汽车顶板拉深成形回弹分析及补偿的研究

针对汽车覆盖件拉深成形过程中存在回弹缺陷,以有限元分析软件Dynaform为平台,对某汽车顶板进行回弹分析与补偿的研究,解决该零件在成形过程中的回弹缺陷。通过利用回弹补偿法对模具结构进行4次有效迭代补偿修正,并运用Dynaform软件对优化的模具结构进行有效性验证,成形零件的最大正向回弹量从19.048 mm下降至1.052 mm,降低了94.477%;最大反向回弹量从-8.598 mm下降至-2.172 mm,降低了74.738%。通过研究发现,采用此方法可以控制大型冲压件的回弹量,但随着回弹补偿次数的增加会使模具结构出现过度补偿现象,导致回弹量增加。     

QT8812汽车发动机油底壳二次拉深成形回弹分析

利用有限元模拟分析软件ETA/Dynaform对QT8812汽车发动机油底壳进行了二次拉深成形的回弹模拟分析,分别选取油底壳零件切边前后的腰部圆弧部分、深盒部分的截面图进行回弹量变化的分析,选取这些部位截面上有代表性的特征位置进行相关数据的采集和比较。结果表明,零件切边前后的回弹量与零件的贴模特性密切相关,拉深阶段贴膜程度越高,塑性变形越充分,零件的回弹量就越小,贴膜程度越低,回弹量就越大。油底壳零件在二次拉深成形切边后的回弹量很低,回弹量的绝对尺寸没有超过允许值2mm。     

弯曲半径对凸曲面翻边成形及回弹影响的研究

影响曲面翻边成形回弹的因素主要有零件弯曲曲率半径R、凹模圆角半径r以及材料的厚度t,利用Dynaform软件重点模拟零件弯曲曲率半径R对压缩类翻边中的凸曲面直线翻边的成形回弹影响,得出了零件弯曲曲率半径R对曲面翻边的成形回弹影响规律。通过计算机数值模拟得到在R30mm、R45mm和R60mm 3种半径下的成形极限图以及回弹前、后的主应变分布图,并结合试验的结果,得到随着弯曲半径增大而成形的回弹有所改善的结论。     

基于Dynaform和正交试验的轿车加强梁冲压工艺参数优化

起皱、开裂和回弹是汽车覆盖件冲压成形时产生的主要质量问题,直接影响零件表面、尺寸和形状精度。以加强梁为例,利用Dynaform软件对冲压成形过程和回弹进行仿真模拟,采用正交试验和极差分析法,以最小厚度、最大回弹量、开裂和起皱为评价考察指标,研究了压边力、冲压速度、摩擦系数和凸凹模间隙对厚度和回弹的影响规律,优化冲压工艺参数和模具形面。将模拟分析得到的最小厚度值和最大回弹量与实际零件对比,验证了优化方案的合理性与模拟结果的准确性。有效地将零件厚度控制在0. 85～1. 15 mm之间,回弹控制在1. 1 mm以内,减少了修模次数和缩短了生产周期。     

差厚拼焊板汽车覆盖件回弹的研究

以差厚拼焊板覆盖件中通道为研究对象,根据零件结构图分析其工艺性。利用Dynaform软件对中通道进行冲压成形模拟,并设置前处理相应的一些工艺参数,得到初步模拟结果。然后对初步结果进行工艺参数优化和回弹模拟,分析拉延筋布置、压边力和板厚比对拼焊板回弹的影响。研究结果表明,拉延筋高度为4 mm、压边力为700 kN、板厚比为0．5时,回弹量为1．839 mm (小于回弹量经验值2 mm),符合生产要求。最后将模拟回弹量与实际生产现场进行对比,发现上顶面回弹量最接近实际数据,而侧壁和法兰部分回弹量和实际数据差别明显。     

铝合金板材冲压成形的模具回弹补偿

针对5052铝合金板冲压成形,采用数值模拟技术,基于Dynaform软件的回弹补偿功能,对其进行了成形、回弹和回弹补偿全流程模拟。仅经过一次补偿,回弹后零件几何形状与设计零件尺寸的偏差绝对值由补偿前的8.08mm减小至补偿后的1.71mm,偏差值减小量达到78.8%,回弹补偿效果明显。基于回弹补偿后的模具型面设计加工模具,验证了此回弹补偿方法的可行性。     

BR1500HS板料热冲压成形工艺参数影响分析与试验研究

利用有限元数值模拟软件Dynaform分析了热冲压成形工艺中冲压速度、压边力、模具初始温度、摩擦因子等因素对BR1500HS板料加强件回弹、起皱、破裂等成形质量的影响规律。选取冲压速度50 mm/s、压边力25 kN、摩擦因子0.4进行了生产试验。试制产品成形良好,各部位的回弹量均在2 mm内;强度在1380～1620 MPa,硬度在410～490 HV,满足零件要求。     

汽车覆盖件成形回弹仿真及模面优化研究

回弹是汽车覆盖件冲压成形时产生的主要质量缺陷之一,直接影响到覆盖件产品的尺寸精度和最终形状。以某汽车覆盖件为例,利用板料成形仿真软件Dynaform实现了零件的冲压成形和回弹模拟,重点预测了实际板料冲压成形后可能出现的回弹量,并优化模具型面来控制回弹。通过将仿真结果与实际生产合格零件作对比,验证了优化方案的合理性和仿真模拟的准确性,对汽车覆盖件模具生产制造具有重要的指导意义。     

基于Dynaform的弹簧座多工序冲压成形工艺设计及数值模拟

针对某型弹簧座的结构特点,采用逆向展料法,综合运用UG和Dynaform软件制定了该零件拉深、校形、修边、成形、冲孔和翻孔6个工序的冲压成形方案。利用多工序成形模拟方法,建立了该型弹簧座的全工序数值模拟分析模型,并对零件的破裂、起皱和回弹等缺陷进行了预测。通过调整工艺参数,使得弹簧座成形后的板料增厚率不超过20%,板料减薄率小于30%,零件的回弹量不大于0.25 mm,满足了零件的成形要求。根据数值模拟分析结果,设计了该型弹簧座的6个成形工序的模具,试制产品的成形质量经过检测满足质检要求,现已投入批量生产。     

飞机铝合金双曲度蒙皮充液成形的数值模拟与试验

针对某型飞机上蒙皮零件,基于有限元分析软件Dynaform,对主动式充液成形和被动式充液成形两种方案进行了数值模拟对比分析。根据数值模拟结果,认为该零件较适合采用主动式充液成形,其次,通过修改工艺补充面和优化成形工艺参数,有效地控制零件的最大减薄量。同时,保证一定的减薄量,使板料达到塑性变形状态,从而有效减小回弹。再通过回弹分析,根据回弹量计算结果,运用Think Design软件对模具型面进行回弹补偿,将回弹量控制在合格范围内。最终通过实际试模,验证了数值模拟的准确性及适用性,加工出表面质量良好、精度满足要求的合格产品。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。