Deformation Characteristics of Leather for Shoe Upper,Filled with Natural Minerals

A promising direction in the tanning industry is the use of natural minerals as environmentally friendly technologically efficient materials that are able to adjust and regulate the efficiency of formation of the dermis structure and the properties of finished leather. The use of finely-dispersed minerals promotes alignment of topographic areas in thickness, increases the yield of leather on the area by avoiding bonding structural elements of the dermis. Changes in the microstructure of the dermis, as a result of mineral filling, contribute to improvement of performance and hygienic properties of finished leather. And the study of the properties of the specified skins should be consistent with the features of operations on their cutting, shoe molding and shoe upper fixing preparations. The most important properties of leather materials, which largely determine the quality of basic technological operations of shoe manufacturing are the deformation properties. Lack of information about relaxation and deformation properties of the leather produced by the new technologies do not allow to predict their ability to form shapes and save it--indicates the relevance of this study. This paper analyzes relaxation and deformation characteristics of natural leather for shoe uppers, filled with natural minerals montmorillonite and zeolite, and the ability to predict their formation and preservation of shape in service. Features of deformation of the skin with mineral content were assessed by determining single-cycle characteristics when attaching to a complete test cycle ＂loading-unloading-rest＂ sample. Correlations of elastic and plastic （permanent） deformation have been established, kinetics of changes in linear characteristics of the samples after removal of the load has been investigated. Introduction of dispersions of mineral to the structure of the dermis contributes to the strength of semi-finished leather, increase of the uniformity of mechanical properties in the longitudinal and transverse directions and rise of shape stability index. It is shown that the direction of this study allows us to offer new competitive ecologically friendly materials to produce shoes.     

生产超低硫柴油RTS技术的工艺优化

The RTS technology can produce ultra-low sulfur diesel at lower costs using available hydrogenation catalyst and device. However, with the increase of the mixing proportion of secondary processed diesel fuel in the feed, the content of nitrogen compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the feed increased, leading to the acceleration of the deactivation rate of the primary catalyst and the shortening of the service cycle. In order to fully understand the reason of catalyst deactivation, the effect of mixing secondary processed diesel fuel oil on the operating stability of the catalyst in the first reactor was investigated in a medium-sized fixed-bed hydrogenation unit. The results showed that the nitrogen compounds mainly affected the initial activity of the catalyst, but had little effect on the stability of the catalyst. The PAHs had little effect on the initial activity of the catalyst, but could significantly accelerate the deactivation of the catalyst. Combined with the analysis of the reason of catalyst deactivation and the study of RTS technology, the direction of RTS technology process optimization was put forward, and the stability of catalyst was improved obviously after process optimization.     

Tectonics-palaeogeomorphology in rift basins: controlling effect on the sequence architecture

The relationship between deposition and tectonics of sedimentary basins has been a significant subject in recent years.Using typical rift basins such as the Nanpu Sag as an example,combined with the analysis of the tectonics-palaeogeomorphology of basins,we undertook a detailed study of the differences of the third-order sequences in different basins,the combination of depositional systems within the sequence framework and the distribution of depocenters and subsidence centers.Our results revealed a significant relationship between the tectonics-palaeogeomorphology of rift basins and the filling styles of sedimentary sequences.The basin structure plays a primary role in controlling the development of the third-order sequences and the boundary of these sequences is easily formed in basins with gentle slopes,shallow water and a small area.The characteristics of the tectonics-palaeogeomorphology of rift basins are dominated by half-grabens of extensional faults,which affect the temporal and spatial combination of sedimentary systems within the sequences as well as the distribution of depocenters and subsidence centers.Based on the development rules of the faults dominating the half-grabens of extensional faults,rift basins are classified into two types： the single fault segmented-linkage type and the multi-fault combination type.The main controlling factors of the temporal and spatial combination of sedimentary systems and the distribution of depocenters and subsidence centers in different basins are different.The characteristics of early segmentation and later linkage of the faults play a critical role in controlling the sedimentary system combination within the sequence framework and the temporal and spatial differences of depocenters and subsidence centers of the single fault segmented-linkage rift basins,while the differences in fault activities are the dominating factors of the multi-fault combination rift basins.     

Anisotropic characteristics of electrical responses of fractured reservoir with multiple sets of fractures

In fractured reservoirs, the fractures not but also form the main flow channels which connect productivity of reservoirs. However, because of the only provide the storage space for hydrocarbons, the pores of the matrix, so fractures dominate the heterogeneity and randomness of the distribution of fractures, exploration and evaluation of fractured reservoirs is still one of the most difficult problems in the oil industry. In recent years, seismic anisotropy has been applied to the assessment of fractured formations, whereas electrical anisotropy which is more intense in fractured formations than seismic anisotropy has not been studied or used so extensively. In this study, fractured reservoir models which considered multiple sets of fractures with smooth and partly closed, rough surfaces were established based on the fractures and pore network, and the vertical and horizontal electrical resistivities were derived as a function of the matrix and fracture porosities according to Ohm＇s law. By using the anisotropic resistivity equations, variations of the electrical anisotropy of three types of fractured models under the conditions of free pressure and confining pressure were analyzed through the variations of the exerted pressure, matrix porosity, fracture aperture and formation water resistivity. The differences of the vertical and horizontal resistivities and the anisotropy between the connected and non-connected fractures were also analyzed. It is known from the simulated results that an increase of the confining pressure causes a decrease of electrical anisotropy because of the elasticity of the closed fractures and the decrease of the fracture aperture. For a fixed fracture porosity, the higher the matrix porosity, the weaker the electrical anisotropy in the rock formation.     

The solution and exsolution characteristics of natural gas components in water at high temperature and pressure and their geological meaning

The processes of solution in, and exsolution from, formation water influence the component content of natural gas by contrasting the relative contents of components before the natural gas dissolves in water and those after exsolving from water under different conditions of high temperatures and pressures. Compared with the composition of original natural gas, the relative content of methane and nitrogen increased after the natural gas dissolved in water. The increase of nitrogen content exceeds that of methane, but the content of ethane, propane, pentane etc reduced. At the same temperature and with pressure increasing the content of methane increased and that of heavier hydrocarbons reduced. At the same pressure the content of methane increased quickly from 90°C to 120°C, and the content of heavier hydrocarbons reduced. But at even higher temperatures, the increase of methane slowed down and the content of heavier hydrocarbons increased slightly. At the same temperature and different pressures, heavier hydrocarbons reduced much more with increasing carbon atom number, while with temperature increasing the content difference of heavier hydrocarbons reduced. Therefore, the influence of the solution and exsolution should be considered in the study of the migration and accumulation mechanism of natural gas.     

Flocculation of the Moroccan phosphates slimes

In Morocco, the phosphate industry generates by washing during the ore beneficiation in humid way, big quantities of sludge loaded in fine mineral particles （or slimes） with contents of water in the order of 90-95%. The specific consumption in water for the beneficiation of one tone of dry ore is approximately 0.6 m3. The management of this sludge and the recycling of process water are played to a schema of solid-liquid separation by flocculation, settling then stocking in basins of several dozens hectares. Recovered clear waters are recycled into the circuit of washing. The principal motivation of this work which is a part of EL MAA project is dedicated to the study of the impact of the speed of agitation on the flocculation behavior in terms of dewatering of the phosphate slimes and recycling of the process water. Study was driven on sample of slimes taken in entrance of the thickeners of a Moroccan washing plants, before flocculation. The raw slimes have a concentration in solid of 75.5 g·L^-1, a P205 grade of 17.3% and a free settling velocity 9 cm·h^-1. Fine fraction -2 μm, responsible for the poor settling of slimes is composed in practice of nearly 96% of smectite. It represents 9% of the dry solid content in the slimes. Measurements reveal important variations of the granulometric and textural properties of large floes in response to flocculation, opening ways of optimization for the velocity gradient.     

Chloroaluminate ionic liquid catalyzed isomerization of n-pentane in the presence of product distribution improver

The ionic liquid Et3NHCl-2AlCl3 can catalyze the isomerization of n-pentane.This paper investigates the ionic liquid catalyzed isomerization performance of n-pentane with several product distribution improvers in an autoclave.The product distribution of n-pentane isomerization could be improved by such improvers as benzene,cyclohexane,and methyl cyclohexane at the expense of conversion of n-pentane.The optimal product distribution improver was determined to be cyclohexane.The yield of isomerate and the selectivity of liquid isoalkanes increased,whereas the conversion of n-pentane decreased,with increasing cyclohexane amount.At the same conversion of n-pentane,the research octane number(RON) of liquid product,with cyclohexane amount of 0.5 wt%,was about 1.3 higher than that without cyclohexane.At the same reaction conditions,the presence of cyclohexane enhanced the yield of isomerate,the selectivity of liquid isoalkanes,and the RON of the liquid product,but reduced the conversion of n-pentane.     

Influence of dissolved oxygen content on oxidative stability of linked polymer solution

The influence of dissolved oxygen content on the oxidative stability of a linked polymer solution(LPS) was studied by micro-filtration,dynamic light scattering and viscosity measurements.The results showed that at the same temperature,the degree of the oxidative degradation of the LPS increased and the rapidity of the oxidative degradation was accelerated with the increase of the dissolved oxygen content.Consequently,the size of linked polymer coils(LPCs) of the LPS became small,and the plugging capability of the LPS decreased.At a fixed content of dissolved oxygen,with increasing degradation temperature,almost the same results were observed,namely,an increased degree of oxidative degradation,accelerated rapidity of the oxidative degradation and decreased plugging capacity,with decreased oxidative stability of LPS.At 90 oC,in the presence of oxygen,LPS lost its plugging capability after having been degraded for a period of time.But at 40 oC,LPS with low dissolved oxygen content could be stable for a long time.The decreased plugging ability of LPS after oxidative degradation is mainly caused by the decreased size and number of the LPCs due to the breaking of hydrolyzed polyacrylamide(HPAM) molecule segments and the structural changing of HPAM molecules.     

ABSTRACTS

Yang Yang, Dang Ruirong, Song Xijing and Ren Zhiping. Research on the electromagnetic logging responses in the cased hole. PI, 2009, 23（5） ： 1 - 3 Based on the Maxwell＇ s electromagnetic field theory, this paper derives the theoretical formula for the electromagnetic logging in the casing borehole of multi-cylindrical-layer model about borehole, the casing and the formation. The effects of the casing measurements and the sensitivity of the electromagnetic response to the formation resistivity were analyzed. At low frequency band, most of the magnetic lines can pass through the casing and electromagnetic responses are more sensitive to the low resistivity layers. Numerical simulation results show that the amplitude of the formation actuated signal decreased with the increase of the casing wall thickness. The numerical results of different permeability of the casing show that we can reduce the shielding effect by the method of decrease the permeability of the casing.     

Experimental study of the movement of control fluid in compound perforation

The interaction between the high pressure gas and the control fluid and the movement mechanism of the control fluid in compound perforation were studied by a series of large-scale experiments,where the movement behavior of the control fluid was observed.The curves of measured pressure were analyzed,a mathematical model for the rigid movement of the control fluid was established,and the movement velocity of control fluid was analyzed.Moreover,the velocity from experimental results and velocity from an analytical solution were contrasted.The movement of the control fluid in the initial stage was similar to the rigid movement;however,the propagation of the pressure wave in the control fluid should be taken into account.Experimental results are significant for research on the movement mechanism of control fluid in compound perforation.     

Athabasca oil sands: effect of organic coated solids on bitumen recovery and quality

The Canadian oil sands deposits in northern Alberta contain about 1.3 trillion barrels of crude oil equivalent. The largest of the four major formations is found in the Athabasca region where bitumen is heterogeneously distributed throughout an unconsolidated mineral matrix. About one-tenth of the oil sands in this deposit is economically recoverable by conventional surface mining techniques.The Hot Water Extraction Process (HWEP) is used commercially to recover bitumen from surface mined oil sands ore. The viability of this process relies on the existence of a thin water film around each solid particle in the ore matrix. However, a completely water-wet mineral condition is not generally the case for oil reservoirs, including oil sands deposits. In the latter case, it has been shown that certain solid fractions are associated with significant amounts of toluene insoluble organic matter (TIOM), physically or chemically adsorbed onto particle surfaces. These fractions are generically described as ‘organic rich solids’ (ORS). In bitumen separation processes, the organic matter associated with various ORS fractions represents an impediment to optimum bitumen separation and upgrading. In this sense, these solids are considered to be ‘active’ relative to the ‘inactive’ water wetted quartz particles comprising the bulk of the oil sands ore. Preliminary results indicate that the ORS content of an ore appears to be a better predictor for ore processability than the traditional use of bitumen or fines (−44 μm) contents.Two types of ORS have received particular attention. The first is a coarser fraction, usually less than 44 μm but also occurring as particles greater than 100 μm in diameter. This material typically occurs as aggregates of smaller particles bound together by humic matter and precipitated minerals. During the bitumen separation process, these heavy aggregates carry any associated bitumen into the aqueous tailings, thus reducing overall bitumen recovery. The second important fraction comprises very thin, ultra-fine clay particles with a major dimension of <0.3 μm. These ultra-fine clays, with a surface coating of organic matter, remain with bitumen during the separation process. In bitumen upgrading, these solids may be entrained with volatile overheads and cause problems in downstream operations. This paper summarises the protocols developed to separate and characterise these intractable components from HWEP process streams and discusses their role in determining bitumen recovery and quality.     

13NMR CHARACTERIZATION OF HUMIC MATTER PRESENT IN DIFFERENT OIL SANDS

Insoluble organic matter (humic matter) present in oil sands can alter the wettability of the inorganic matrix and thereby cause serious problems during bitumen recovery.

Using a cold water agitation test, solids rich in organic matter were isolated from various oil sands which were chosen to reflect different behavior in the hot water extraction process.¹³C NMR examination of these separated solids showed significant structural variations between samples isolated from different oil sands. Humic matter from Utah oil sand appeared to be more aliphatic than that derived from Athabasca oil sand.

Humic acids extracted from organic rich solids as a result of prolonged treatment with 2% NaOH show remarkable similarity in their ¹³C NMR spectra. Humins differ substantially in the relative contribution of the terrestrial and marine source material. There was apparent correspondence between poor bitumen separation and the presence of humin with highly paraffinic structures.     

13NMR CHARACTERIZATION OF HUMIC MATTER PRESENT IN DIFFERENT OIL SANDS

ABSTRACT

Insoluble organic matter (humic matter) present in oil sands can alter the wettability of the inorganic matrix and thereby cause serious problems during bitumen recovery.

Using a cold water agitation test, solids rich in organic matter were isolated from various oil sands which were chosen to reflect different behavior in the hot water extraction process.¹³C NMR examination of these separated solids showed significant structural variations between samples isolated from different oil sands. Humic matter from Utah oil sand appeared to be more aliphatic than that derived from Athabasca oil sand.

Humic acids extracted from organic rich solids as a result of prolonged treatment with 2% NaOH show remarkable similarity in their ¹³C NMR spectra. Humins differ substantially in the relative contribution of the terrestrial and marine source material. There was apparent correspondence between poor bitumen separation and the presence of humin with highly paraffinic structures.     

使用ASP试剂从印尼油砂中回收沥青

通过使用自制的ASP试剂从印尼油砂中回收沥青,研究了油砂沥青的分离条件。结果表明适宜的分离条件如下：混合温度80℃、混合时间40min、ASP试剂与油砂的质量比为4:10、浮选时间10min,在上述条件下,沥青回收率可达86%,尾砂中沥青残余率为6%。为了进一步降低尾砂的含油量,研究了尾砂中沥青含量与尾砂粒径的关系,结果表明：随着尾砂粒径的减小,尾砂的含油量降低。对尾砂研磨30min后,采用ASP试剂抽提法进一步处理,尾砂的含油量由5.47% 降到1.25%,符合排放要求。     

The Comparison of Bitumens from Oil Sands with Different Recovery Profiles

Abstract

It has been proposed that, regardless of origin, the recovery of bitumen from oil sands is related to its viscosity. Asphaltene and resin contents are known to affect the viscosity of bitumen. In this article we compare the composition of solvent-extracted bitumens from several Athabasca oil sands with very different recovery profiles. After careful removal of any associated mineral matter by ultra-centrifugation, each bitumen sample was separated into saturate, aromatic, resin, and asphaltene (SARA) fractions by an enhanced SARA technique. The individual components were then characterized by several complementary analytical techniques, including carbon, nitrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, size exclusion chromatography molecular weight (MW_n) plus proton and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Based on this comparison, we see no correlation between the recovery of bitumen and its composition.     

SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION OF BITUMEN FREE SOLIDS SEPARATED FROM ATHABASCA OIL SAND FEED AND HOT WATER PROCESS TAILINGS POND SLUDGE

The presence of strongly bound organic matter (SOM), in association with certain solids fractions, causes serious problems in the processability of Athabasca oil sands as well as in the settling and compaction of Hot Water Process tailings pond sludge. It has been demonstrated that a substantial amount of this SOM can be separated from oil sands feed and sludge solids, after removal of bitumen by toluene, using a supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) method. The extracted material is soluble in common organic solvents which allows a direct comparison, between the SOM separated from oil sands and sludges, from the point of view of both gross analysis of the major compound types and detailed analysis of chemical structures.     

油砂中沥青的热碱水萃取分离及其影响因素

油砂作为非常规石油资源,在能源需求不断增加和石油价格持续走高的情形下将成为重要的接替能源之一.研制了一套热碱水萃取分离装置,对中国2个地区的油砂开展了沥青的热碱水分离实验,探讨了分离过程中温度和碱的加入量、通气条件及加工助剂等因素对沥青有效分离的影响.内蒙古扎赉特旗油砂的分离实验结果表明,随着萃取热碱水温度的升高,浮选...     

SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION OF BITUMEN FREE SOLIDS SEPARATED FROM ATHABASCA OIL SAND FEED AND HOT WATER PROCESS TAILINGS POND SLUDGE

ABSTRACT

The presence of strongly bound organic matter (SOM), in association with certain solids fractions, causes serious problems in the processability of Athabasca oil sands as well as in the settling and compaction of Hot Water Process tailings pond sludge. It has been demonstrated that a substantial amount of this SOM can be separated from oil sands feed and sludge solids, after removal of bitumen by toluene, using a supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) method. The extracted material is soluble in common organic solvents which allows a direct comparison, between the SOM separated from oil sands and sludges, from the point of view of both gross analysis of the major compound types and detailed analysis of chemical structures.     

MINERAL MATTER AND CLAY-ORGANIC COMPLEXES IN OIL SANDS EXTRACTION PROCESSES

ABSTRACT

Differences in oil sands processability and extraction yields can be dependent upon many factors including the composition of the mineral components and the organic complexes that are associated with certain minerals. These mineral-organic associations help provide the bridge which leads to carry over of bitumen with the tailings as well as carry over of water and mineral matter with the bitumen product. The nature of the organic component of clay-organic complexes extracted from various streams in an oil sands recovery process is discussed in relation to the stability of both water-in-oil and oil-in-water emulsions formed.

The samples were obtained from Suncor's oil sands extraction plant located in Fort McMurray, Alberta. Samples were obtained from throughout the extraction process from the primary froth through to the final diluted bitumen product. These samples have been studied with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as well as with other techniques such as interfacial tension measurements. The data indicates that high water content products originate, to a great extent, from the presence of a very hydrophilic organic matrix attached to the surface of the clay and heavy metal minerals.     

油砂沥青油的加工利用

利用溶剂抽提分离油砂沥青,比较了油砂沥青油的沸腾床加氢实验和焦化实验,以及油砂的干馏实验。结果表明,以甲苯为溶剂抽提分离油砂沥青,可使沥青油回收超过90%。油砂沥青油具有密度大、灰分高、盐含量高的特点,胶质沥青质质量分数超过90%。采用沸腾床加氢处理脱盐沥青油,可使其硫、残炭、镍、钒的脱除率分别达到7283%、6685%、9616%和9824%,胶质和沥青质的转化率分别为7353%和9863%,加氢产物是优质的深加工原料。采用焦化处理非脱盐沥青油,总液收6164%,焦炭产率2895%,资源相对有效利用率低。油砂直接干馏,沥青油总回收率只有7856%。从油砂沥青油的有效回收和利用上看,沸腾床加氢是最有效的手段。