Neue apparative Entwicklungen bei Filterzentrifugen

New equipment developments in filter centrifuges . Industrial filter centrifuges are used for solid throughputs from ca. 0.01 to 250 t/h per machine. The specific filtration resistance of the solids to be separated likewise covers a range of ca. 1 :25 000. In addition to the enormous range of physical properties and mass flows, a wide variety of demands is placed on the chemical resistance of the materials of construction and the safety of the plant. These demands led to the development of a wide range of filter centrifuges, the most important types of which are first surveyed from a chemical engineering standpoint. There follows an account of the principal characteristics of recent types and the development of various details.     

Neue Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet der Fischereitechnik

New Developments in Fishery Technology Drag-net is one of the most important catching devices for the commercial fishery. Fishery in Germany as well as in some other countries is based almost exclusively on the drag-net. Since 1945, many modifications of the drag-net have been made for various purposes. Especially, the drag-nets of the swimming-type and vertical-type which were introduced lately, are of great significance. Development of fishing vessels and of techniques for fish location is taking place parallel to the development of drag-nets.     

Neue Entwicklungen im Bereich Cellulase‐Engineering

Degradation of cellulose represents a key step for efficient generation of biofuels such as ethanol or butanol from non‐food crops. Several strategies aim to improve the performance of cellulases in order to make the overall process more cost‐efficient. In one strategy, novel arrangements of cellulases are developed. The resulting so‐called designer cellulosomes might allow equipping fermenting hosts with sufficient cellulase activity to grow on cellulose as sole carbon source and, thus, enable consolidated bioprocessing. Other strategies aim to engineer cellulases with higher thermostability and activity to make cellulose hydrolysis more efficient. Current developments in the field of cellulose engineering are summarized and achievements as well as limitations are highlighted.     

Laborreaktoren für heterogene Gasreaktionen — Neue Entwicklungen

Laboratory reactors for catalytic gas-solid reactions – new developments. Some laboratory reactors for catalytic gas-solids reactions are scaled-down versions of commercial units. Though substantial effects of heat and mass transfer frequently also have to be considered, kinetic and other pertinent data may be gained by refined computational methods. Other types of laboratory reactors are highly spezialized apparatus for gathering kinetic data under carefully controlled conditions. More recent developments are intended to increase the efficiency of rate measurements by applying dynamic methods or by simultaneously observing related phenomena. The topics of the present review are the nonisothermal fixed bed reactor with special regard to axial heat conduction, the nonisothermal catalytic tube wall reactor, and the recycle reactor with controlled concentrations.     

Entwicklungen zur Flugstrom-Vergasung nach dem Koppers-Totzek- und dem Prenflo-Verfahren

Developments on entrained-flow gasification using the Koppers-Totzek and the Prenflo process . Many years of operating experience have permitted continuous improvements in capacity and availability of entrained-flow gasification plant applying the Koppers-Totzek process. Further increases in capacity and economy, in particular where poorly reactive coals are to be gasified, will be achieved using the pressurized Prenflo process. Gasifier development is being supplemented by the development of complementary equipment, such as dry coal-dust feed, material flow metering, and process automation. Closed wash water systems and other processing stages serve to improve environmental protection. The combination of pressurized gasification with a power station permits economical power generation with a high degree of efficiency and minimal environmental impact. Individual problems connected with pressurized gasification are being researched in a 48 t/d pilot plant.     

Neue Entwicklungen in der Flüssigmembranpermeation mit gestützten Membranen

In a time of rising raw material prices und raw material shortage topics like recycling of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions get in the focus of the public. Aim of the presented work is the development of a new apparatus design for liquid membrane permeation with support layers. The investigations are carried out in view of heavy metal recycling.     

Anlagentechnische Entwicklungen zur Erhöhung der Sicherheit

Plant engineering developments for improvement of safety . Research undertaken in various companies for reliable dimensioning of production equipment to withstand dangerous pressure increases, e. g. as a result of a runaway reaction or a dust explosion, is presented. Measures for the safe removal of the reaction materials are discussed.     

Neue Erkenntnisse zur Kristallstruktur von Kakaobutter

New Understandings about The Crystal Structure of Cocoa Butter Result of x-ray structure investigations of congealed chocolate and cocoa butter samples are discussed in connections with their thermal treatment and process conditions during tempering, congealing and storage. In its central point is the enlightenment of crystal structure of congealed pure cocoa butter as well as of cocoa butter free of fat substitutes in chocolate mass. The experiments give new understandings about the formation of β-modification of cocoa butter in dependence on process and storage conditions.     

Neue Initiatoren zur Polymerisationsauslösung

Azoesters of the type PhR¹R²C? N = N? CR²R¹Ph (R¹ = alkyl, R² = residue of carboxylic acids) are used as initiators for free radical polymerization. Styrene and methylmethacrylate are taken as monomers, polymerizing not only to low but also to high conversions. The properties of these initiators are characterized in connection with their decomposition temperatures, structure and the obtained molecular weights of the polymers. Some of the azoesters are very similar in their behaviour to azoisobutyronitrile.     

Neue Entwicklungen bei Anlagen und Verfahren für die Produktion von Pharmawirkstoffen

New Developments in Chemical Engineering for the Production of Drug Substances The pharmaceutical industry is moving towards a profitability gap between increasing costs and decreasing prizes. Finally management has understood that merges and acquisitions, high throughput screening and biotechnology alone will not save the companies earnings. Therefore classical approaches like the optimization of production technologies for drug substances, that might help to increase profitability, are receiving increasing attention. This paper shows how the combination of innovative components will guide the way to very efficient and cost effective production. The first component is the design and manufacturing of production facilities. The second component is a process streamlining of the production process. The key technologies discussed here are process control and mini‐plant‐technology. For these technologies a short look on future trends is taken.