高压喷射灌浆防渗技术在水库大坝基础处理中的应用分析

高压喷射灌浆防渗技术可用于水利工程的防渗处理,并且能够修复病库和堵漏堤坝。高压喷射灌浆法通过采用高压水或高压浆液,从而形成高速喷射流束,对于地层土体会起到冲击、切割作用,其中还会掺混水泥基质浆液,从而形成桩柱或板墙状的混结体,这种施工技术可以提高地基防渗和承载能力。当高压喷射灌浆技术得到成功应用时,我国就加强了对这项技术的推广和使用。本文就对高压喷射灌浆防渗技术在水库大坝基础处理中的应用进行了分析。     

高压喷射灌浆技术在水利工程防渗中的应用

指出高压喷射灌浆防渗技术是国内正在推广的一种新型防渗技术,适用范围较广,以白龟山水库坝基防渗墙猷设计及灌浆方法为例,重点介绍了三管法高压喷射灌浆技术以及施工中的质量控制方法,经试验检测得出防渗墙质量良好的结论。     

围井试验法在显岗水库高喷防渗工程中的应用

在简要介绍围井试验法基本原理的基础上,着重分析围井试验法在高压喷射灌浆垂直防渗板墙防渗性能检测中的优势及应用关键点,并以显岗水库除险加固工程为例,对围井法在病险水库高压喷射灌浆工程中的应用进行了初步探讨。     

高喷灌浆技术在尾矿库地下防渗工程中的应用

以国内某特大型金属矿矿区尾矿库初期坝坝外地下防渗工程为例,介绍了高压摆喷灌浆技术的防渗机理、适用条件,总结了尾矿库地下防渗工程中运用高压摆喷灌浆的施工流程、工艺参数、应用和施工过程中可能遇到的问题及其处理方法.     

某围堰高压喷射灌浆防渗施工技术

高压喷射灌浆是80年代在堤坝涵闸的防渗工程中发展起来的一项技术,随着施工技术的进步,该技术的水电站的施工围堰的防渗中应用越来越普遍,高压喷射灌浆用于水电站围堰防渗,关键在于施工设备、施工参数的选择。     

高压喷射灌浆在喜河水电站大坝围堰上的应用

用三管法高压旋喷灌浆的方式，进行上、下游围堰基础灌浆防渗处理。用回填灌浆与高喷灌浆相结合的灌浆方法，针对特殊孔段进行特殊处理。当局部漏水量偏大时，增加防渗排予以补强。墙体连续。防渗效果明显。     

高压定向喷射灌浆构筑防渗板墙技术的研究

根据坝基帷幕防渗技术的要求,在高压旋喷桩和帷幕灌浆设备的基础上,研制、组装成高压喷射灌浆专用设备,研究提出了高压定向喷射灌浆构筑防渗板墙技术工艺。通过多次进行板墙、围井试验,以及在坝基砂砾层构筑防渗板墙的工程实践,证明该项技术能够构筑厚度均匀、致密连续的板墙。板体之间、板与基岩之间接触牢固,符合防渗要求。施工速度快,且比较经济合理。这项技术可用于低水头坝基砂砾层止水防渗、截潜流等工程。已取得的工艺参数,可供设计、施工因地制宜选用。     

高压喷射灌浆技术在公路防渗处理工程中的应用

文章通过工程实例,详细介绍了高压喷射灌浆技术在公路防渗工程中的成功应用。为进一步拓宽高压喷射灌浆技术的应用领域,起到了抛砖引玉的作用,同时对高压喷射技术的质量控制措施进行了详尽的叙述,其他工程中高压喷射施工时可起到借鉴作用。     

水利工程中水库大坝防渗技术分析

针对甘肃兰州某水库大坝出现的渗漏问题,总结分析了其渗漏原因和当前水利工程中水库大坝的防渗技术现状。通过高压喷射灌浆、坝体劈裂灌浆、混凝土防渗墙、搅拌桩防渗墙和帷幕灌浆在内的防渗关键技术,对水库大坝的防渗工程进行了优化。对不同防渗关键技术的优势进行了具体分析与应用。     

乌江渡水电站岩溶地层灌浆试验

本文论述乌江渡水电站在岩溶发育地层中所进行的灌浆试验及其主要成果。这些成果已用于大坝防渗灌浆帷幕的设计和施工中。 在简述了坝址的地质特点和灌浆试验的目的和要求后,着重论述了岩溶发育地层的高压灌浆工艺和灌浆帷幕的防渗能力,并对溶洞泥的灌浆机理和灌浆帷幕的长期稳定性作了初步探讨。     

Magnetoelastische Spannkraftmessung in Bauwerken

Magnetoelastic Measurement of Prestressing Force in Civil Structures The knowledge of the tensile force of prestressing steel elements and its reliable and non‐destructive determination are of essential importance for the assessment of the structural health condition of prestressed concrete structures and tie‐back systems in terms of structural safety, serviceability and durability. For the evaluation of the prestressing force in steel tension members, the measurement technique presented in this contribution is using the magneto‐elastic effect (ME‐effect) of ferromagnetic materials. This effect describes the reverse‐proportional correlation between the mechanical stress and the magnetic properties of ferromagnetic materials. The cylindrical coiled sensors pushed over the tendon and the measuring device developed and practically optimized at the iBMB/MPA of the TU Braunschweig enable a fast and reliable measurement of the prestressing steel force after an initial calibration. In this contribution first the state of the art of prestress measurement techniques for steel tension members is presented. Afterwards, the ME‐measuring method with the basics and merits of magneto‐elastic prestressing force identification is shown. Further recent research results as well as several building applications will be discussed.     

土体干缩裂隙的形成发育过程及机理

土体干缩开裂(龟裂)是一种常见的自然现象,龟裂的产生会破坏土体的完整性,极大地弱化土体的工程性质。基于室内试验结果,发现龟裂发育过程可分为3个典型阶段,具有很强的时序特征,且新生裂隙一般垂直已有裂隙生长。根据水土相互作用原理和基本土力学理论,建立了土体龟裂概念模型,对实验室和自然界中观测到的相关龟裂现象及其机理进行了分析,得到如下主要结论:(1)土体中存在收缩变形空间是龟裂发育的前提,主要与土质条件有关;(2)龟裂是土体发生张拉破坏的表现形式,孔隙水的表面张力及干燥过程中引起的基质吸力(毛细水作用力)会在土体中形成张拉应力场,这是导致龟裂的主要力学诱因;(3)当张拉应力场的大小超过土体的抗拉强度或土颗粒间的联接强度时,裂隙便会产生,导致局部区域积聚的应变能释放,应力场重新调整。从宏观上看,基质吸力和抗拉强度是控制龟裂发育的两个关键力学指标,但从微观上看,土体材料尤其是结构的非均质性对裂隙发育过程和裂隙网络的几何形态特征均有重要影响。通常情况下,大部分裂隙都是在饱和阶段产生,且裂隙产生时对应的临界含水率有可能高于液限;土体表面上的"杂点"易导致应力集中,裂隙往往率先在"杂点"处产生;(4)受表面和裂隙面张拉应力场的共同作用,表层土体边缘会发生向上卷曲变形,产生"煎饼效应"。此外,土体在收缩过程中还存在收缩核现象。     

Zustandsuntersuchung und Instandsetzung am Hauptdach des Hauses der Kulturen der Welt in Berlin

The main roof of the ”Haus der Kulturen der Welt“ in Berlin Which is very well‐known on account of its history and striking structural design – was to be inspected by the author to determine its condition and analysed with regard to the durability of the existing liquid synthetic sealant. The roof structure consists of a biaxial, curved area‐covering structural element with circumferential edge beams of pre‐stressed lightweight concrete. This is the result of the reconstruction between 1984 and 1987 following a partial collapse of the then Berlin Congress Hall in 1980. The very thin roof shell is also made of lightweight concrete and, like the edge beams, has a polyurethane‐based spray‐on seal that was specially developed for this purpose as protection against the ingress of moisture. The reason why this, at the time, novel type of seal was chosen was that it should take into account the fact that the roof design urgently needed some kind of protection against moisture that had to compensate the expected changes shape and crack movements of the roof with no damage. The following article reports on the nature, scope and main results of the analysis of the condition of the roof seal, edge beams and abutments. It will also describe the repair recommendations resulting from the investigations, which form the basis of the execution of work at the present point in time. Apart from presenting the technical principles and special features of the building that have to be taken into account during any repairs, the special features of the execution will also be addressed.     

Alternative Methods of Procurement for Works of Water and Environmental Management

The paper considers methods of procurement for the construction of water- and sewage-treatment works other than the traditional use of the ICE 5th Edition Conditions of Contract and Bills of Quantities. This is as a consequence of the speed at which schemes are currently required within the water industry.
The paper particularly focuses on the use of target contracts, using the Institution of Chemical Engineers'Green Book form, and considers various types of target. It also discusses the form which tender documents may take, and how targets may be calculated.
Tendering procedures, including the use of two-stage tenders and negotiated targets, are considered, as are the procedures for cost monitoring and the financial management of the contract. Finally, the role of the engineer and quantity surveyor is considered.     

Innovative technique for identification of prestressing tendons layout in post-tensioned bridges using a probe with MEMS accelerometer

Post-tensioned concrete bridges are currently often constructed engineering structures. In this type of bridges it is crucial that geometrical layout of prestressing system complies with the design requirements. Unfortunately, major errors still occur during assembly of tendon routes. This has often negative effects. In a local aspect, it may cause a local damage, such as spalling of concrete cover. In a global aspect, prestressing may produce distribution of forces in the bridge structure different from the expected. That is why numerous methods have been developed to control the accuracy of executed tendon routs. Some of them, e.g. geodetic measurements with levelers, require direct access to tendon sheaths. Other methods, which can be used after casting of concrete (mainly NDT methods) have a series of resolution, efficiency and accessibility limitations. Hence, the paper presents a proposal of an alternative method for control of tendons routing using a special probe with Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems capacitive accelerometer. The paper presents a concept of tests performed with the probe, evaluation of the probe application in the view of a random process and finally assessment of the results obtained with the use of the constructed measurement system in trial laboratory conditions.     

A Survey of Ferruginous Minewater Impacts in the Welsh Coalfields

The aim of this study was to locate all ferruginous discharges within the Welsh coalfield areas and to assess their impact upon receiving watercourses. The project was undertaken in two stages. In the first stage, visual assessments were carried out on an area of river bed affected by iron hydroxide deposition. Chemical samples of the discharges and the receiving watercourse were analysed for a suite of physico-chemical determinands. Ninety discharges were located impacting upon 59.4 km of river, and an area of 22 ha was affected by iron hydroxide deposits.
A ranking method, incorporating the physical/chemical determinands, was developed to assess the comparative impact which discharges were having on receiving watercourses. A total of 33 of the top ranked discharges- (20 to classified watercourses and 13 to unclassified watercourses) having the highest environmental impact were selected; chemical, biological and fisheries impact assessments were then carried out on these discharges in the second stage of the project. The sites were then ranked on the basis of biological and fisheries impact. A list of the highest impacted sites was produced, and some of these were further investigated for remediation options and associated costs.     

约束受热伸长中空柱填充混凝土的耐火性能

在圆形中空柱中填充混凝土是一种很好的柱子加固方案,因为它能够增加柱子在室内和高温环境下的承载能力。然而,发生火灾时,对受热伸长的约束可能会改变其力学性能。通过对约束受热伸长中空柱进行一系列耐火试验后,得出试验结果。试验对柱子长细比﹑承载等级﹑周围结构刚度以及所占钢筋的百分比和混凝土强度等参数进行了测定。结果显示,这些柱子的极限抗火时间都小于46min。在柱子内层墙面使用混凝土环,从其性能上来讲在火灾时并没有太大优势,因为混凝土环会受到钢管过热而带来的大面积碎裂。柱子最主要的破坏方式即是整体屈曲。然而,在一些试验样本上也出现了局部屈曲。     

Application of sonic and radar tests on the piers and walls of the Cathedral of Noto

The authors applied systematically sonic tests, radar tests and other diagnostic techniques on the remaining walls and piers of the Cathedral of Noto. The experimental survey was carried out by the Laboratory of the DIS, Politecnico of Milan (Person in Charge: Prof. Binda, Prof. Baronio) in collaboration with the designers (Ing. R. De Benedictis, Arch. S. Tringali) and the experts working on the reconstruction. The Prefettura of Siracusa founded the research. The right aisle and most of the dome of the Cathedral collapsed in 1996. The aim of the research was to verify the state of damage and the possibility of conservation of the walls and piers in view of the reconstruction of the damaged part of the Cathedral. Furthermore, the sonic tests were used to control the effect of grout injection used as a possible technique for repair of the damaged masonry (Proceedings of the Conference on Nondestructive Evaluation of Civil Structures and Materials, Boulder, Colorado; (1992) 329; Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Structural Faults and Repair, 3 (1995) 195). In the following the results will be reported and the reliability of the tests will be discussed as it was confirmed by the use of other complementary diagnosis techniques (Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Structural Studies, Repairs and Maintenance of Historical Buildings, STREMAH 99, Dresden, Germany, (1999) 323).     

Reliability of composite steel bridge beams designed following AASHTO''s LFD and LRFD specifications

Composite steel beam bridges designed following AASHTO's Load Factor Design (LFD) method and the newly developed Load and Resistance Factor Design method (LRFD) are proportioned for different loading conditions. They need to satisfy these conditions at maximum design load, an overloading condition, and fatigue load. The ultimate strength of compact composite steel beams is based on the fully plastic stress distribution. The capacity of non-compact beams is based on the yield or partially-plastic moment, depending on whether the beam violates all or few of the compactness or ductility requirements. In this paper, the reliability for the ultimate flexural capacity limit state of composite steel beams is investigated. The structural reliability is measured in terms of the reliability index. The statistical data on strength are generated starting from statistics on material properties and using the Monte Carlo simulation method. Statistical data on load components are compiled from the available literature. The scope of the study covers a wide range of rolled beams, span lengths, beam spacings, and two yield strengths. The deterministic study showed that the design of composite steel beams is usually not governed by the maximum design load combination, but rather by the overloading condition. The results of the reliability study indicate non-uniformity in the safety of steel bridges that are designed by the AASHTO LFD code. This is also true for AASHTO's LRFD code since it is not calibrated for the overloading condition. The value of the reliability index is a function of the compactness classification, method of design, beam spacing, span length, and section size.     

带初始缺陷的平面钢框架的敏感性分析

给出一个门式刚架承载力的敏感性和统计性分析。阐述了包括2个单层受压柱系统的典型稳定性问题,这个系统的要素相互影响,并且结合随机的不完善性,将影响承载力。采用Sobol敏感性分析法研究相互影响的因素。Sobol敏感性分析法应用于区别主要输入的随机缺陷和它们的高阶互动效应对承载力的影响。根据试验结果,考虑了大部分缺陷。采用拉丁超立方抽样方法,实现了对初始缺陷的模拟。几何非线性解决方案提供了数值解。采用梁单元对框架实现网格划分。平面钢框架的柱分别考虑采用2种边界条件。分析了承载力设计值与柱长度系数之间的关系。