高性能纤维的弯曲疲劳断裂研究

在自制弯曲疲劳装置上 ,对 3种高强对位芳纶及超高相对分子质量聚乙烯纤维 (Dyneema SK65 )进行双面弯曲疲劳试验。结果表明 ,Twaron 2 0 0 0弯曲疲劳寿命的自然对数与预加应力、弯曲角度呈线性关系 ,Dyneema SK65弯曲疲劳寿命明显长于对位芳纶 ,Twaron 2 0 0 0 ,Kevlar 12 9相近 ,都比Kevlar 2 9略长 ;高强型对位芳纶的弯曲疲劳断裂断口芯层呈现出“毛笔头”或“拔丝形”原纤化分裂形态 ,超高相对分子质量聚乙烯纤维弯曲疲劳断裂断口有明显的脆性折断形态 ,无原纤出现。     

The contribution of thermal stresses to the failure of Kevlar fabric composites

The mismatch in thermoelastic properties between fiber and matrix in Kevlar 49 fabric-epoxy composites is shown to result in significant thermal stresses with cool down from processing temperatures. Cooling generates local transverse tensile stresses that can potentially initiate microcracking at ambient conditions. A temperature reduction also places the curved fiber in the fabric composite in axial compression. This compression adds to the bending strain in the fiber, resulting in significant local reduction of its inherently low compressive load-bearing capability. The combination of thermal stresses and external compressive loads that are below ultimate values can cause local compressive failure of the fiber. The kink bands formed as a result of compressive failure of Kevlar fiber are expected to cause debonding between fiber and matrix and, therefore, are also potential sites for crack initiation. Thus, thermal stresses can contribute to the initiation of at least two damage mechanisms that may severely limit the compressive and flexural fatigue strength of Kevlar fabric composites at and below ambient temperature.     

Effect of Ceramic Coatings on Fatigue Strength of Metal

A series of tests was conducted to determine the effect of porcelain enamels and ceramic coatings on the endurance limit and the fatigue life of ingot iron components subjected to flexure. The specimens were of the Krouse cantilever beam type. They were designed to provide a uniform bending triangle with a uniform stress throughout the test area. A completely reversed stress was applied by repeated bending in a standard motor-driven fatigue-testing unit. The results were plotted as S-N curves with the stress plotted as the ordinate and the number of cycles to failure as the abscissa. A comparison of the curves for the metal alone and for the coated metal showed that ceramic coatings noticeably improved the fatigue strength and also the fatigue life at stresses above the endurance limit.     

An epoxy resin-elastomer system for filament winding

Tests characterizing an epoxy system that contains 5 percent rubber and is suitable for wet-filament winding are described. The resin is a bisphenol-A rubberized epoxy diluted with an aliphatic diglycidyl ether and cured with an aromatic amine. The viscosity and pot life were measured and the progress of cure was monitored so an optimum cure could be chosen. Mechanical tests were performed on the cured resin. The low viscosity (0.95 Pa's) and long pot life (29.3 h) make for ease of processing. A cure cycle of 1.5h at 90°C plus 2 h at 130°C gives a cured resin having a glass transition temperature of 104°C. The heat-cured material has a tensile strength of 76.1 MPa and a modulus of 2.43 GPa. Kevlar 49 composites of 60-, 65-, and 70-volume-percent fiber were prepared and tested. Results are presented and compared to two other Kevlar 49/epoxy composites.     

Experimental study of the influence of adhesive reinforcement in lap joints for composite structures subjected to mechanical loads

The paper deals with experimental investigations on reinforcing the adhesive in single lap joints subjected to mechanical loads such as tensile, bending, impact and fatigue. The adhesive used for bonding was an epoxy reinforced with unidirectional and chopped glass fibres as well as micro-glass powder. The adherends were glass reinforced composite laminates. The bonding surfaces were prepared before joining. In the case of unidirectional fibres in the adhesive region, the fibre orientations considered were 0°, 45° and 90°. The volume fraction of fibres in the adhesive layer in all the cases was 30%. The volume fractions of micro-glass powder were 20%, 30% and 40%. The tensile, bending, impact and fatigue tests on the prepared specimens were conducted according to ASTM standards. The results show that except the 90° unidirectional orientation, reinforcing the adhesive with glass fibres or powder increases the joint strength. The use of volume fraction of 30% of micro-glass powder gave the best performance in the above loading conditions. The fatigue life increased by 125%, the ultimate joint strength in tension increased by 72%, the bending ultimate joint strength increased by 112% and the impact joint strength increased by 63%. The microstructure of the debonded area was examined and three modes of failure could be observed namely cohesive failure, light fibre-tear failure and thin layer cohesive failure.     

The tensile fatigue behavior of para-oriented aramid fibers and their fracture morphology

Samples of Fiber B and PRD 49 which were the forerunners of current Kevlar aramid fibers were subject to a limited number of tensile tests and tensile fatigue tests in order to determine their fracture morphology. The fibers were examined by optical and scanning electron microscopy. Both tensile and fatigue failure occurs by axial splitting, with the fatigue splits being much longer. Compressive effects in snap-back cause kink bands to form. The fatigue strength is only marginally less than the tensile strength.     

Fatigue Behavior of a High-Density Graphite and General Design Correlation

The fatigue behavior of a high-density graphite was investigated in reverse bending up to 5×10⁸ cycles at room temperature. Fatigue life was analyzed statistically, using a Weibull distribution and a homologous stress. The homologous stress is the ratio of applied stress in fatigue to the expected first-cycle strength. The first-cycle strength was calculated from bending tests of similar materials or "mate" specimens, using the Weibull statistical strength theory to correct for the significant size effect. Homologous stress gives an essentially invariant fatigue correlation for many graphite grades and may be used to estimate fatigue life under a wide variety of operating conditions. The practical endurance limit for graphite corresponded to a homologous stress of about 47%.     

Structural degradation and mechanical fracture of hybrid fabric reinforced composites

This investigation involves the study of accelerated environmental aging in two polymer composite laminates reinforced by hybrid fabrics based on carbon, Kevlar and glass fibers. Composite laminate configurations are defined as a laminate reinforced with E‐glass fiber and Kevlar 49 fiber hybrid fabric (GK) and another laminate reinforced with E‐glass fiber and AS4 carbon fiber hybrid fabric (GC). Both laminates were impregnated with epoxy vinyl ester thermosetting resin (Derakane 470‐300) consisting of four layers. Morphological studies (photo‐oxidation process and structural degradation) of environmental aging were conducted, in addition to comparative studies of the mechanical properties and fracture characteristics under the action of uniaxial tensile and three‐point bending tests in specimens in the original and aged conditions. With respect to uniaxial tensile tests for both laminates, good mechanical performance and little final damage (small loss of properties) was caused by the aging effect. However, for the three‐point bending tests, for both laminates, the influence of aging was slightly higher for all parameters studied. The low structural deterioration in the laminates is attributed to the high performance with the heat of the matrix (Derakane 470‐300) and the characteristics of the hybrid fabric, exhibiting fiber/matrix interface quality. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 56:657–668, 2016. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers     

The effect of sizing on composite properties for materials used in the shuttle filament wound case

An epoxy resin and a sized carbon fiber have been used to produce a light-weight filament wound case for the Space Shuttle. The sizing facilitates fiber handling during winding but may affect the amount of resin absorbed by the fiber during impregnation and the final mechanical properties of the composite. Naval Ordnance Lab rings were wound to study the effect of the sizing content on the resin absorption by the fiber bundles, the final tensile properties of the composite, and the type of failure observed at burst. The resin content of the rings studied was between 20 to 40 percent, and the sizing content, 0 to 1.6 percent by weight. Results showed that the sizing content was a critical parameter which determined the amount of resin absorbed by the fibers. The final tensile strength was dependent on the amount of sizing present. The tensile strength decreased by as much, as 60 percent when a low resin and high sizing content were present. The type of failure at burst was a function of resin content rather than size content.     

四步法三维编织复合材料弯曲疲劳行为实验研究

采用MTS 810.23仪器对一种四步法三维编织复合材料结构在应力比为R(σmin/σmax)=0.1、频率为3Hz正弦波条件下进行三点弯曲疲劳测试,研究三维编织复合材料弯曲疲劳性能。通过实验仪器测试准静态三点弯曲和不同应力下三点弯曲疲劳性质得到Data数据,通过对数据分析获得σ-N曲线和最大最小挠度曲线,对比不同应力水平下材料破坏形态从而揭示材料弯曲疲劳机理。实验结果:50%应力水平下,试样经过106次以上的循环仍然没有破坏,80%、70%和60%应力下材料失效的圈数分别是12 833、50 370、101 652。材料疲劳加载下刚度降解和挠度变化趋势相似,材料弯曲疲劳极限为50%,材料σ-N曲线呈三段式,材料低应力水平下疲劳寿命离散性高于高应力水平。     

Evaluation of the Strength and Creep–Fatigue Behavior of Hot Isostatically Pressed Silicon Nitride

The strength of a commericially available hot isostatically pressed silicon nitride was measured as a function of temperature. To evaluate long-term mechanical reliability of this material, the tensile creep and fatigue behavior was measured at 1150°, 1260°, and 1370°C. The stress and temperature sensitivities of the secondary (or minimum) creep strain rate were used to estimate the stress exponent and activation energy associated with the dominant creep mechanism. The fatigue characteristics were evaluated by allowing individual creep tests to continue until specimen failure. The applicability of the four-point load geometry to the study of strength and creep behavior was also determined by conducting a limited number of flexural creep tests. The tensile fatigue data revealed two distinct failure mechanisms. At 1150°C, failure was controlled by a slow crack growth mechanism. At 1260° and 1370°C, the accumulation of creep damage in the form of grain boundary cavities and cracks dominated the fatigue behavior. In this temperature regime, the fatigue life was controlled by the secondary (or minimum) creep strain rate in accordance with the Monkman–Grant relation.     

玻纤增强PP热塑性片材的制备及力学性能研究

采用熔融浸渍法制备了玻璃纤维毡增强聚丙烯（PP）热塑性复合片材；通过在PP中加入复合改性PP改善了基体与增强纤维间的相容性；考察了相容剂、PP种类及玻纤毡种类对复合片材的影响。结果表明，相容剂的加入可使复合片材的拉伸强度提高29％、拉伸模量提高23％、弯曲强度提高42％、弯曲模量提高25％；高熔体质量流动速率PP可使片材的弯曲与冲击性能进一步改善。连续玻纤毡和长玻纤毡增强PP复合片材，前者综合力学性能良好，而后者则冲击强度较弱、弯曲性能加强。     

Multiscale investigation on fatigue properties and damage of a 3D braided SiC/SiC + PyC/SiC composites in the full stress range at 1300 °C

Monotonic tensile and fatigue tests of a SiC/SiC composites were conducted at 1300 °C in the full stress range. The macroscopic behaviors were studied based on the strain data. The mesoscopic morphology was observed by X-ray computed tomography, and the microanalysis was conducted using SEM, EDS and XRD. Besides, the interfacial debonding strength (IDS) were measured by nano-indenter. The results reveal that the fatigue behaviors can be divided into three zones. The inelastic strains accumulation and stiffness reduction can be observed in all three zones due to matrix cracking, interface damage, and failure of fibers. The fatigue life is long in the run-out zone because the maximum stress is lower than the proportional limit stress (PLS). In the stress-insensitive zone, the fracture depends on high-temperature and oxidation effects. The failure in the stress-sensitive zone is dominated by the fiber strength. The interface behaviors greatly affect the fatigue life above the PLS.     

Preparation of MWCNT reinforced epoxy nanocomposite and examination of its mechanical properties

Abstract

Multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) reinforced and unfilled epoxy resins were prepared. Viscosity tests were run on the MWCNT filled and unfilled resins, comparative tensile, three point bending and Charpy impact tests were performed. The viscosity of MWCNT filled epoxy resin has increased by from three to one order of magnitude from the lowest to higher shear rate compared to unfilled epoxy. Owing to this, the simple cast specimen preparation was not applicable in the case of MWCNT filled epoxy; instead of that, a resin injection method was used. According to the results of the mechanical tests, tensile strength has decreased by 4·6% caused probably indirectly by nanotube filling of the resin, but Young's modulus, bending modulus and Charpy impact strength, which characterise resistance against dynamic loads, have increased by 12, 10 and 20% respectively.     

单分散氧化硅浓缩悬浮液浸渍Kevlar复合材料的防刺性能

以St(O)ber和离心交换法制备了不同浓度的单分散SiO_2/PEG浓缩悬浮液,并研究了其流变性能和用其浸渍Kevlar编织布所得复合材料的防刺性能.研究发现,所制备浓缩悬浮液在质量浓度低于50%时,具有微弱的剪切增稠效应,增稠所能达到的粘度值随浓度增加缓慢升高,而临界剪切速率降低;当浓度在55%左右时,先是剪切增稠,随后出现轻微的剪切减稀现象;当浓度达到65%时,出现较为显著的剪切增稠效应.所制备复合材料的防刺性能比纯Kevlar编织布有一定的提高,当SiO_2质量百分比浓度在40%～45%区间时,抗刺力可提高到1.66倍左右.     

Effect of hydration on the mechanical properties of epoxy impregnated concrete

Following various hydration times (1 to 28 days) concrete was impregnated with an epoxy resin system. For a given impregnation condition (vacuum, pressure and time), it was found that higher polymer loadings were achieved in specimens having shorter hydration times. Compressive modulus and compressive strength values for impregnated specimens were higher than their corresponding control values. Compressive modulus values appear to be a function of hydration time (up to 14 days) for impregnated specimens, but the modulus of 1 day impregnated specimens is considerably higher than that of all the controls (1 to 28 day). Compressive strength values appear to be primarily a function of volume loading, and 1 day impregnated specimens displayed compressive strength values of greater than 10, 000 psi.     

Preparation and performance of braid‐reinforced poly(vinyl chloride) hollow fiber membranes

A novel braid‐reinforced (BR) poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) hollow fiber membrane was fabricated via dry‐wet spinning process. The mixtures of PVC polymer solutions were uniformly coated on the tubular braid which contained polyester (PET) and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers. The influences of braid composition on structure and performance of BR PVC hollow fiber membranes were investigated. The results showed that the prepared BR PVC hollow fiber membranes were composed of two layers which contained separation layer and tubular braid supported layer when the PET and PET/PAN hybrid tubular braids were used as the reinforcement. But the sandwich structure appeared when the PAN tubular braid was used as the reinforcement, which revealed outer separation layer, tubular braid supported layer and the inner polymer layer. The BR PVC hollow fiber membranes that prepared by PET/PAN hybrid tubular braid had favorable interfacial bonding state compared with the membrane prepared by pure PET or PAN tubular braid. The pure water flux of the BR PVC hollow fiber membranes that prepared by the PET/PAN hybrid tubular braid were lower than that prepared by pure PET or PAN tubular braid, but the rejection of Bovine serum albumin was opposite. The tensile strength of prepared BR PVC hollow fiber membrane was higher than 50 MPa. Both of the tensile strength and elongation at break decreased with the increase of the PAN filaments in the PET/PAN hybrid tubular braid. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017 , 134, 45068.     

The influence of impregnation condition on reinforced ethylene–vinyl–acetate elastomer composite

Experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of impregnation conditions on glass fiber-reinforced ethylene–vinyl–acetate elastomer. Both the matrix elastomer resin and reinforcing glass fiber were premixed and compression-molded using a specially constructed mold. The mold prevents the flowing out of the matrix resin during fabrication. The impregnation time was varied between 5 and 25 min. The level of impregnation was measured through the optical micrographs of the cross section, estimation of void contents using the ignition method, and transverse bending strength. The morphology of the fractured surface was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the longer the impregnation time, the lower the void contents. Both the bending modulus and strength increased with increasing impregnation time. The SEM micrograph shows little adhesion between the matrix and the reinforcing glass fiber. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

The creep of kevlar-29 fibers

Single Kevlar-29 fibers have been subjected to creep loading over a temperature range of 23 to 400°C for which the applied load was 50 percent that of tensile strength at each temperature considered and also subjected to a range of loads at 23°C. It has been shown that strain expressed as a logarithmic function of time describes the experimental results obtained. Up to 70 percent of breaking load, a primary creep mechanism dominates and at higher loads a secondary creep process becomes increasingly important.