Effect of potato deep-fat frying conditions on temperature dependence of olive oil and palm oil viscosity

This work investigates how the temperature dependence of oil viscosity varies with the type of frying oil, initial oil temperature, frying load and number of frying repetitions, during potato deep fat frying. Viscosity is measured in small temperature increments over a broad temperature range. A non-linear model is proposed which gives more statistically significant results than other known models in describing the temperature dependence of viscosity. Multiple quasi-linear regression analysis is applied to derive an expression that predicts oil viscosity from important frying conditions such as oil type, frying load, average oil temperature and frying time. For applications where only the initial oil temperature is known, a correlation is proposed for the prediction of the average oil temperature from the initial oil temperature and other frying conditions. The overall accuracy of the model in predicting the temperature dependence of viscosity on the examined frying conditions is better than 95.0%.     

深度油炸过程煎炸油的氧化及其对油炸外裹糊鱼块品质的影响

目的 探究深度油炸过程煎炸油的氧化,并进一步研究煎炸油氧化对油炸外裹糊鱼块品质的影响。方法 分别采用棕榈油、大豆油、葵花籽油、小麦胚油在150、160、170、180、190℃下油炸外裹糊鱼块,测定煎炸油的酸价、过氧化值、黏度、介电常数以及油炸外裹糊鱼块外壳的水分含量、油脂含量、表面色度。结果 随着油炸温度的升高,煎炸油的游离脂肪酸含量增加,导致煎炸油的酸价、黏度和介电常数升高,过氧化值呈现波动下降的趋势;油炸外裹糊鱼块的水分含量逐渐减少,油脂含量逐渐增加,L*和b*呈递减趋势、a*呈递增趋势,且使用4种煎炸油的各项指标存在明显差异。结论 煎炸油的油炸温度和不饱和脂肪酸含量显著影响了煎炸油的氧化,导致外裹糊鱼块深度油炸过程中水分蒸发和油脂吸收有明显差异,最终影响了油炸外裹糊鱼块的品质。     

加热温度及时间对食用煎炸油品质的影响

目的研究加热时间及温度对食用煎炸油(大豆油、稻米油、菜籽油、棕榈油)的酸值、羰基价、TBARS值、黏度及介电常数的影响。方法将食用煎炸油在170℃或190℃条件下加热20 h,分别在2、4、6、8、10、15和20 h取样,测定食用煎炸油的酸值、羰基价、硫代巴比妥酸(TBARS)值、黏度及介电常数。结果加热温度和时间影响食用煎炸油的品质。加热温度越高,油脂劣变速度越快;加热时间越长,油脂劣变程度越严重。在相同加热时间下,190℃加热油脂的酸值、羰基价、TBARS值、黏度及介电常数均比170℃的大,随着加热时间的延长油脂的酸值、羰基价、黏度、介电常数均呈上升趋势,TBARS值呈先增大后减小再增大的不规则变化,但总体呈上升趋势。加热20 h后,羰基价接近国家标准限定值。结论在高温加热过程中食用煎炸油发生一系列物理和化学变化,同时产生有害物质(极性化合物、羰基、游离脂肪酸、聚合物等),影响了食用煎炸油的品质。     

Influence of temperature on heat transfer coefficient during moderate vacuum deep-fat frying

The objective of this study is to analyze the influence of temperature and reduced pressure on the convective heat transfer coefficient, h, during frying of products with different area/volume ratio. h was determined from surface temperature and moisture loss experimental data during frying of potato cylinders and “churros”, at different oil temperatures (100, 120 and 140 °C) and moderate vacuum (19.5–25.9 kPa). The results obtained during vacuum frying were compared with those obtained at atmospheric pressure, both for the same oil temperature (140 °C) and for the same thermal gradient (40 °C). During frying, h changes considerably, reaching a maximum between 700–1600 Wm⁻² K⁻¹ in vacuum frying and 800–2000 Wm⁻² K⁻¹ in atmospheric frying. To quantify the effect of oil temperature, pressure and size of the product on h, a parameter called “bubbling efficiency”, BE, was defined. BE relates the bubble departure radius and the area/volume ratio of the product. An equation (the derivative of the Gompertz function) was proposed to estimate the mean heat convective coefficients for each frying condition as a function of BE (R² = 0.957). The relation between h and BE shows a maximum corresponding to an optimal bubbling pattern. Most of the vacuum frying settings are outside this optimum, being affected by the insulation effect of bubbles covering the surface.     

Saponin content of soya beans and some commercial soya bean products

Quantitative thin layer chromatography has been used to estimate the saponin content of whole soya beans (Glycine max L. Merrill, cv. Williams) and a number of commercial soya bean products such as protein isolates and lecithin. Saponins were present in all these materials at concentrations ranging from 56 g kg-¹ (on a dry weight basis) for whole soya beans to 3 g kg-¹ for the protein isolate ?Promine-D’?. Previous estimates indicate a saponin content of whole soya beans of only about 5 g kg-¹. It is suggested that this is an underestimate resulting from loss of material during the extraction procedures used in earlier methods of analysis.     

Modelling the deep-fat frying of beef meatballs

Mathematical models describing heat, moisture and fat transfers during deep-fat frying of beef meatballs were developed and validated against experimental data consisting of temperatures at two locations in the product, and average moisture and fat contents. Fat diffusivity in the product was 0.287 × 10^-7m²s^-1 while fat conductivity followed Eyring's model with frequency factor of 0.137 × 10^-6m s^-1 K^-1 and activation energy of 2.70 kJ mol^-1.     

Optimisation of soya bean oil bleaching by ultrasonic processing and investigate the physico‐chemical properties of bleached soya bean oil

In this study, an ultrasonic bleaching method for soya bean oil under different conditions was optimised by monitoring the reduction of oil‐containing colourants. Ultrasonic power, clay content, temperature and time had a significant interaction effect on (P < 0.05) the reduction of oil pigments and colourants. Under optimised conditions, red and yellow colour indices in the ultrasound‐bleached soya bean oil reduced to 74.44% and 75.55%, and 54.18% and 58.85%, respectively, at amplitudes of 85% and 65%. Carotenoid and chlorophyll concentrations also reduced to 81.19% and 83.62%, and 94.66% and 95.26%, respectively, at 85% and 65% ultrasonic power. The overall contents of sterols and tocopherols decreased using ultrasonic bleaching process compared with the neutralised soya bean oil. Although the peroxide value (PV) of the soya bean oil after ultrasonic and control bleaching reduced, this index was higher in the ultrasonic bleached oil than the control one. The results showed that the ultrasonic bleaching process could be an alternative to the industrial bleaching method as it reduced clay usage, temperature and time of bleaching about 35%, 35% and 10%, respectively.     

The recovery of used sunflower seed oil utilized in repeated deep-fat frying process

In this study, 50 consecutive deep-fat fryings were done by frying potato samples, each weighing 100 g, in sunflower seed oil at 170 °C. Significant chemical and physical changes in sunflower seed oil were observed during frying. A number of official methods were used to evaluate its adsorption abilities including free fatty acids (FFA), peroxide value (PV), conjugated dienes at 232 nm, secondary oxidation products at 270 nm and specific heat value determination. These parameters were determined in oil samples taken after each of the ten fryings before and after adsorbent treatment. A mixture of 2% pekmez earth, 3% bentonite, and 3% magnesium silicate was used as the adsorbent mixture. The FFA content of oil increased from 0.17 to 0.29% during frying. The use of adsorbents reduced FFA content of the used oil to 0.13%, i.e., a value below the FFA content of fresh oil (0.17%). Peroxide values decreased during frying because of decomposition of peroxides at high temperatures. A significant reduction was obtained in peroxide and conjugated diene values (K₂₃₂ value) due to the adsorbent treatment. However, the treatment increased the amount of secondary oxidation products (K₂₇₀ value). The specific heats of untreated used oil were higher than specific heats of adsorbent treated used oil over the entire frying process.     

Effects of frying parameters on physical changes of tapioca chips during deep-fat frying

The interrelationships of the effects of frying time, oil temperature, and initial moisture content on moisture loss, oil absorption, and linear expansion of a tapioca starch chip half-product during deep-fat frying have been studied. Both oil absorption and linear expansion were affected, in different ways, by moisture loss. Oil absorption was essentially a quantitative water replacement process. On the other hand, linear expansion occurred as a result of rapid vaporization of water in the initial stages of frying, but reached a plateau before maximum moisture loss. Critical frying times, temperatures, and initial moisture contents, below which virtually no physical change occurred, were observed. The optimum set of frying parameters for maximum linear expansion appears to be a frying time of 40 s, an oil temperature of 200°C, and an initial moisture content of 15% (dry basis).     

Effect of microwave pretreatment on mass transfer during deep-fat frying of chicken nugget

The effect of a microwave pretreatment at different time duration on the mass transfer of chicken nuggets during deep-fat frying was studied. Coated chicken nugget samples pretreated in a microwave oven for 1-2 min were fried at 160 °C for times ranging from 0 to 300 s to evaluate the mass transfer as compared to the samples without a microwave pretreatment. Microwave pretreatment had a significant effect on moisture loss and oil uptake of chicken nuggets during deep-fat frying.     

Changes in the sterol composition of olive oil on heating

The composition of sterol and 4-methylsterol fractions isolated from virgin olive oil and from olive oil held at 180 °C for different periods of time, was determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Characterisation of each sterol was carried out by gas-liquid chromatography and in some cases by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The percentage distribution of individual sterols in the fresh and heated samples indicated that citrostadienol deteriorates more rapidly upon heating than the other components of the 4-methylsterol fraction. Among sterols Δ⁵-avenasterol appeared more susceptible to air oxidation at high temperatures.     

温度对调和油品质的影响

以水酶法调和油、溶剂浸提调和油、市售调和油为研究对象,探讨在100、150、200、250、300℃条件下加热1h,各调和油理化指标的变化。结果表明:随着加热温度的升高,3种调和油的色泽加深,酸价、p-茴香胺值明显增加,过氧化值均先上升后下降,三种调和油的饱和脂肪酸含量增加,不饱和脂肪酸含量降低,但在加热温度低于200℃时,水酶法调和油的脂肪酸比例仍能接近中国营养学会推荐的均衡比例0.27∶1∶1。      

温度对调和油品质的影响

以水酶法调和油、溶剂浸提调和油、市售调和油为研究对象,探讨在100、150、200、250、300℃条件下加热1h,各调和油理化指标的变化。结果表明:随着加热温度的升高,3种调和油的色泽加深,酸价、p-茴香胺值明显增加,过氧化值均先上升后下降,三种调和油的饱和脂肪酸含量增加,不饱和脂肪酸含量降低,但在加热温度低于200℃时,水酶法调和油的脂肪酸比例仍能接近中国营养学会推荐的均衡比例0.27∶1∶1。     

Use of sunflower oil mixed with jojoba and paraffin oils in deep-fat frying process

The aim of the present study was to increase the stability of sunflower oil during frying process and to obtain low-calorie fried foods. Therefore, sunflower oil was mixed separately with jojoba oil and paraffin oil at ratios of 9:1 and 8:2 (v/v). The frying process was conducted at 180 ° ± 5 °C for 12 h continuous heating time. Some physico-chemical properties (refractive index, viscosity, colour, acid value, peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid test, iodine value and polymer content) of non-fried and binary fried oil systems were measured at various heating periods. The results demonstrated that mixing sunflower oil with jojoba oil or paraffin oil increased the stability and hence improved the quality of sunflower oil during frying process.     

磷脂含量对煎炸油烟点、耐寒性、氧化稳定性 和煎炸稳定性的影响

通过添加大豆卵磷脂,使大豆油、菜籽油和棕榈油中磷脂含量分别为本底值、10、20、30、40、50 mg/kg,测定不同磷脂含量的3种煎炸油的烟点、耐寒性、氧化诱导时间,同时检测3种煎炸油在170℃下煎炸不同食材过程中的感官品质、酸价、过氧化值和极性组分含量的变化,以评价其煎炸稳定性。结果表明:随着磷脂含量的增加,大豆油、菜籽油、棕榈油烟点呈下降趋势,其中棕榈油烟点下降受磷脂影响最大;耐寒性随着磷脂含量增加整体呈下降趋势;氧化诱导时间随磷脂含量的增加呈波动变化趋势;在本试验范围内,磷脂含量对煎炸油煎炸稳定性影响的规律尚不明显。     

Textural modification of soya bean/corn extrudates as affected by moisture content, screw speed and soya bean concentration

A Clextral BP‐10 (type BC45) co‐rotating twin‐screw extruder was used for texture modification of extrudates. Dry materials were mixed in a mixer for 15 min at low speed before extrusion. Moisture content 21–23% and addition of soya bean flour (0–40%) showed significant influences on the texture of the extrudates. Addition of soya bean flour in the range from 0 to 40% increased the diametrical expansion ratio (P < 0.01), decreased the hardness (P < 0.01) and modifies specific volume and chewing behaviours of the extrudates. Increasing moisture content in the range from 21 to 23%, however, significantly decreased specific volume (P < 0.01), and increases hardness (P < 0.01) of the extrudates. The hardness and crispness of the extrudates at fracturability of 110 g were graded higher than 6.0 by 30 and 27 of 34 consumer panelists, respectively. Consumer purchase intent showed the highest score of 5.5 in a 9‐point hedonic scale when sample fracturability was at 110 g.     

油炸时间和温度对模拟马铃薯片油脂吸收的影响

为了研究油炸时间与温度对油炸样品的油脂吸收的影响,以马铃薯淀粉和水为原料,配制出模拟马铃薯片,以此简单体系为研究对象,采用染色油的方法来测定不同分布的油脂含量,从而得出表面油脂、表面渗透油脂、结构油脂、总油脂的含量。结果表明,样品总油脂和结构油脂含量随着油炸时间的增加而增加,表面渗透油脂含量随着时间的增加先上升后下降,而油炸时间对表面油脂的含量影响不显著。随着油炸温度的上升,总油脂含量显著增加,结构油脂含量呈现上升趋势;在180℃和200℃下,表面油脂含量之间没有显著性差异;140℃和其他温度下的表面渗透油脂含量存在显著差异。      

东北黄豆和黑豆脂肪酸成分的比较研究

采用索氏提取法提取东北黄豆和黑豆中的脂肪酸成分并进行甲酯化处理,以气相色谱-质谱法对其进行分析,对其脂肪酸组成和含量进行了比较。结果表明:黄豆和黑豆中均有15种脂肪酸,两者主要成分均为亚油酸,分别占脂肪酸总量的63.21%和61.66%。用高效液相色谱法对亚油酸进行了定量分析。色谱柱为KromasilC18;流动相:异丙醇:乙腈=35:65;柱温:25℃;检测波长:205nm;回归方程为y=1×106x+0.7×106,r=0.9999,变异系数小于1.35%,回收率为98.8%～109.1%。     

硅酸镁对煎炸油处理效果的评价

针对硅酸镁在煎炸油处理上的应用,对硅酸镁处理的煎炸油的酸值、羰基值、过氧化值、皂化值、色泽、极性组分的变化进行研究。结果表明：经硅酸镁处理后煎炸油酸值、羰基值、过氧化值、皂化值、极性组分等指标降低,色泽变浅、透明度增加;同时确定最佳硅酸镁添加量为1%。