并对其性质进行了研究.结果表明,花生淀粉提取的最佳工艺条件为:将制取花生分离蛋白后的副产物添加到浓度为4g/L的氢氧化钠溶液中,液固比为3:1,温度为25℃,浸提4 h,3 000 r/min离心20 min,得到淀粉的纯度为95.72%,提取率为55.37%.测定了花生淀粉中直链淀粉含量、透明度、凝沉性、溶解度与膨胀度、糊化温度、黏度等性质.结果表明,花生淀粉中直链淀粉含量为22.98%,透明度为29.5%,介于玉米淀粉和马铃薯淀粉之间;凝沉性很低;溶解度与膨胀度不同于玉米淀粉,在75℃膨胀较快;糊化温度为60～66℃,不易糊化;花生淀粉在75℃时出现黏度峰值为542 mPa·s.     

百合膳食纤维对小白鼠消化吸收功能的影响

实验以麝香百合渣、卷丹渣和麝香百合膳食纤维为受试物,探讨其对小白鼠消化吸收功能的影响。结果表明:中、高浓度百合膳食纤维能极显著地增加小白鼠的摄食量、重量和小肠推进率(p<0.01);低浓度麝香百合渣能显著增加小白鼠摄食量(p<0.05);小白鼠的食物利用系数随灌胃浓度的增加而增加,高浓度麝香百合膳食纤维作用更为显著(p<0.05)。综上所述,百合膳食纤维能够促进小白鼠的消化吸收,并以高浓度麝香百合膳食纤维的效果最佳。     

Properties of Korean Amaranth Starch Compared to Waxy Millet and Waxy Sorghum Starches

Characteristics of waxy type starches isolated from amaranth, waxy millet and waxy sorghum harvested in Korea were evaluated. Shapes of all starch granules were polygonal or slightly round and the surfaces of waxy millet and waxy sorghum starch granules showed visible pores. Amylose contents of the three starches were between 3.2–6.0% and amaranth starch showed the highest water binding capacity (WBC) (130.7%). The swelling power and solubility of amaranth starch studied at 65.0–95.0°C increased about 13.7‐ and 14.0‐fold, respectively, with increase in temperature. Swelling power of waxy sorghum starch was the highest (72.6 at 95°C) among the starches studied, while amaranth starch had a constant swelling power and its rate of solubility increasely only slowly at temperatures higher than 75°C. From RVA data, initial pasting temperatures of amaranth, waxy sorghum and waxy millet starches were 75.7, 73.3 and 75.2°C, respectively. Peak viscosity, breakdown, and setback from trough of amaranth starch were 68.3, 16.7 and 7.5 RVU, respectively, which were the lowest values among the starches investigated. Using DSC, onset temperature of gelatinization of amaranth starch was 1.5–4.0°C higher than those of waxy sorghum and millet starches, corresponding to the RVA result. The enthalpies of gelatinization of the starches studied in our laboratory were in the range of 8.5–12.7 J/g with decreasing order of waxy sorghum > amaranth > waxy millet starch.     

Physicochemical,morphological, and thermal properties of starches separated from bulbs of four Chinese lily cultivars

The starches separated from bulbs of four different lily cultivars (Lanzhou, Pinglu, Yixing‐1, and Yixing‐2) were investigated for physicochemical, morphological, crystalline, and thermal properties. AM content of lily bulbs starches from different cultivars ranged from 19.46 to 25.17%. The swelling power of starches ranged between 14.4 and 21.3 g/g, and the solubility ranged from 8.92 and 16.6% at the temperature of 85°C. Four cultivars of lily starches paste had excellent transparency and the transmittance value of Lanzhou lily as high as 54.7%. The transmittance of the gelatinized aqueous starch suspensions, from all lily cultivars, decreased with increase in storage period. The shape of starch granules varied from triangular to cylindrical and XRD of four lily starches all showed B‐type pattern. The transition temperatures and enthalpy of gelatinization (ΔH_gel) were determined using DSC. T_p varied from 62.52 to 65.25°C. Pinglu lily starch showed the highest ΔH_gel and gelatinization range (T_c–T_o) index among starches from four different lily cultivars.     

三种杂豆淀粉理化特性的比较

以豇豆(Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)、小黑芸豆(Phaseolus vulgaris L.)和小扁豆(Lens culinaris M.)为材料,采用湿磨法提取淀粉,以马铃薯淀粉和玉米淀粉作对照,对淀粉理化性质进行比较研究。结果表明,豇豆、小黑芸豆和小扁豆淀粉颗粒多为肾形,少数圆形,且偏光十字明显,表观直链淀粉含量分别为34.98%、45.35% 和37.24%。3 种淀粉的膨胀度和溶解度均随温度升高而增加,起糊温度在72.9～77.0℃之间,小黑芸豆淀粉起糊温度最高,峰值黏度、破损值、最终黏度和回生值最低。豇豆淀粉糊化特性与小黑芸豆淀粉相反,起糊温度较低,峰值黏度、破损值、最终黏度和回生值最高。3 种豆类淀粉To、Tp 和Tc 具有显著性差异,但焓值差异不显著,焓值大小顺序为小扁豆淀粉＞豇豆淀粉＞小黑芸豆淀粉。     

Lily Starch—An Underutilized and Non-Conventional Source: Properties and Applications

Lily belongs to the genus Lilium of the family Liliaceae. Starch is the main component of lily bulbs which accounts for 53–69% of their dry weight. Lily starch (LS) has B-type X-ray diffraction characterized by a peak at 5.6°, 17°, 22°, and 24°. The swelling and solubility of the LS are significantly higher than rice and corn starches. The gelatinization temperatures of the LS are much lower than maize but higher than wheat and potato starches. The pasting temperature, peak, breakdown, and setback viscosities of lily starches are falling within the range; 66.1–72.7 °C, 1409–3940 cP, 88–1206 cP, and 445–1952 cP, respectively. The range for initial temperature, gelatinization temperature range, and enthalpy for lily starches is also 56.5–64.0 °C, 3.8–10.3 °C, and 3.9–13.9 J g⁻¹, respectively. This review focuses on the recent advances in the understanding of the composition, structure, and properties of lily starches. Furthermore, the limited modification associated with lily starches is also discussed. There is a bold attempt to compare the properties of lily starch with that of the commercial starches of corn and potato.     

Development of oxidised and heat-moisture treated potato starch film

This study investigated the effects of sodium hypochlorite oxidation and a heat-moisture treatment of potato starch on the physicochemical, pasting and textural properties of potato starches in addition to the water vapour permeability (WVP) and mechanical properties of potato starch films produced from these starches. The carbonyl contents, carboxyl contents, swelling power, solubility, pasting properties and gel texture of the native, oxidised and heat-moisture treated (HMT) starches were evaluated. The films made of native, oxidised and HMT starches were characterised by thickness, water solubility, colour, opacity, mechanical properties and WVP. The oxidised and HMT starches had lower viscosity and swelling power compared to the native starch. The films produced from oxidised potato starch had decreased solubility, elongation and WVP values in addition to increased tensile strength compared to the native starch films. The HMT starch increased the tensile strength and WVP of the starch films compared to the native starch.     

红豆淀粉的理化性质研究

对黑龙江省不同产区的4种红豆淀粉的理化性质进行了研究.结果表明,4种红豆淀粉颗粒表面光滑,形状绝大部分为椭圆形或卵形,部分小颗粒为圆形,有些颗粒未完全分开,以较大颗粒形式存在.4种红豆淀粉的理化特性和糊化回生特性因产区和品种不同而差异很大.在90℃时,膨润力平均达到12.00％,溶解度平均达到13.18％.平均持水力为...     

韧化处理对不同玉米淀粉理化特性的影响

以不同直/支链比例的普通玉米淀粉和蜡质玉米淀粉为材料,在40、50、60℃进行韧化处理,研究韧化处理对玉米淀粉理化特性的影响。结果表明：韧化处理的两种玉米淀粉颗粒形貌有较小变化。韧化处理后,两种淀粉的溶解度和膨胀度随着处理温度的升高而降低;所有韧化处理过的玉米淀粉黏度低于原淀粉,起糊温度高于原淀粉;韧化处理后淀粉的糊化温度升高,热焓变化不大。     

韧化温度和时间对不同直链淀粉质量分数玉米淀粉物化性质的影响

为进一步探讨韧化处理对淀粉性质的作用机理,通过测定糊化性质、热特性、膨胀力、结晶特性及观察偏光十字现象和微观结构,研究了不同韧化温度和时间对不同直链淀粉质量分数玉米淀粉（普通玉米淀粉（normal corn starch,NCS）和蜡质玉米淀粉（waxy corn starch,WCS））物化性质的影响。结果表明,韧化处理主要作用于NCS和WCS淀粉颗粒的无定形区,对淀粉结晶类型没有影响;但韧化处理能够明显增强NCS和WCS的热稳定性和抗剪切能力,抑制淀粉老化和糊化,显著降低峰值黏度和膨胀力（P＜0.05）。韧化温度升高至60 ℃时韧化效果更加明显,糊化焓和相对结晶度明显降低,颗粒表面被明显破坏。但延长韧化时间对NCS和WCS老化的抑制效果和对糊化焓、膨胀力、颗粒形貌等的影响不明显。     

Pasting,Thermal, Hydration,and Functional Properties of Annealed and Heat-Moisture Treated Starch of Sword Bean (Canavalia gladiata)

The effects of annealing (ANN) and heat-moisture treatments (HMT) on the physicochemical and functional properties of Sword bean starches were investigated. The pasting properties differ significantly among the starches, with peak viscosity ranging from 399.17 RVU to 438.33 RVU; however, all the starches exhibited ‘Type C’ class with restricted swelling. The HMT starches had the highest gelatinization temperature, while change in enthalpy of gelatinization, ΔH_gel of the native starch, was higher (13.82 J/g) than that of the modified starches (1.39–6.74 J/g). The solubility and swelling power of all the starches increased as the temperature increased. The oil and water absorption capacity of the starches ranges between 3.24–3.91 g/g and 2.42–3.35 g/g, respectively. HMT (at 25 and 30% moisture level) changes the X-ray diffraction pattern of the starch from Type ‘B’ to Type ‘C’. The Scanning electron micrograph results revealed the starch granules with smooth ellipsoids and indentation in their centre, hydrothermal modification showed little effect on the morphology and size of the granules. Hydrothermal modification improved the physicochemical and functional properties of the starch without destroying the granule of the starch.     

Effects of annealing on the physicochemical properties and enzymatic susceptibility of rice starches with different amylose contents

This study investigated the effects of annealing (ANN) on the properties of rice starches with high, medium and low-amylose contents. The starches were heated with excess water at 45 °C, 50 °C and 55 °C for 16 h. The swelling power, solubility, pasting properties, enzymatic susceptibility, morphology and X-ray crystallinity of the starches were evaluated. Annealing reduced the swelling power and solubility of the starches. ANN at 55 °C increased the pasting temperature and decreased the peak viscosity of the high-amylose rice starch. However, annealing decreased the peak viscosity of the low-amylose starch. The annealed rice starches presented a lower final viscosity and setback than did the native starches, with the exception of the low-amylose starch, which showed an increase in setback. Annealing increased the starches’ susceptibilities to α-amylase and promoted a reduction in their relative crystallinity.