Seed Oil Characteristics of Onopordum tauricum Willd. and Prunus laurocerasus L

The characteristics of fatty oils recovered from seeds of Onopordum tauricum Willd. and Prunus laurocerasus L. have been investigated. Gas chromatographic analysis showed that linoleic and oleic acids are predominant component fatty acids of Onopordum tauricum and Prunus laurocerasus seed oils, respectively. In view of technological evaluation, Onopordum tauricum seed oil can be regarded as a semidrying oil while the other shows characteristics of a nondrying oil.     

Phospholipid composition of some fruit-stone oils of Rosaceae species

The phospholipid composition of five types of vegetable oil extracted from the nuts of plum (Prunus domestica L.), peach (Prunus persica L.), apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.), cherry (Prunus aviumL.), and morello-cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) was determined spectrophotometrically after fractionation and separation to individual components by means of two-directional thin-layer chromatography. The content of phospholipids in the oils varied from 0.4% to 1.1%, while in the corresponding nuts it varied from 0.2 to 0.5%. The major components in the phospholipid fraction were phosphatidylcholine (37.1–59.0%), phosphatidylinositol (13.8–31.6%) and phosphatidylethanolamine (12.9–19.5%). The fatty acid composition of the triacylglycerols and of the major phospholipids was determined by capillary gas chromatography. Larger quantities of saturated fatty acids, mainly palmitic and stearic acid, were identified in the phospholipids.     

Studies on Herbaceous Seed Oils XI

Seeds from eight species were analysed by standard procedures for oil and protein contents. The fatty acid composition of the oils was determined by GLC. Five species were found to contain oils above 20% and none of them is rich in protein. Some of the oils have a composition fairly similar to the oils at present in common use. Five seed oils are interesting in having more than 50% of saturated acids of the total fatty acids. T. involucrata seed seems to be a promising species because of its high oil and linoleic acid (61.7%) contents.     

Effect of Gamma Irradiation on Biochemical Properties of Grape Seeds

In the present study, grape seed samples (Alicante Bouschet, Cabernet Franc, Cinsault, Merlot, Shiraz) were treated with 1.0, 3.0, 5.0, and 7.0 kGy of gamma radiation. Effect of irradiation dose on free fatty acids (FFA), peroxide value (PV), sterol, fatty acid composition, phenolic content, antioxidant activity of the seed oils, and chemical (dry matter, fat, ash, total sugar, invert sugar) changes of grape seeds were determined. Regarding fatty acid composition, oleic acid (C18:1) and linoleic acid (C18:2) levels decreased. β-sitosterol content with a highest percentage among sterols in grape seed oils decreased due to gamma irradiation. Generally gamma irradiation increased free fatty acids and peroxide value of the oils; however, phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of grape seeds decreased.     

Minor Seed Oils XIX: Examination of Convolvulaceae Seed Oils

Six seed oils from convovulaceae family have been examined. Nounusual acids have been detected in the oils. The fatty acid pattern in all the seed oils is as follows: palmitic (6.6 to 10.0), stearic (12.0 to 19.6), oleic (21.6 to 30.0), linoleic (27.8 to 41.3), linolenic (6.0 to 9.2), arachidic (3.3 to 6.4), and behenic (2.8 to 4.3). Lower fatty acids have not been found in any of the seed oils.     

Tocopherol and tocotrienol composition of the seed lipids of a number of species representing the Bulgarian flora

The tocochromanols present in the seed lipids of representatives of the Bulgarian flora (mostly native wild plants and some introduced and/or cultivated plants) have been investigated. The content and composition of tocopherols and tocotrienols in the seed oils of 43 species belonging to 28 different plant families were determined. The results are discussed in view of their potential use as vitamin E concentrates and as sources of antioxidants for the preservation of food lipids.     

Profiling of Phytosterols, Tocopherols and Tocotrienols in Selected Seed Oils from Botswana by GC–MS and HPLC

The phytosterol, tocopherol, and tocotrienol profiles for mkukubuyo, Sterculia africana, manketti, Ricinodendron rautanenni, mokolwane, Hyphaene petersiana, morama, Tylosema esculentum, and moretologa-kgomo, Ximenia caffra, seed oils from Botswana have been determined. Normal-phase HPLC analysis of the unsaponifiable matter showed that among the selected oils, the most abundant tocopherol and tocotrienol were γ-tocopherol (2232.99 μg/g) and γ-tocotrienol (246.19 μg/g), detected in manketti and mkukubuyo, respectively. Mokolwane oil, however, contained the largest total tocotrienol (258.47 μg/g). Total tocol contents found in manketti, mokolwane, mkukubuyo, morama, and moretologa-kgomo oils were 2238.60, 262.40, 246.20, 199.10, and 128.0 μg/g, respectively. GC–MS determination of the relative percentage composition of phytosterols showed 4-desmethylsterols as the most abundant phytosterols in the oils, by occurring up to 90% in moretologa-kgomo, mkukubuyo, and manketti seed oils, with β-sitosterol being the most abundant. Mokolwane seed oil contained the largest percentage composition of 4,4-dimethylsterols (45.93%). Besides 4-desmethylsterols (75%), morama oil also contained significant amounts of 4,4-dimethylsterols and 4-monomethylsterols (15.72% total). GC–MS determination of the absolute amounts of 4-desmethylsterols, after SPE fractionation of the unsaponifiable matter, confirmed that β-sitosterol was the most abundant phytosterol in the test seed oils, with manketti seed oil being the richest source (1326.74 μg/g). The analysis showed total 4-desmethylsterols content as 1617.41, 1291.88, 861.47, 149.15, and 109.11 μg/g for manketti, mokolwane, mkukubuyo, morama, and moretologa-kgomo seed oils, respectively.     

Determination of conjugated linolenic acid content of selected oil seeds grown in Turkey

Seeds originating from some Turkish sources were analyzed with respect to their characteristics and FA compositions. These seeds represented pomegranate (Punica granatum L.), bitter grourd (Momordica charantia L.), pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.), catalpa (Catalpa bignonoides), bourdaine (Rhamnus frangula L.), Oregon grape (Mahonia aquifolium), sarsaparilla (Smilax aspera), mahaleb (Prunus mahaleb L.), black-thorn (Prunus spinosa L.), cherry laurel (Prunus laurocerasus L.), and firethorn (Pyracantha coccinea). Bitter gourd and bourdaine seeds contain more than 20% oil. Catalpa, bourdaine, Oregon grape, blackthorn, and cherry laurel seed oil contents ranged from 15 to 20%. In the seeds from plants belonging to the Rosacea family, oil content ranged from 4.5 to 18.5%. Among the seed oils analyzed, pot marigold had one of the lowest oil contents (5.9%). Pomegranate contained the highest amount of total conjugated linolenic acid (CLNA) (86.0%). Seed oils of bitter grourd, pot marigold, mahaleb, and catalpa were rich in CLNA: 60.0, 29.5, 27.6, and 27.5%, respectively. Bourdaine, Oregon grape, and sarsaparilla seeds contained low amounts of CLNA. On the other hand, mahaleb, bourdaine, catalpa, Oregon grape, sarsaparilla, cherry laurel, blackthorn, and firethorn seed oils are basically oleic and linoleic acid-rich oils and therefore have little drying ability (semidrying oil). The results show a potential for the use of endogenous Turkish seeds as a source of CLNA.     

Studies on Minor Seed Oils XII

Physico-chemical analysis of seven seeds of indigenous species of plants belonging to six different botanical families have been carried out with the help of UV, IR, TLC-GLC techniques. All the seed oils were found in agreement with the simple fatty acid composition i.e. linoleic-oleic-palmitic type. The chief components among unsaturated acids in the six seed oils are oleic and linoleic acids together forming 40.0-86.0 %. Polygonum sp. surprisingly is found to have combined content of oleic and linoleic acid 13.3 % only but having unexpected high amount of linolenic acid (37.8 %). Among saturated acids, palmitic acid was predominant acid found in the range of 10.0-483 %. This chemical screening of seed oils reveals that the species producing highly unsaturated oils merit attention for utilization as minor seed oils.     

The pancreatic hydrolysis of natural fats. IV. Some exotic seed fats

Eight exotic seed fats (karanja, kusum, neem and aceituno oils, malabar tallow, kokum butter and mowrah and dika fats) have been subjected to pancreatic hydrolysis. From the original fatty acid compositions, and those of the monoglycerides produced by hydrolysis, the fatty acid distributions have been determined, and their probable glyceride compositions calculated. The significance of the observed fatty acid distributions is discussed; and an expression relating the glyceride composition to the overall fatty acid composition is shown to give satisfactory agreement with the calculated values, for these, and other vegetable fats.     

Studies of Oils of Unusual Fatty Acids

Studies of linseed, castor seed and Vernonia anthelmintica seed oils have been undertaken together keeping in view their industrial importance. Linseed oil contains the highest percentage of linolenic acid (69.1%) whereas the highest percentage of hydroxy fatty acid (85.6%) and epoxy fatty acids (76.8%) has been found out in castor seed and Vernonia anthelmintica seed oils respectively as determined by the application of thin-layer and gas liquid chromatography.     

Studies on Herbaceous Seed Oils II

Seed oils from seven species comprising the unusual families, Apocynaceae, Tiliaceae, Capparidaceae and Cyperaceae have been analysed using spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques. The compositional data suggest that oils from species of less familiar botanical families possess peculiar composition as compared to common seed oils.     

American safflower seed oil

Summary The chemical and physical characteristics of a sample of hot pressed oil from saflower seed grown in Montana have been determined. This oil was found to contain 87.72 per cent of unsaturated acids, and 5.92 per cent of saturated acids. The composition of the oil has been determined with the following results, and, for comparison, results for sunflower seed and soy bean oils previously obtained, are also given. It will be observed that safflower oil contains a considerably larger proportion of linolic acid and less oleic acid than either of the other two oils, and this fact would account for its superior drying power.     

Effect of sprouting on the quality and composition of canola seed and oil

Sprouting has been considered as a damage factor in grading canola. This project deals with the evaluation of the effect of sprouting on the quality and composition of canola seed and oil. Sprouted seeds had lower oil content than nonsprouted seeds as determined by exhaustive petroleum ether extraction. The difference, although statistically significant, was small, less than 0.1% oil at the maximum level of sprouting allowed in topgrade canola. There were no differences in chlorophyll contents or moisture contents between sound and sprouted seeds. Sprouted seeds had significantly higher levels of FFA and crude protein than sound seeds. Oxidation parameters (diene and aldehyde) were higher in oils from sound seeds than oils from sprouted seeds, but there was no statistically significant difference in PV. Sprouted seeds had higher levels of tocopherols and sucrose, but lower levels of raffinose, stachyose, and total sugars than sound seeds. There was no difference in overall FA composition of the oil between sound and sprouted seeds. The second extraction of the Federation of Oils Seeds and Fat Associations (FOSFA) extraction method, which allowed the extraction of more polar lipids, contained significantly more saturated FA. However, this was not significant in the overall FA composition of the oils because this fraction counted for about 2% of the total lipid content. The presence of sprouted seed had an effect on results for oil and crude protein determined by NIR as compared with results by FOSFA extraction, or pulsed NMR for oil and Dumas combustion for crude protein. Addition of sprouted seed samples to the NIR, calibration set overcame this problem. These results suggested that sprouting did not have a highly damaging effect on the quality and composition of canola seed and oil when less than 10% of the seeds in a sample were sprouting.     

Triacylglycerols of the olive fruit (Olea europaea L.): characterization of mesocarp and seed triacylglycerols in different cultivars by liquid chromatography and 13C NMR spectroscopy

Triacylglycerols of mesocarp and seed oils extracted from olive fruits of different cultivars were characterized. The analysis of the profiles of the triglyceride isomers which were determined by HPLC, evidenced that ECN 48 (OOO-OOP) and ECN 46 (OLO) triglycerides were the major components of mesocarp and seed oils, whereas triglycerides acylated with the linoleoyl chain appeared to be more abundant in seed oil, i.e. LLL (ECN 42), OLL-PLL (ECN 44), and POL-OLO (ECN 46). Mesocarp and seed oils, likewise the cultivars differed significantly (P<0.05) with regard to all the triglyceride components.¹³C NMR spectroscopy based on carbonyl carbon resonances of triglyceride acyl chains was applied to carry out the regiospecific analysis of triacylglycerols. Acyl chain composition, chain distribution among 1(3)- and 2-glycerol positions, and chain 2-positional specificity, were determined. The results confirmed that two different pools of fatty acids esterified at 1(3)- and 2-positions in triacylglycerols of mesocarp and seed oils exist, the saturated chains being by almost 100% at 1(3)-positions. 2-positional specificity evidenced that the oleoyl chain moved away from a pure random model less than the linoleoyl chain. 2-Distribution and 2-specificity data of oleoyl and linoleoyl chains along with linoleoyl 1(3)-distribution values, appeared to discriminate significantly (P<0.05) mesocarp and seed oils, but no cultivar discrimination was achieved. The effect of fatty acid concentration on their distribution between triacylglycerol positions and the low variability of 2-positonal specificity values of unsaturated chains over a wide range of vegetable oils were highlighted.     

Linoleic Acid Rich Oil Seeds

The fatty acid composition of Cupressus semprevirens, Cupressus torulosa, Cupressus funebris, Cuppressus lusitanica, Cupressus macrocarpa and Cupressus arizonica seed oils had been determined.     

Cyclopropenoic Fatty Acids of Malvaceae Seed Oils by Gas-Liquid Chromatography

Fatty acid composition of seed oils from sixteen species of Malvaceae belonging to sic genus (Abutilon, Gossypium, Hibiscus, Kosteletzkya, Thespesia and Urena) were determined. The main fatty acids were palmitic (7–24% oleic (5–20%) and linoleic (17–69%) acids. Each of the seed oils contains varying amounts of malvalic (0.1–3.9%) and sterculic (tr?3.3%) acids. Dihydrosterculic acid was also detected by GLCat low levels in most of these oils.     

Determination of fatty acid composition of amaranthus species

Fatty acid compositions of the seed oils from eighteen vareties of amaranthus species have been determined after room temperature transesterification. Consistent with earlier studies, wide variations in the fatty acid composition are reported, and appear to be agronomically related. All variaties show significant levels (2–5%) of squalene and a combined linoleic acid and olaic acid occurrence of between 70–-80%. This study represents the frist reported fatty acid composition of grain amaranthus cultivated in West Africa.     

Oil from calabash seed,Crescentia cujete L.

Summary The composition and characteristics of calabash,Crescentia cujete L., seed and oil have been determined. The oil was found to have the following composition calculated from the iodine and thiocyanogen values, and saturated acid content of mixed fatty acids: saturated acids 19.7%, oleic acid 59.4%, linoleic acid 19.3%, and linolenic acid 1.6%. Comparison of the composition and characteristics of calabash seed oil with those for peanut and olive oil indicate that, except for the presence of a small amount of linolenic acid in the former, the oils are similar. One of the laboratories of the Bureau of Agricultural and Industrial Chemistry, Agricultural Research Administration, U. S. Department of Agriculture.     

Lipid Classes and Subclasses of Cold-Pressed and Solvent-Extracted Oils from Commercial Indian Niger (Guizotia abyssinica (L.f.) Cass.) Seed

Lipid classes and subclasses of cold-pressed and solvent-extracted (hexane and ethanol) oils from commercially available niger (Guizotia abyssinica (L.f.) Cass.) seeds were investigated. The oil yield of niger seeds obtained by cold pressing was 28.3 g/100 g while by hexane and ethanol extractions was 38.3 and 29.7 g/100 g respectively. The lipid classification of the extracted niger seed oils showed neutral lipids (65.9–95.5 %), glycolipids (2.7–24.6 %) and phospholipids (1.8–9.5 %). The acylglycerol composition of neutral lipids of extracted niger seed oils showed triacylglycerols (76.9–91.6 %), diacylglycerols (3.9–7.3 %) and monoacylglycerols (0.6–2.5 %). The fatty acid composition of tri-, di-, and monoacylglycerols of extracted niger seed oils showed linoleic acid (66.7–71.6 %) as the major fatty acid. The triacylglycerol composition of neutral lipids of extracted niger seed oils showed trilinolein (39.2–40.3 %) as the major triacylglycerol. The extracted niger seed oils contained 1289.9–6215.8 ppm of total phytosterols with β-sitosterol (41.9–43.7 %) as the major phytosterol. Acylated steryl glucoside (39.5–52.2 %) was the major glycolipid in extracted niger seed oils. Phosphatidylcholine (49.6 and 47.9 %) was the major phospholipid in cold-pressed and hexane-extracted niger seed oils and phosphatidylethanolamine (57.1 %) was the major phospholipid in ethanol-extracted niger seed oil. This is probably the first report on the variations in lipid classes and subclasses of Indian niger seed oil as affected by different modes of oil extraction.