EB-PVD 热障涂层的热循环失效机理

采用电子束物理气相沉积方法(EB—PVD)在NiCrAlY粘结层上沉积Y2O3部分稳定的ZrO2陶瓷层。对样品进行了1050C的热循环实验。结果表明，沉积态陶瓷层表面比较致密．其柱状晶粒簇拥成团，晶粒簇间存在间隙。随着热循环不断进行，陶瓷层表面变得疏松，晶粒簇间距增大，相邻较大的间隙互相连接成微裂纹。并逐渐横向及纵向扩展。1050C循环200次，粘结层氧化物是均匀连续的—薄层，主要由Al2O3组成；循环300次后,出现了NiO、尖晶石等氧化物。根据显微结构观察和EDS、XRD分析结果，提出了EB—PVD热障涂层热循环的失效机理。     

EB-PVD在热障涂层中的研究及应用

EB-PVD是以高能电子束为热源的一种蒸发镀膜技术.在真空的环境下,高能离子束轰击靶材(金属,陶瓷等),使其融化、升华、蒸发,最后沉积在基片上.由于EB-PVD技术具有蒸发和沉积速率高,涂层致密,化学成分易于精确控制,可得到柱状晶组织,无污染,热效率高,基片与薄膜之间有较强的结合力等诸多优点,已被广泛应用于国防和民用领域.本文介绍了EB-PVD技术在制备热障涂层时优势、不足与改进措施.     

EB-PVD 热障涂层TGO中氧化物混合区的形成及其影响

研究了电子束物理气相沉积热障涂层在1150～30℃之间的循环氧化行为;分析了TGO中YSZ-Al2O3混合区的形成过程及其对TGO的生长与TBCs失效的影响.TGO的向外生长和TBC沉积时形成的YSZ细晶区是形成YSZ-Al2O3混合区的两个重要条件.YSZ-Al2O3混合区对TBCs失效的影响表现在加速TGO的生长和裂纹易在该混合区形成两方面.     

EB—PVD热障涂层的失效行为研究

利用Ｘ射线衍射（ＸＲＤ）、扫描电镜（ＳＥＭ）及能谱分析（ＥＤＸＳ）技术，对ＥＢ－ＰＶＤ热障涂层（ＴＢＣｓ）中陶瓷面层在热冲击和循环氧化试验前后的形和变化进行了分析，研究了陶瓷面层的生长形态和相且分对热障涂层耐久性的影响。     

热障涂层热冲击试验研究

随着先进发动机的研制和生产,对高温涂层的要求也不断提高。热障涂层（TBCs) 作为一种新型隔热涂层,在发动机涡轮叶片上的应用得到更多的重视。对利用电子束物理气相沉积（EB－PVD）制备的TBCs进行了高温热冲击试验,并对试验前后的TBCs进行了形貌、SEM和XRD分析。     

EB-PVD热障涂层粘结层/TGO界面性能的研究进展

本文介绍了电子束物理气相沉积(EB-PVD)技术制备热障涂层的界面失效行为,并在此基础上综述了活性元素对粘结层/热生长氧化物层(TGO)界面性能的作用机制.     

热障涂层导热率的测量及控制技术

摘要：作为一种有效的改善发动机的性能、减少发动机零部件的成本，延长其使用寿命的技术，热障涂层(TBC)已得到了越来越广泛的应用。在所有涉及热障涂层性能的物理参数中，导热率被认为是最重要的指标之一。本文介绍了热障涂层技术的发展现状，总结了热障涂层导热率测量的3种主要方法(激光发射法、3-ω法和光声法)的优缺点及适用范围，讨论了减少热障涂层导热率的主要技术。从试验数据来看，加入特殊的添加剂、改善涂层的微观组织构、采用多层复合结构是降低若障涂层导热率的有效方法。     

EB-PVD制备YSZ涂层的热震性研究

用电子束蒸发镀膜的技术制备一系列不同微观结构的YSZ涂层,通过对涂层进行热震实验,测试50次热循环,通过SEM、XRD对涂层样品微观结构进行表征。通过实验和表征结果发现制备束流在350mA的情况下YSZ涂层样品的热震性能最好。对涂层失效机理进行讨论得出,涂层表面过于致密阻碍热应力的缓解,表面过于疏松加速氧气的渗入,加速TGO的生长导致涂层剥落失效。     

高温热处理对带热障涂层DD6单晶高温合金互扩散行为及持久断裂特征的影响

采用电子束物理气相沉积方法在DD6单晶高温合金基体上制备了热障涂层,带涂层试样首先在1100℃空气气氛中分别进行了50h和100h热处理,然后在980℃/250MPa条件下进行持久实验,研究了持久断裂后合金与黏结层界面的互扩散行为、组织形貌以及断裂特征。结果表明:经过1100℃热处理,合金与黏结层之间的元素发生了互扩散,合金基体中Cr含量增加,而Re,Nb,Mo,Ta等元素向黏结层扩散;随热处理时间的增加,析出的不稳定相数量增多,持久断裂试样γ′相粗化程度增加;1100℃热处理带热障涂层持久断口为韧窝断口,与合金标准试样断口特征类似。     

电子束物理气相沉积热障涂层抗冲蚀性能研究

本文采用真空电弧镀技术(AIP)在DZ408高温合金基体上沉积HY3(NiCrAlYSi)金属粘结层,采用电子束物理气相沉积技术(EB-PVD)在HY3粘结层上沉积YSZ陶瓷面层,研究了热障涂层的抗冲蚀性能。对于沉积热障涂层的试样进行了抗冲蚀试验,来评价其抗冲蚀性能,通过扫描电镜(SEM)分析冲蚀前后的试样显微形貌,用X-射线衍射仪分析涂层的相结构,通过质量冲蚀率对涂层抗冲蚀性能进行表征。试验结果表明在相同冲蚀条件下,TBC涂层冲蚀率随冲蚀时间的增加而增加;涂层经光饰处理后降低了TBC的表面粗糙度,提高了TBC的抗冲蚀能力。     

Measurements of the thermal gradient over EB-PVD thermal barrier coatings

Conventional two-layered structure thermal barrier coatings (TBCs), graded thermal barrier coatings (GTBCs) and graded thermal barrier coatings with micropores were prepared onto superalloy DZ22 tube by electron beam physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD). Thermal gradient of the TBCs was evaluated by embedding two thermal couples in the surfaces of the tube and the top coat at different surrounding temperatures with and without cooling gas flowing through the tube. The results showed that higher thermal gradient could be achieved for the GTBCs with micropores compared to the two-layered structure TBCs and GTBCs. However, after the samples were heated at 1050°C, the thermal gradient for the GTBCs with or without micropores decreased with the increase of heating time. On the other hand, the thermal gradient for the TBCs increased with the increase of heating time. Cross-section observations by scanning electron microscopy showed that the change in microstructure was the main reason for the change of the thermal gradient.     

Oxidation and Hot Corrosion of Gadient Thermal Barrier Coatings Prepared by EB—PVD

The performances of gradient thermal barrier coatings (GTBCs)produced by EB-PVD were evaluated by isothermal oxidation and cyclic hot corrosion(HTHC) tests.Compared with conventional two-layered TBCs, the GTBCs exhibite better resistance to not only oxidation but also hot-corrosion.Adense Al2O3 layer in the GTBCs effectively prohibites inward diffusion of Oand S and outward diffusion of Al and Cr during the tests.On the other hand ,an “inlaid“ interface ,resulting from oxidation of the Al along the columnar grains of the bond coat,enhances the adherence of Al2O3 layer.Failure of the GTBC finally occurred by cracking at the interface between the bond coat and Al2O3 layer, due to the combined effect of sulfidation of the bond coat and thermal cycling.     

The effect of superalloy substrate on the behaviour of high-purity low-density air plasma sprayed thermal barrier coatings

Abstract

Several superalloy-bond coat couples were prepared without ceramic topcoat layers to better understand the effects of superalloy substrate on the oxidation behaviour of NiCoCrAlY bond coats. The same composition NiCoCrAlY bond coats were deposited on three superalloy substrates (Inconel 718, Haynes 188 and Rene’ N5) via argon-shrouded plasma spraying. The specimens were exposed to cyclic oxidation in laboratory air at 1100°C in a bottom loading furnace. Scaling behaviour and rate of aluminum depletion were compared between the various specimens. The bond coats on all three superalloys experienced some form of chemical failure after an extended number of cycles. The number of cycles until chemical failure was shortest for the IN718 specimen followed by the HA188 specimen, both of which experienced complete bond coat chemical failure, and then the Rene’ N5 specimen, which experienced localized chemical failure. The cycles to chemical failure coincide with the cycles to thermal barrier coating (TBC) spallation from previous work, indicating chemical failure of the bond coat is a critical event in the lifetime of TBCs. The effect of bond coat surface finish and porosity on the scaling behaviour has been investigated using specimens with the same superalloy substrate but with different bond coat surface finishes and porosity levels which were produced by utilizing two separate sized starting bond coat metallic powders. Bond coats with minimal porosity and smooth surface finishes did not experience chemical failure, at least in the time frame they were tested; however, oxide scale spallation was more apparent in the smooth bond coats as compared to the specimens with the rough surface finishes and high levels of porosity.     

Oxidation and Hot Corrosion of Gradient Thermal Barrier Coatings Prepared by EB-PVD

The performances of gradient thermal barrier coatings (GTBCs) produced by EB-PVD were evaluated by isothermal oxidation and cyclic hot corrosion (HTHC) tests. Compared with conventional two-layered TBCs, the GTBCs exhibite better resistance to not only oxidation but also hot-corrosion. A dense Al2O3 layer in the GTBCs effectively prohibites inward diffusion of O and S and outward diffusion of Al and Cr during the tests. On the other hand, an "inlaid" interface, resulting from oxidation of the Al along the columnar grains of the bond coat, enhances the adherence of AI2O3 layer. Failure of the GTBC finally occurred by cracking at the interface between the bond coat and AI2O3 layer, due to the combined effect of sulfidation of the bond coat and thermal cvcling.     

Mechanical properties and fracture behavior of interfacial alumina scales on plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coatings

Abstract

The mechanical properties and fracture behavior of Y-doped Al₂O₃ scales were investigated by furnace thermal cycling (to 1,150°C) of plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) with vacuum plasma-sprayed (VPS) or air plasma-sprayed (APS) Ni–22Cr–10Al–1Y bond coatings. No significant alterations in Al₂O₃ hardness or Young’s modulus (as measured by mechanical properties microprobe) were detected as a function of bond coat type, exposure time, or number of thermal cycles. The interfacial Al₂O₃ scales on VPS NiCrAlY exhibited progressive increases in localized fracture, buckling, and delamination during thermal cycling. The concentration of arrayed lenticular voids in the columnar Al₂O₃ grain boundaries significantly increased during cyclic oxidation (as compared to isothermal oxidation), but only in scales which formed on convex surfaces, suggesting internal void growth was stress-related. The amount and frequency of scale damage was higher on convex surfaces with a relatively large radius of curvature as compared to convex surfaces with a very small radius of curvature. Although the thermo-mechanical fracture resistance of Al₂O₃ scales on APS NiCrAlY was superior to scales on VPS NiCrAlY, TBC lifetimes on VPS NiCrAlY were greater by a factor of 2. Apparently, severe interfacial scale damage did not rapidly degrade the adherence of the ceramic top coatings.     

Improved oxidation resistance and diffusion barrier behaviors of gradient oxide dispersed NiCoCrAlY coatings on superalloy

NiCoCrAlY has been used as the bond coat material in thermal barrier coating (TBC) to protect the superalloy substrate from oxidation and hot-corrosion. Inter-diffusion of elements between the coating and substrate could degrade the oxidation resistance of the coating and the mechanical properties of the superalloy. In this work, a gradient oxide dispersed (OD) NiCoCrAlY coating was produced onto DZ125 superalloy using electron beam-physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD). For comparison, conventional NiCoCrAlY (OD free) coated specimens were also produced by EB-PVD. The oxidation and inter-diffusion behaviors of the coated specimens at 1373 K were investigated. As compared to OD free coating, the OD coating exhibits not only a lower oxidation rate but also an improved oxide scale adherence because outward diffusion of the elements such as Ta, W and Hf from the superalloy was effectively blocked by the OD zone. Meanwhile, the presence of minor Hf in the OD coating contributes to the improved oxide scale adherence by reactive element mechanism.     

Understanding of degradation-resistant behavior of nanostructured thermal barrier coatings with bimodal structure

Nanostructured thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) often provide high degradation resistance, as well as extended lifetime. However, the underlying mechanism has not been fully understood. In this study, the sintering characteristics of nanostructured yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) coatings were investigated, and compared with those of the conventional YSZ coatings. Multiscale characterizations of the changes in microstructures and properties were performed. Results showed that the enhanced high-performance durability was mainly attributed to different sintering mechanisms of lamellar zones and nanozones. Sintering characteristics of the lamellar zones were similar to those of the conventional coatings. Stage-sensitive healing of two-dimensional (2D) pores dominated the sintering behavior of the lamellar zones. However, the differential densification rates between nanozones and lamellar zones of the nanostructured TBCs led to the formation of coarse voids. This counteractive effect, against healing of 2D pores, was the main factor contributing to the retardation of the performance degradation of bimodal TBCs during thermal exposure. Based on the understanding of the performance-degradation resistance, an outlook towards TBCs with higher performances was presented.     

EB-PVD process and thermal properties of hafnia-based thermal barrier coating

Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are being developed for the key technology of gas turbine and diesel engine applications. In general, 8 mass% Y₂O₃–ZrO₂ (8YSZ) coating materials are used as the top coating of TBCs. The development of hafnia-based TBC was started in order to realize the high reliability and durability in comparison with 8YSZ, and the 7.5 mass% Y₂O₃–HfO₂ (7.5YSH) was selected for coating material. By the investigation of electron-beam physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD) process using 7.5YSH ceramic ingot, 7.5YSH top coating with about 200 µm thickness could be formed. The microstructure of the 7.5YSH coated at coating temperature of 850 °C showed columnars of laminated thin crystals. On the other hand, the structure of the 7.5YSH coated at coating temperature of 950 °C showed solid columnars. From the result of sintering behavior obtained by heating test of 7.5YSH coating, it was recognized that the thermal durability of 7.5YSH coating was improved up to about 100 °C in comparison with 8YSZ coating. This tendency was confirmed by the experimental result of the thermal expansion characteristics of sintered 7.5YSH and 8YSZ.

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