Computergestützte Auswertung von Informationssammlungen in der Verfahrenstechnik

Computer-aided retrieval of data collections in chemical engineering. Data collections are an important tool for more efficient and economical engineering in the various fields of chemical process technology. The computer-aided utilization of available data collections has major advantages compared with manual processing. Computer-aided utilization can be based on the identification retrieval or rank retrieval method. The advantage of the rank retrieval method is that it provides a spectrum of solutions sorted by the degree of coincidence with the ideal solution. Rank retrieval can be integrated into larger program packages within an integrated computer system which supports the design of chemical plants.     

Die Bedeutung der Chemietechnik für fortgeschrittene Technologien zur Stromerzeugung

Significance of chemical engineering for advanced power generation technologies . The demands placed on power plant engineers have altered with the introduction of advanced technologies of power generation, with the classical physical areas of work being increasingly augmented by tasks requiring considerable knowledge of chemical engineering. This change began with the introduction of the desulphurization of flue gases in fossil-fuel fired power plant and continued steadily with the further development of environmental protection requirements. In addition, demands for reduction of emission in connection with high fuel prices led to the development of new power plant technologies permitting better utilization of input energy. With the aid of examples taken from the whole field of advanced powerplant technology and which range from development and design of non-polluting and more efficient power plant processes to questions of disposal of power plant by-products it is shown to what extent conventional powerplant engineering is pervaded by chemical engineering questions.     

Prozeßentwicklung: Von der Exergieanalyse bis zur EDV-gestützten Optimierung

Process development: From exergy analysis to computer-aided optimisation. In processes in which chemical compositions or states are altered, limiting case analyses based on the first and second laws of thermodynamics are often of use during preliminary process analyses. Since the introduction of computers for process calculations exergy analyses can be carried out in a simple way and weak points in initial designs in the sense of the second law conveniently located. It is also possible to use exergy analyses to make product predictions if transferable practical exergy losses are available from past experience. In low temperature and energy technology the use of suitably defined efficiencies have been of use for many years in eliminating less attractive processing routes and thus reducing the number of possible designs to be investigated. For many decades so-called ?Sum Q/T Diagrams”? have been used in low temperature processing to visualize and improve temperature profiles in heat exchanger networks. Recently technology has been further developed into ?Pinch Technology”?. At the end of process development comes the final detailed optimization. The expensive and time consuming sequential way of working used in the past is being gradually replaced today with equation-oriented simulation and optimization tools such as the OPTISIM program. Expert systems, in principal, offer the chance of supporting the chemical engineer during the initial design of complete and complex processes. However, the experience with such systems to date has shown that a practical solution lies a long way into the future.     

Methodische Entwicklung verfahrenstechnischer Prozesse

Methodological development of chemical engineering processes . The development of complex systems is especially dependent upon methodologically structured procedures to provide a clear-cut framework for the application of specialist knowledge and creativity and to develop and exploit the field of possible solutions in order to single out a powerful solution. The method of choice should always be systems engineering. It provides, in relatively abtract and interpretable manner, principles, methods, and proven aids in the form of a system concept, a systems engineering plan of procedure, and project management. A brief introduction to the system concept is followed by application of the systems engineering procedural model to process development. Safety engineering and data acquisition are then considered in detail. Heuristic models are also considered in relation to data acquisition. Expert systems are recommended for setting up collections of information. The article closes with a survey of computer-aided process development.     

计算机模拟辅助的催化反应工程研究与工艺技术开发

针对催化反应动力学、催化剂颗粒工程设计、反应器分析及工艺系统开发的科学、技术与工程问题,在原化工部科技局制定的开发工作框图基础上,结合高技术研究所研发工作的发展要求,发展了计算机模拟辅助的催化反应工程研究与工艺技术开发方法,该方法更加突出了计算机模拟在多尺度研发工作中的重要性,旨在缩短研发周期,保证项目高效实施。同时对催化反应工程研究与工艺系统开发的相关发展进行综述、探讨和展望。     

Planung der Kuppelproduktion in Systemen von chemischen Mehrzweckanlagen

Planning of Coupled Production in Multipurpose Chemical Plant. This article considers strategies for computer-aided planning of coupled production for systems of net worked multipurpose plant. Reasons are given for the failure of classical strategies such as are used in PPS systems. A procedure is described which, starting from a final product, automatically generates a cascade of previous product jobs and assigns them to production lines along a time axis (simultaneous material, pecursor, and production line assignment planning). Possibilities of interactive improvements of a given solution on consideration of factors such as storage costs and turnover are presented.     

Computer-aided molecular design in the continuous-molecular targeting framework using group-contribution PC-SAFT

Computer-aided molecular design allows generating novel fluids fulfilling a set of target properties. An integrated design of fluid and process directly employs a process-based objective function. In this work, we solve the integrated process and fluid design problem using the continuous-molecular targeting computer-aided molecular design (CoMT–CAMD) framework. CoMT–CAMD exploits the molecular picture underlying the PC-SAFT equation of state. In the simultaneous optimization of process and fluid, relaxed pure component parameters allow for an efficient optimization. The result is a hypothetical optimal target fluid. In previous work, fluids showing similar performance as the target fluid were obtained from a mapping onto a database. Here, we integrate computer-aided molecular design to realize the actual design of novel fluids. The resulting method for fluid design is based on a group-contribution method for the PC-SAFT parameters (GPC-SAFT) and applied to the design of working fluids for Organic Rankine cycles and solvents for CO₂ capture.     

Rechnergestützte Konfigurierung von RI-Fließbildern am Beispiel von Pumpen

Knowledge-based Design of PI Diagrams Exemplified for Pumps in Chemical Plant. To date, computer-aided design for flow-sheets has focussed on drawing procedures and reports extracted from these drawings. Today's software technology offers important potential which has still not been fully exploited, e.g. for the design of PI diagrams as front-end application of CAD systems. PI diagrams for process units can be designed by means of knowledge-based systems. The input information which has to be supplied by the process engineer comprises e.g. physico-chemical properties, process conditions and start-up and shut-down procedures. The results are PI diagrams as well as the documentation of the design criteria and operating instructions if manual operations on site are necessary. The potential of knowledge-based computer-aided design of PI diagrams is demonstrated in the case of pumps in chemical plant.     

Economic value and environmental impact (EVEI) analysis of biorefinery systems

The selection of product portfolios, processing routes and the combination of technologies to obtain a sustainable biorefinery design according to economic and environmental criteria represents a challenge to process engineering. The aim of this research is to generate a robust methodology that assists process engineers to conceptually optimise the environmental and economic performances of biorefinery systems. A novel economic value and environmental impact (EVEI) analysis methodology is presented in this paper. The EVEI analysis is a tool that emerges from the combination of the value analysis method for the evaluation of economic potential with environmental footprinting for impact analysis. The methodology has been effectively demonstrated by providing insights into the performance of a bioethanol plant as a case study. The systematisation of the methodology allowed its implementation and integration into a computer-aided process engineering (CAPE) tool in the spreadsheet environment.     

Methoden und Anwendungen der statistischen Prozeß- und Qualitätskontrolle im chemischen Betrieb

Methodology and applications of statistical process and quality control in chemical plant. Statistical process and quality control, known respectively as SPC and SQC, presently command considerably attention. Originating with buyers of chemical products, the vocabulary and methodology of this area of expertise are increasingly entering the chemical plant. Appropriate use of these techniques is considered in the present article. A brief presentation of the philosophy of quality assurance in production using the methods of SPC and SQC is followed by a terse explanation of the goals and techniques of SPC/SQC. The applicability of the methods to process engineering is a special problem. Questions of the necessary adaptation and introduction into the conventional procedures of process control are discussed. Instrumentalization of plant with digital process controllers provides a framework for implementation of integrated solutions of such quality assurance systems in production. This is explained with the aid of examples.     

Integrierte Informationsverarbeitung im Anlagenbau

Integrated information processing in plant design. Characteristic for plant design is the cooperation of quite different engineering disciplines. The quality of the engineering therefore is influenced mainly by technical coordination and flow of information between these disciplines. Software applications for plant design are very often individually written systems. It is the aim of data integration to increase the quality of engineering besides the rationalization of work. Depending on existing software, individual solutions for data integration are predominant. These solutions have to correspond to iterative procedures during plant engineering. Object-oriented CAD systems instead of only graphics-oriented CAD software are an important condition for further data integration. However, in order to utilize these advantages for exchanging electronically stored documentation between different companies, all interfaces and data structures have to be publicly available.     

Auslegung und Aufbau von Sicherheitseinrichtungen mit Mitteln der Meß-, Steuer- und Regelungstechnik

Design and construction of safety devices utilizing methods of measurement and control engineering . This article considers a proposed concept for the design and construction of measurement and control devices for the safety of plant with the aim of preventing danger to persons and the environment and damage. Such measurement and control devices are generally employed when primary measures adopted for plant safety, such as safety valves, collection vessels, etc. are not applicable or insufficient by themselves. The concept regards the new sheet no. 3 of the VDI/VDE code draft 2180 ?Safety of chemical engineering plant”? and proposes a further subdivision of class A into safety classes A0, A1, and A2. Overall, it is possible, on the basis of the measures for raising the availability of measurement and control equipment which are presented in this article, to make selection appropriate to the potential danger involved. The proposed procedure should not, however, be regarded as a rigid scheme but rather as leading to a systematic view and supporting decisions resting on sound operating experience.     

CAE in der Prozeßleittechnik

CAE in process control engineering. The design and operation of chemical engineering plant involves collaboration of various specialist departments over a long period in an iterative sequence of steps. Any change in data in any of the necessary iterative steps can generate expensive errors. The aim of computer application and computerized development is thus basically to improve the integration of the various applications. Technical data processing, especially the use of CAD/CAE systems, therefore provides a framework for a whole group of measures intended to provide tools for mediumterm automatic handling of data and re-use of partial solutions in memory.     

Einsatz und Verfahrenstechnik der anaeroben Abwasserreinigung

Application and engineering of anaerobic waste water treatment. Anaerobic processes are suitable for waste water from various sources with a high organic burden. New scientific insights suggest that the application of energysaving anaerobic plant will increase because the drop in fermentation time reduces the volume requirements and hence also the necessary investment. Apart from energy savings for introduction of oxygen, anaerobic processes also afford high-energy biogas having many potential uses. The chemical engineering, dimensions, and optimum loading will continue to make considerable demands on research into metabolic performance under the operating conditions of sewage treatment plant.     

门式钢架结构在新型高效选煤厂中的应用

门式钢架结构用作高效选煤厂的主厂房主体结构 ,使得选煤工艺布置更灵活 ,施工不受季节限制 ,工期短 ,投资省 ,综合效益好 ,为选煤厂设计开辟了一个新领域。本文结合伯方选煤厂工程实例 ,对选煤厂中门式钢架结构的设计方法及应用作了全面的介绍     

Review of information management in computer-aided engineering

The database sector of information technology is a rapidly developing area of academic and commercial interest, but until recently it has had little impact on the chemical engineering industry. Database-management systems (DBMSs) have been used as the foundation for some proprietary computer-aided process engineering (CAPE) packages, but the potential also exists for individual users of CAPE applications software to create their own tailor-made design environments by integrating packages around a DBMS. Unfortunately, traditional DBMSs are not designed to handle the complex static and dynamic nature of process engineering design data. This paper briefly examines this “data problem”, reviews a variety of proposals to deal with it and, finally, points to a need for database tools to be specifically designed for process engineering applications.     

Modellübertragung in der Verfahrenstechnik

Model scale-up in chemical engineering . Similarity theory and the theory of models based thereon are working tools which permit reasonable planning of experiments, their execution with a minimum of effort, and their evaluation in such a way as to provide reliable information about the design and the operating conditions of the technical plant – provided these methods are used in good time and in the proper manner. A brief introduction to the problems involved and to the methodology of similarity theory is provided by the introductory section and the first example. Four more problems and their solutions according to similarity theory serve to answer questions concerning the size of the experimental scale, the choice of material system used in the experiment, and the problem of scale-up under conditions of partial similarity. Two of these examples clearly illustrate that an inadequate knowledge of the material parameters (e. g. for foams and slurries) necessitates model measurements on the technical system with a change of scale.     

Rechnergestützte exergetische Optimierung verfahrenstechnischer Prozesse

Computer-aided exergy optimization of chemical engineering processes. Methods of exergy evaluation as the basis of energy and material analysis of chemical processes have been used for some years to evaluate these processes from the view point of the First and Second Law of Thermodynamics and with regard to their influence on the environment. This paper introduces a tool for computer-aided exergy analysis and optimization of complex process plants. This tool is based on a flowsheeting program that is extended to calculate the exergy of material, heat, and work flows. The optimization problem of process plants is solved in a two level approach by parameter optimization and structural optimization. The parameter optimization is realized automatically by the extended flowsheeting program. The structural optimization is based on heuristic rules and experiences of the process engineer.     

Rohrleitungstechnik und Verfahrenstechnik

Pipework engineering and chemical engineering . Piping must be included as an essential part of a plant in the chemical engineering design of the process units. The necessary engineering specifications for an appropriate, minimum cost design of pipe systems and the job integration of pipe planning, which demonstrates the strong links between pipework engineering and chemical engineering in the planning and construction of plant, are discussed. The use of computers in pipe engineering began about 12 years ago. Development proceeded via computer mass listings, computer-plotted isometric drawings, automatic material listings to the contemporary computed plotted flow charts, leading to increasing confrontation of chemical engineers with these programs with repercussions in their work. A report is presented on the development of new systems and on the present state of implementation of these computer methods; the scope and limitations are indicated.     

Computer-Aided Design of Composite Systems

The use of complex materials, such as composites, for fabrication of structural components exacts a price of increased complexity in design and analysis of these structures. In order to economically and efficiently facilitate complex structural design and analysis, computer-aided design techniques are being employed throughout the industrial community. This paper illustrates a system of computer-aided design techniques and software (CADOT) for the design and analysis of engineering structures and solids that are constructed of sheet molding, injection molding, and/or laminated composite technologies.