双面阶梯埋氧型SOI结构的耐压分析

在单面阶梯埋氧型SOI结构的基础上,提出了一种双面阶梯埋氧SOI新结构.双面阶梯的电荷积累作用使其纵向电场突破了传统上受界面电荷为零限制的3倍关系,埋氧层的电场可以高达200V/μm;而且双面阶梯对表面电场的调制作用使其表面电场达到近乎理想的均匀分布.借助二维MEDICI数值分析软件,验证了此结构具有同时优化横向SOI基高压器件横、纵向电场,提高击穿电压的优点.     

阶梯分布埋氧层固定电荷SOI高压器件新结构和耐压模型

提出了具有阶梯分布埋氧层固定电荷(SBOC)SOI新型高压器件,并借助求解多区二维泊松方程建立其击穿电压模型,对阶梯数n从0到∞时的器件击穿特性进行了研究.结果表明,该结构突破常规SOI结构纵向耐压极限,使埋氧层电场从常规75V/μm提高到500V/μm以上;同时得到均匀的表面电场分布,缓解了器件尺寸和击穿电压之间的矛盾,因此SBOC结构是一种改善SOI耐压的良好结构.     

阶梯分布埋氧层固定电荷SOI高压器件新结构和耐压模型

提出了具有阶梯分布埋氧层固定电荷(SBOC)SOI新型高压器件,并借助求解多区二维泊松方程建立其击穿电压模型,对阶梯数 n 从0到∞时的器件击穿特性进行了研究.结果表明,该结构突破常规SOI结构纵向耐压极限,使埋氧层电场从常规75V/μm提高到500V/μm以上;同时得到均匀的表面电场分布,缓解了器件尺寸和击穿电压之间的矛盾,因此SBOC结构是一种改善SOI耐压的良好结构.     

屏蔽槽SOI高压器件新结构和耐压机理

提出具有屏蔽槽的SOI高压器件新结构和自适应界面电荷耐压模型.该结构在屏蔽槽内产生跟随漏极电压变化的界面电荷,此电荷使埋层介质的纵向电场增加,同时使顶层硅的纵向电场降低,并对表面电场进行调制,因此屏蔽了高电场对顶层硅的影响.借助二维器件仿真研究器件耐压和电场分布与结构参数的关系.结果表明,该结构使埋氧层的电场从传统的3Es升高到近600V/μm,突破了传统SOI器件埋氧层的耐压值,大大提高了SOI器件的击穿电压.     

屏蔽槽SOI高压器件新结构和耐压机理

提出具有屏蔽槽的SOI高压器件新结构和自适应界面电荷耐压模型.该结构在屏蔽槽内产生跟随漏极电压变化的界面电荷,此电荷使埋层介质的纵向电场增加,同时使顶层硅的纵向电场降低,并对表面电场进行调制,因此屏蔽了高电场对顶层硅的影响.借助二维器件仿真研究器件耐压和电场分布与结构参数的关系.结果表明,该结构使埋氧层的电场从传统的3Es升高到近600V/μm,突破了传统SOI器件埋氧层的耐压值,大大提高了SOI器件的击穿电压.     

斜埋氧SOI LDMOS高压器件新结构

为了提高基于绝缘体上的硅(SOI)技术实现的横向扩散金属氧化物半导体器件(SOI LDMOS)的击穿电压,提出了斜埋氧SOI LDMOS(S SOI LDMOS)耐压新结构。当器件关断时,倾斜的埋氧层束缚了大量的空穴,在埋氧层上界面引入了高密度的正电荷,大大增强了埋氧层中的电场,从而提高了纵向耐压。另外,埋氧层的倾斜使器件漂移区厚度从源到漏线性增加,这就等效于漂移区采用了线性变掺杂,通过优化埋氧层倾斜度,可获得一个理想的表面电场分布,提高了器件的横向耐压。对器件耐压机理进行了理论分析与数值仿真,结果表明新结构在埋氧层厚度为1μm、漂移区长度为40μm时,即可获得600 V以上的击穿电压,其耐压比常规结构提高了3倍多。     

薄硅层阶梯埋氧PSOI高压器件新结构

基于介质电场增强ENDIF理论,提出了一种薄硅层阶梯埋氧型部分SOI(SBPSOI)高压器件结构。埋氧层阶梯处所引入的电荷不仅增强了埋层介质电场,而且对有源层中的电场进行调制,使电场优化分布,两者均提高器件的击穿电压。详细分析器件耐压与相关结构参数的关系,在埋氧层为2μm,耐压层为0.5μm时,其埋氧层电场提高到常规结构的1.5倍,击穿电压提高53.5%。同时,由于源极下硅窗口缓解SOI器件自热效应,使得在栅电压15V,漏电压30V时器件表面最高温度较常规SOI降低了34.76K。     

部分局域电荷槽SOI高压器件新结构

提出了部分局域电荷槽SOI(partial locating charge trench SOI,PTSOI)高压器件新结构.该结构在槽内产生随漏极电压变化的界面电荷,此电荷使埋氧层纵向电场从传统的3Esi,C升高到接近SiO2的临界击穿电场Esio2,c;另外,硅窗口将耗尽层引入衬底,因而提高了器件的击穿电压.同时,硅窗口的存在大大缓解了自热效应.借助二维器件仿真研究了器件的击穿特性和热特性.结果表明,漂移区厚2μm,埋氧层厚1μm的PTSOI耐压可达700V以上;对埋氧层厚1μm和3μm的PTSOI,其器件的最高温度分别比TSOI低6K和25K.     

埋氧层固定界面电荷对RESURF SOI功率器件击穿特性的影响

通过求解具有界面电荷边界条件的二维泊松方程，建立了埋氧层固定界面电荷Qf对RESURF SOI功率器件二维电场和电势分布影响的解析模型。解析结果与半导体器件模拟器MEDICI数值分析结果相吻合。在此基础上，分别研究了Qf对RESURF SOI功率器件横向和纵向击穿特性的影响规律。在横向，讨论了不同硅膜厚度、氧层厚度和漂移区长度情况下Qf对表面电场分布的影响；在纵向，通过分析硅膜内的场和势的分布，提出了临界埋氧层固定界面电荷密度的概念，这是导致器件发生失效的最低界面电荷密度。     

基于介质电场增强理论的SOI横向高压器件与耐压模型

SOI(Silicon On Insulator)高压集成电路(High Voltage Integrated Circuit,HVIC)因其具有高速、低功耗、抗辐照以及易于隔离等优点而得以广泛应用。作为SOIHVIC的核心器件,SOI横向高压器件较低的纵向击穿电压,限制了其在高压功率集成电路中的应用。为此,国内外众多学者提出了一系列新结构以提高SOI横向高压器件的纵向耐压。但迄今为止,SOI横向高压器件均采用SiO2作为埋层,且实用SOI器件击穿电压不超过600V;同时,就SOI横向器件的电场分布和耐压解析模型而言,现有的模型仅针对具有均匀厚度埋氧层和均匀厚度漂移区的SOI器件建立,而且没有一个统一的理论来指导SOI横向高压器件的纵向耐压设计。笔者围绕SOI横向高压器件的耐压问题,从耐压理论、器件结构和耐压解析模型几方面进行了研究。基于SOI器件介质层电场临界化的思想,提出介质电场增强ENDIF(Enhanced Dielectric LayerField)理论。在ENDIF理论指导下,提出三类SOI横向高压器件新结构,建立相应的耐压解析模型,并进行实验。(1)ENDIF理论对现有典型横向SOI高压器件的纵向耐压机理统一化ENDIF理论的思想是通过增强埋层电场而提高SOI横向器件的纵向耐压。ENDIF理论给出了增强埋层电场的三种途径:采用低εr(相对介电常数)介质埋层、薄SOI层和在漂移区/埋层界面引入电荷,并获得了一维近似下埋层电场和器件耐压的解析式。ENDIF理论可对现有典型SOI横向高压器件的纵向耐压机理统一化,它突破了传统SOI横向器件纵向耐压的理论极限,是优化设计SOI横向高压器件纵向耐压的普适理论。(2)基于ENDIF理论,提出以下三类SOI横向高压器件新结构,并进行理论和实验研究①首次提出低εr型介质埋层SOI高压器件新型结构及其耐压解析模型低εr型介质埋层SOI高压器件包括低εr介质埋层SOI高压器件、变εr介质埋层SOI高压器件和低εr介质埋层PSOI(PartialSOI)高压器件。该类器件首次将低介电系数且高临界击穿电场的介质引入埋层或部分埋层,利用低εr介质增强埋层电场、变εr介质调制埋层和漂移区电场而提高器件耐压。通过求解二维Poisson方程,并考虑变εr介质对埋层和漂移区电场的调制作用,建立了变εr介质埋层SOI器件的耐压模型,由此获得RESURF判据。此模型和RESURF判据适用于变厚度埋层SOI器件和均匀介质埋层SOI器件,是变介质埋层SOI器件(包括变εr和变厚度介质埋层SOI器件)和均匀介质埋层SOI器件的统一耐压模型。借助解析模型和二维器件仿真软件MEDICI研究了器件电场分布和击穿电压与结构参数之间的关系。结果表明,变εr介质埋层SOI高压器件的埋层电场和器件耐压可比常规SOI器件分别提高一倍和83%,当源端埋层为高热导率的Si3N4而不是SiO2时,埋层电场和器件耐压分别提高73%和58%,且器件最高温度降低51%。解析结果和仿真结果吻合较好。②提出并成功研制电荷型介质场增强SOI高压器件笔者提出的电荷型介质场增强SOI高压器件包括:(a)双面电荷槽SOI高压器件和电荷槽PSOI高压器件,其在埋氧层的一侧或两侧形成介质槽。根据ENDIF理论,槽内束缚的电荷将增强埋层电场,进而提高器件耐压。电荷槽PSOI高压器件在提高耐压的基础上还能降低自热效应;(b)复合埋层SOI高压器件,其埋层由两层氧化物及其间多晶硅构成。该器件不仅利用两层埋氧承受耐压,而且多晶硅下界面的电荷增强第二埋氧层的电场,因而器件耐压提高。开发了基于SDB(Silicon Direct Bonding)技术的非平面埋氧层SOI材料的制备工艺,并研制出730V的双面电荷槽SOILDMOS和760V的复合埋层SOI器件,前者埋层电场从常规结构的低于120V/μm提高到300V/μm,后者第二埋氧层电场增至400V/μm以上。③提出薄硅层阶梯漂移区SOI高压器件新结构并建立其耐压解析模型该器件的漂移区厚度从源到漏阶梯增加。其原理是:在阶梯处引入新的电场峰,新电场峰调制漂移区电场并增强埋层电场,从而提高器件耐压。通过求解Poisson方程,建立阶梯漂移区SOI器件耐压解析模型。借助解析模型和数值仿真,研究了器件结构参数对电场分布和击穿电压的影响。结果表明:对tI=3μm,tS=0.5μm的2阶梯SOI器件,耐压比常规SOI结构提高一倍,且保持较低的导通电阻。仿真结果证实了解析模型的正确性。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Curved crystal spectrometer for the measurement of X-ray lines from laser-produced plasmas

In order to diagnose the laser-produced plasmas, a focusing curved crystal spectrometer has been developed for measuring the X-ray lines radiated from a laser-produced plasmas. The design is based on the fact that the ray emitted from a source located at one focus of an ellipse will converge on the other focus by the reflection of the elliptical surface. The focal length and the eccentricity of the ellipse are 1350 mm and 0.9586, respectively. The spectrometer can be used to measure the X- ray lines in the wavelength range of 0.2-0.37 nm, and a LiF crystal （200） （2d = 0.4027 nm） is used as dispersive element covering Bragg angle from 30° to 67.5°. The spectrometer was tested on Shengnang- Ⅱ which can deliver laser energy of 60-80 J/pulse and the laser wavelength is 0.35 μm. Photographs of spectra including the 1 s2p ^1P1-1s^2 ^1S0 resonance line（w）, the 1s2p ^3P2-1s^2 1S0 magnetic quadrupole line（x）, the 1s2p ^3P1-1 s^2 ^1S0 intercombination lines（y）, the 1 s2p ^3S~1-1 s^2 ^1S0 forbidden line（z） in helium-like Ti Ⅹ Ⅺ and the 1 s2s2p ^2P3/2-1 s622s ^2S1/2 line（q） in lithium-like Ti Ⅹ Ⅹhave been recorded with a X-ray CCD camera. The experimental result shows that the wavelength resolution（λ/△ 2） is above 1000 and the elliptical crystal spectrometer is suitable for X-ray spectroscopy.     

Preparation and Characterization of TaN ALD Precursors

High purity organic-tantalum precursors for thin film ALD TaN were synthesized and characterized.Vapor pressure and thermal stability of these precursors were studied.From the vapor pressure analysis,it was found that TBTEMT has a higher vapor pressure than any other published liquid TaN precursor,including TBTDET,TAITMATA,and IPTDET.Thermal stability of the alkyl groups on the precursors was investigated using a 1H NMR technique.The results indicated that the tertbutylimino group is the most stable group on TBTDET and TBTEMT as compared to the dialkylamido groups.Thermal stability of TaN precursors decreased in the following order:TBTDET ＞ PDMAT ＞ TBTEMT.In conclusion,precursor vapor pressure and thermal stability were tuned by making slight variations in the ligand sphere around the metal center.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.     

Electronic Structure of Semiconductor Nanocrystals

This paper reviews our recent development of the use of the large-scale pseudopotential method to calculate the electronic structure of semiconductor nanocrystals, such as quantum dots and wires, which often contain tens of thousands of atoms. The calculated size-dependent exciton energies and absorption spectra of quantum dots and wires are in good agreement with experiments. We show that the electronic structure of a nanocrystal can be tuned not only by its size,but also by its shape. Finally,we show that defect properties in quantum dots can be significantly different from those in bulk semiconductors.