微藻热化学催化液化及生物油特性研究

以杜氏盐藻为原料,乙二醇为液化介质、浓硫酸为催化剂进行热化学液化反应.运用中心组合设计及响应面分析(RSA),在单因素试验的基础上建立了预测杜氏盐藻液化产率的数学模型.回归分析表明,液化温度、停留时间与催化剂用量及其交互作用对液化都有显著影响.以液化产率为响应值作响应面和等高线图,揭示了各参数交互关系.通过响应面优化,求得最佳工艺条件为:催化剂用量2.4%,液化温度170℃,停留时间33min,在此条件下液化率达到97.05%.基于生物油广泛应用的目的,对产物生物油的物理化学性质进行了研究,并结合FT-IR、~(13)C-NMR、GC-MS等技术对生物油的主要组分分布进行了分析.结果表明:生物油的主要成分为苯并呋喃酮30.43%、C14～C18有机酸甲酯23.25%和C14～C18有机酸羟乙基酯27.89%.生物油由于高的含氧量,需要进一步改性才能高端应用.     

基于超临界乙醇的竹子与聚乙烯共液化研究

结合生物质的可再生特性和塑料的可作为供氢体系的优点,将超临界流体(SCF)技术用于生物质热解,以得到环境友好型的生物燃油.实验研究了竹子和聚乙烯在超临界乙醇中进行共热解的工艺参数和技术条件.并应用气质联用仪(GC-MS)对生物油产物进行分析.结果表明,竹子和甥料在恰当的工艺条件下,可以获得良好的液化效果,共液化率高于竹子的单独液化率.反应温度在250～290℃间,在不加入催化剂的条件下,竹子与聚乙烯的共液化率为40.6%;在加入碳酸钾催化剂下,共液化率达62.6%.通过GC-MS分析,热解产物中主要含C12以下的醇类、酯类、酮类和醚类,适合作为点燃式内燃机的燃料.     

竹子在超临界甲醇中的热解油产物分析

用超临界流体(SCF)技术进行竹子热解,获取生物燃油。研究了竹子在超临界甲醇中的热解工艺参数与技术条件,并运用气质联用仪(GC-MS)分析了生物油产物的组分与含量。结果表明,270～280℃为竹子在超临界甲醇中热解的适宜温度,其液化率达34.3%。催化剂K_2CO_3对竹子热解具有促进作用,在同等条件下液化率达46.3%。通过GC-MS分析,热解产物中主要含C_(10)以下的醇类、酯类、酮类和醚类,适合作为点燃式内燃机的燃料。     

亚超临界水中蓝藻的热化学液化

分别考察了反应温度、反应时间和反应物料液比对蓝藻在亚超临界水中的热化学液化效果的影响,结果表明,在反应温度为380℃,反应时间为40 min,反应物料液比为1:20时,液化效果最好,总转化率和油产率分别达到94.5％和41.3％.生物油的GCMS、元素和热值分析表明,生物油的主要成分是芳香族、吡咯和吡啶衍生物等物质,生...     

塑料和木屑的共液化以及催化液化实验研究

在温度为613～693K、压力为20～30MPa的条件下,以去离子水为溶剂在1L间歇式高压反应釜中对塑料和木屑进行共液化研究,实验考察了反应时间、溶剂填充率、温度、催化剂对液化行为的影响。结果表明:木屑的加入能降低塑料液化对高温的要求,共液化能获得较高的液化油收率。在未添加催化剂的情况下,共液化反应在653K的温度下油收率达最大值24.0%,转化率达83.5%,油的热值为44.6MJ/kg。催化剂的使用能降低反应所需要的温度并获得较高的液化油收率以及转化率。研究发现,HZSM-5分子筛的催化作用最为明显。     

微藻直接离子液体脂肪酶制备生物柴油

采用小球藻、甲醇为原料,脂肪酶为催化剂,离子液体为提取剂和反应介质,直接提取酯交换制备生物柴油。考察不同工艺条件对产率的影响,结果表明:甲醇用量和藻粉质量比为8∶1,离子液体[BMIM][DCA]和藻粉质量比为1∶1,脂肪酶用量为藻粉质量的12%,反应温度为50℃,酯交换反应时间为16 h条件下,生物柴油的转化率可达69.6%。采用微藻直接离子液体脂肪酶制备生物柴油无需从微藻粉中提取油脂,因此降低过程成本、缩短工艺,能实现含油微藻到生物柴油的一步转化。     

黄连木油制备生物柴油的中试研究

在100L反应釜中进行制备黄连木生物柴油的中试试验,研究了反应温度、甲醇用量、催化剂用量、搅拌速率和反应时间对转化率的影响。试验结果表明最佳反应条件:反应温度60℃,甲醇用量为油重的20%,催化剂KOH用量为油重的1.2%,搅拌速率为150r/min,反应时间为60min,此时转化率达最高值93.6%。所得生物柴油基本达到GB/T20828-2007《柴油机燃料调合用生物柴油(BD100)》所规定的技术要求,净热值达到0#柴油的89.7%。油耗对比试验表明,燃用纯生物柴油后直喷柴油机油耗率增加12.2%。     

钙镁负载型固体碱制备生物柴油的研究

研究了CaO-MgO/SiO2负载型固体碱催化剂的制备条件,并对其进行XRD、FT-IR、BET和CO2-TPD表征分 析,仪器分析表明CaO成功引入到载体,MgO起助催化作用增强了碱性并研究该固体碱催化剂酯交换反应催化毛豆油制备生物柴油的条件.考查反应时间、反应温度、醇油比、催化剂用量和原料中水分含量的影响.研究表明,在反应时间6h,反应温度65℃,醇油比18:1,催化剂用量3%,原料油水份含量低于1%时,生物柴油收率可达95.4%,甘油收率达96%以上.     

生物柴油的超声波辅助固体碱催化制备研究

以精制的山桐子油为原料,固体碱CaO-ZrO为催化剂,在超声波辅助下制备生物柴油。通过单因素实验探讨催化剂用量、醇油物质的量之比、反应温度、超声功率、超声频率、反应时间等因素对生物柴油得率的影响。在此基础上,选取超声功率、催化剂用量、醇油物质的量之比、反应时间4个因素通过正交试验确定最佳工艺条件,即超声功率500 W,催化剂用量3%,醇油物质的量之比10∶1,反应时间60 min。在最佳工艺条件下,生物柴油得率为98.2%,该催化剂具有较好的重复利用性能。     

杨木屑多组分溶剂液化工艺的研究

利用热化学液化方法对生物质杨木屑液化工艺进行研究,以液化温度、液化时间、催化剂量为影响因素,液化率为指标,采用正交试验优化木屑液化的工艺条件。在此基础上,利用最佳工艺条件下制备的液化油替代聚醚多元醇制备聚氨酯发泡材料。结果表明:3个因素的影响大小关系为:催化剂量液化时间液化温度。最佳条件为液化剂聚乙二醇∶乙二醇∶丙三醇为3∶1∶1,固液比1∶5,催化剂量为液体总量的3%,反应时间60min,反应温度160℃,杨木屑液化率为93.8%。液化产物的酸值范围43.48~67.32 mg KOH/g,羟值范围155.68~235.62 mg KOH/g。利用最佳工艺条件下所得杨木屑液化油替代聚醚多元醇制备聚氨酯发泡材料的性能较好。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.