FEM analysis of unbounded electromagnetic scattering by the Robiniteration procedure

A new accurate procedure for the FEM solution of unbounded electromagnetic scattering problems is described. The scatterers are enclosed in a fictitious boundary on which a Robin condition is initially guessed, and then iteratively improved using the Green formula. The method does not present interior resonances and is easy to implement     

A combined FEM/MoM approach to analyze the plane wave diffractionby arbitrary gratings

The diffraction of TE- and TM-polarized plane waves by planar gratings is numerically analyzed using a combined finite-element-method/method-of-moments (FEM/MoM) algorithm based on the generalized network formulation. The interior region, treated using the FEM, is truncated to a single unit cell with the introduction of an exact periodic boundary condition, which is enforced as a natural boundary condition. Using the FEM to compute the fields within the periodic structure allows gratings of arbitrary cross section and material composition to be efficiently modeled     

Edge-based FEM solution of scattering from inhomogeneous andanisotropic objects

This paper presents an application of the edge-based vector finite element method to scattering problems of anisotropic and inhomogeneous objects. Based on conventional FEM functional, a hybrid finite element-surface integral formulation is established by introducing permittivity and permeability tensors. The space domain is divided into interior and exterior regions by an imaginary surface conformal to the scatterer. Edge vector finite elements are used to model the anisotropic and inhomogeneous interior, and a surface integral equation is used to model the unbounded exterior. Compared to other hybrid techniques, the approach here retains the symmetry and sparsity of the FEM matrix and introduces only one type of unknown equivalent current in the moment matrix equation. To validate the theory, typical 2-D numerical results are first presented, which show excellent agreement with exact eigenmode expansion solutions or accurate MoM data     

阻抗球涂覆均匀等离子体电磁散射的解析解

均匀无源各向异性等离子体介质中的电磁场是第一、第二类各向异性等离子体球矢量波函数的线性叠加,在阻抗球表面满足阻抗边界条件、等离子体与自由空间表面满足电磁场切向连续的边界条件,可得出各向异性等离子体涂覆阻抗球在平面波入射情况下,均匀等离子体介质中电磁场用各向异性等离子体球矢量波函数表示的系数满足的矩阵方程,进而得出散射场由球矢量波函数展开的展开系数和雷达散射截面.数值计算的结果表明:当阻抗球的半径趋于0时,其结果和均匀各向异性等离子体球对平面波的电磁散射结果相同.最后还给出了一些数值计算的结果.     

UTD solution for electromagnetic scattering by a circular cylinderwith thin lossy coatings

A uniform geometrical theory of diffraction (UTD) solution is obtained for the field exterior to a two-dimensional circular cylinder with a thin lossy dielectric coating. The solution is convenient for engineering applications due to its simple ray format. In the lit region, the geometrical optics (GO) solution consists of the direct incident ray and the reflected ray. In the shadow region, the geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD) uses the creeping-wave format to calculate the diffracted field. In the transition regions adjacent to the shadow boundaries, where the pure ray optical solution fails, a `universal' transition integral is used for the UTD solution to calculate the field. Numerical values for the essential transition integral are deduced, by a heuristic approach, from alternative representations of the Green's function for a circular cylinder with coating. Numerical results obtained from the UTD solution show excellent agreement with the eigenfunction results for cylinders with thin dielectric coatings     

A hybrid FEM/MOM technique for electromagnetic scattering andradiation from dielectric objects with attached wires

A hybrid formulation is presented, which combines the method of moments (MOM) with the edge-based vector finite element method (FEM) to solve electromagnetic radiation problems from structures consisting of an inhomogeneous dielectric body of arbitrary shape attached to one or more perfectly conducting bodies. While either method alone fails to model these structures efficiently, a combination of both finite element and moment methods provides an excellent way to solve these problems. The FEM is employed to handle the interior domain of inhomogeneous dielectric bodies and the method of moments is used to develop surface integrals that relate the field quantities on boundary surfaces with the equivalent surface currents. These integral equations are then coupled to the finite element equations through the continuity of the tangential magnetic fields across the hybrid boundaries     

Analysis of the electromagnetic scattering by perfectly conducting convex polygonal cylinders

An effective method for the analysis of the scattering by a perfectly conducting convex polygonal cross-section cylinder is presented. The effectiveness stems from the generalization of the Neumann series, factorising the right edge behavior of the electromagnetic field, thus leading to a quickly convergent method. The induced currents, the radar cross section (RCS) and the induced field ratio have been evaluated.     

Analysis of transient electromagnetic scattering from closedsurfaces using a combined field integral equation

In the past, both the time-domain electric and magnetic field integral equations have been applied to the analysis of transient scattering from closed structures. Unfortunately, the solutions to both these equations are often corrupted by the presence of spurious interior cavity modes. In this article, a time-domain combined field integral equation is derived and shown to offer solutions devoid of any resonant components. It is anticipated that stable marching-on-in-time schemes for solving this combined field integral equation supplemented by fast transient evaluation schemes such as the plane wave time-domain algorithm will enable the analysis of scattering from electrically large closed bodies capable of supporting resonant modes     

An integral equation solution to the scattering of electromagnetic radiation by dielectric spheroids and ellipsoids

A new approach to the scattering of electromagnetic radiation by dielectric scatterers and application of it to the case of scattering by homogeneous spheroidal and ellipsoidal raindrops is presented. We transform the (singular) integral equation for the scattering into an integral equation for the Fourier transform of the internal field, which has a nonsingular kernel. This equation is solved by reducing it by quadrature into a set of algebraic equations. The scattering amplitude so obtained is shown to satisfy the Schwinger variational principle, and the method is thus both numerically stable and known to be convergent. We present sample calculations for spheres, for spheroids, and for ellipsoids.     

A method of moments solution for electromagnetic scattering by inhomogeneous dielectric bodies of revolution

A method of calculating the electromagnetic scattering from and internal field distribution of inhomogeneous dielectric bodies of revolution (BOR) is presented. The method uses a typical mode-by-mode solution scheme. The electric flux density is chosen as the unknown quantity, which, together with the special construction of basis and testing functions, enables considerable reduction of the number of unknowns. A key element in this technique is expressing of the azimuthal field components of basis functions in terms of transverse components. A Galerkin testing procedure is used, with special attention put on the efficiency of calculating scalar potential term. Results of calculation for a few classes of dielectric bodies are given and compared with calculations done by other authors.     

基于有限元方法的波导管结构电磁屏蔽屏蔽效能分析

提出一种在屏蔽箱体孔缝结构的外部增加截止波导管结构的方法,利用截止波导管对高频电磁波的衰减作用来提高屏蔽箱体屏蔽效能。基于有限元法分别对截止波导管的长度、厚度及其形状进行仿真,仿真结果表明:在0.1 GHz~1 GHz频率范围内,随着截止波导管长度及厚度的增加屏蔽箱体屏蔽效能提高15d B以上,圆形和矩形截止波导管对屏蔽效能影响不大。根据实际情况合理选择截止波导管的长度及厚度可以提高微弱信号处理电路的电磁抗干扰能力。     

用小波变换快速求解三维电磁散射问题

在三维电磁散射问题中,用小波变换对由Ｒａｏ面片生成的阻抗矩阵进行稀疏化和求逆,比较了两种小波变换对阻抗矩阵的稀疏效果,由此指出了三维散射问题与二维散射问题中小波变换选取有所不同。通过分析和算例,表明小波变换可以有效减少阻抗矩阵的求逆时间,这对于计算电大尺寸散射体的ＲＣＳ是很有益的。     

基于改进的体面积分方程区域分解方法高效求解有限大频率选择表面结构的电磁散射特性

针对复杂的有限大频率选择表面（frequency selective surface，FSS）结构阐述了一种改进的非重叠和非共型的体面积分方程区域分解方法（volume-surface integral equation domain decomposition method，VSIE-DDM）.为了对其进行高效的电磁分析，我们在最近发展的VSIE-DDM的基础上开发了不同的分区方式，每个子区域不必相同大小，可以任意形状，使该VSIE-DDM分区更加灵活.并且由于FSS的精细单元和薄介质基底，导致网格比较稠密，因此得到维度比较大的矩阵.为了更高效计算更大维度的子区自耦合矩阵的逆，使用了内外迭代技术使得该方法可以采用电尺寸更大的子区，获得更好的收敛性，进一步提高了仿真效率.通过几个数值算例验证了本文所提算法的计算性能.     

A novel technique to the solution of transient electromagnetic scattering from thin wires

Previous approaches to the problem of transient scattering by conducting bodies have utilized the well-known marching-on-in-time solution procedures. However, these procedures are very dependent on discretization techniques and in many cases lead to instabilities as time progresses. Moreover, the accuracy of the solution procedure cannot be verified easily and usually there is no error estimation. Recently an alternate approach to the solution of transient scattering by thin wires was presented based on the conjugate gradient (CG) method. In this procedure, space and time are discretized independently into subintervals and the error is minimized iteratively. Unfortunately, this procedure is very slow, not easily extendable to other geometries, and moreover, some of the advantages of marching-on-in-time are lost. In this paper, again the conjugate gradient method is applied to solve the above problem, but this time, reducing the error to a desired value at each time step. Since the error is reduced at each time step, marching-on-in-time can still be done without error accumulation as time progresses. Computationally, this procedure is as fast as conventional marching-on-in-time. Thus, this new method retains all the advantages of marching-on-in-time and yet does not introduce instabilities in the late time. It is also possible to apply this procedure to other geometries. Details of the solution procedure along with numerical results are also presented.     

Analysis of electromagnetic scattering using arrays of fictitioussources

The use of models of fictitious elemental current sources, located inside the scatterer to simulate the scattered field, has proved to be an efficient computational technique for analyzing scattering by metallic bodies. This paper presents a novel modification of the technique in which the omnidirectional elemental sources are arranged in groups of array sources with directional radiation patterns, and the boundary testing points are arranged in groups of testing arrays with directional receiving patterns. This modification which is motivated by physical understanding is equivalent to mathematical basis transformations. It renders the system matrix more localized and thereby enables the analysis of larger bodies. The new approach is applied to the case of TM scattering by a perfectly conducting square cylinder with side-length of 20λ. Reduction of 50% in the number of the nonzero elements of the system matrix is achieved with virtually no degradation in the accuracy of the radar cross section (RCS) calculations     

任意形状导体介质混合目标的瞬态电磁散射特性分析

通过建立自由空间内多个导体介质混合目标的理论模型,根据电磁场等效原理和边界条件,建立了求解任意形状导体介质混合目标散射特性的时域电场积分方程(TDEFIE).导出了TDEFIE的时间步进算法(MOT)矩阵方程,并应用基于隐式MOT算法的TDEFIE对任意形状导体介质混合目标进行了瞬态分析,其数值结果说明了该算法的有效性.     

Finite-element solution to electromagnetic scattering problems bymeans of the Robin boundary condition iteration method

A new numerical method, called the Robin boundary condition iteration (RBCI), is proposed for the finite-element (FE) solution of electromagnetic scattering problems in open boundary domains. The unbounded domain is truncated to a bounded one by means of a fictitious boundary that contains the scatterer and on which a suitable nonhomogeneous Robin (mixed) boundary condition is assumed for the Helmholtz equation in the bounded domain. The Robin condition is expressed by means of an integral formula (the second Green identity) in terms of the field in the interior of the bounded domain, with the integration surface being a surface strictly enclosed by the truncation boundary. The discretized differential and integral equations are then coupled together to solve the problem. The formulation is completely immune from the well-known interior resonance problems. A simple and effective iterative solving scheme is described. Examples are also provided to validate RBCI and compare it with other methods     

背腔式微带天线电磁散射分析的FEM/PO-PTD方法

将一种新的混合方法-FEM/PO-PTD方法，应用于分析计算背腔式微带天线的电磁散射特性。通过无穷大接地导体平面上矩形背腔式微带天线的RCS计算，验证了该方法的正确性。在此基础上，计算了两组有限尺寸金属载体上背腔式微带天线的RCS曲线，理论分析与计算结果表明，该混合方法具有计算机内存需求少、计算时间短等优点。     

隔板式圆极化器的MM/FE法分析

以数值模式匹配-有限元法(MM/FEmethod)对自行研制的吊舱式机载干扰机收发天线系统中的隔板式圆极化器进行了深入分析研究,建立了此种圆极化器的精确分析模型,在此基础上对其参数进行了精确的计算,绘制出“轴比/频率”和“驻波比/频率”分布图,所得结果与实测数据相吻合.     

Diffraction of an electromagnetic plane wave by a thick slit

Diffraction of an electromagnetic plane wave by an infinite slit in a conducting screen of finite thickness is studied theoretically using Weber-Schafheitlin discontinuous integrals. The direction of the incident wave is assumed to be in a plane perpendicular to that of the screen, and both polarizations are treated. The problems are reduced to simulataneous equations with an infinite number of unknowns, which are truncated in actual numerical computation. Numerical results for transmission coefficients are compared with those calculated from the Mathieu function expansion, and fairly good agreement is obtained. Far-field patterns are measured experimentally for theE-Polarization using a parallel-plate waveguide. The measured results confirm the validity of the theoretical prediction.