Multicast routing and wavelength assignment with delay constraint in WDM networks with sparse wavelength conversions

With the developments in multimedia and other real-time group applications, the question of how to establish multicast trees satisfying Quality-of-Service (QoS) requirements is becoming a very important problem. In this paper, multicast routing and wavelength assignment with delay constraint (MCRWA-DC) in wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) networks with sparse wavelength conversions is studied. We propose a colored multigraph model for the temporarily available wavelengths. Based on this colored multigraph model, two heuristic algorithms are proposed to solve the MCRWA-DC problem. The proposed algorithms have the following advantages:(1) finish multicast routing and wavelength assignment in one step; (2) the total cost of the multicast tree is low; (3) the delay from the source node to any multicast destination node is bounded; and (4) locally minimize the number of wavelength conversions and the number of different wavelengths used to satisfy a multicast request. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithms work well and achieve satisfactory blocking probability.     

Dead space effect on the wavelength dependence of gain and noise inavalanche photodiodes

We extend the dead space model proposed by Hayat et al. in order to determine the wavelength-dependent multiplication mean gain 〈G(λ)〉 and excess noise factor F(λ) in the case of mixed electron and hole injection, as it is the case when photons are absorbed within the multiplication region. We compare the predictions of the model with measurements performed on a silicon ultraviolet-selective avalanche photodiode with submicron thick multiplication region. We show that the multiplication gain is constant in the visible and near-infrared part of the spectrum, and increases in the UV range by a factor of 1.8. Furthermore, the excess noise factor is minimal for UV radiation and increases rapidly for longer wavelengths. It appears that the extended dead space model is very adequate at predicting the gain and noise measurement results. In order to unambiguously determine the effect of the dead space, we compare the predictions of our model with those of McIntyre's local noise model. The latter qualitatively describes the wavelength dependence of the gain, but greatly overestimates the excess noise factor     

Reversible, fast, and high-quality grid conversions.

A new grid conversion method is proposed to resample between two 2-D periodic lattices with the same sampling density. The main feature of our approach is the symmetric reversibility, which means that when using the same algorithm for the converse operation, then the initial data is recovered exactly. To that purpose, we decompose the lattice conversion process into (at most) three successive shear operations. The translations along the shear directions are implemented by 1-D fractional delay operators, which revert to simple 1-D convolutions, with appropriate filters that yield the property of symmetric reversibility. We show that the method is fast and provides high-quality resampled images. Applications of our approach can be found in various settings, such as grid conversion between the hexagonal and the Cartesian lattice, or fast implementation of affine transformations such as rotations.     

A 16-foot diameter millimeter wavelength antenna system, its characteristics and its applications

This paper describes the characteristics of the 16-foot diameter millimeter wavelength antenna system at the Electrical Engineering Research Laboratory, University of Texas, Austin, Tex. Aperture efficiencies of the antenna at the frequencies of 35, 70 and 94 Gc are 59 per cent, 55 per cent and 52 per cent, respectively, corresponding to gain and beamwidths of 62.5 dB and0.118degat 35 Gc/s, of 68.5 dB and of 70.9 dB and0.048degat 94 Gc/s. First sidelobes and other sidelobes over the 35- to 94-Gc/s frequency interval are -18 dB and -25 dB, respectively. The 70-Gc/s radiation temperatures of Jupiter and the earth's moon have been measured. The brightness temperature of Jupiter was found to be112 pm 22degK and the maximum brightness temperature contour of the moon was270degK. Relatively higher emission temperatures were observed from the maria and the craters of Copernicus and Tycho than from surrounding lunar areas.     

阵列波导光栅复用器的原理,设计及应用

介绍了阵列波导光栅复用器的原理，设计及在ＷＤＭ通信系统中的应用，并对其最新的研究成果作了介绍。     

Novel extended SOAs model for applications in very high-speedsystems and its experimental validation

A novel model for current-induced gain saturated semiconductor optical amplifiers including the gain recovery dynamics is presented. An experimentally validation is also reported with practical application in an all-optical modulator for ultrafast transmission     

Additional wavelength shift of peak gain due to inhomogeneousdistributions of carriers inside semiconductor lasers

According to the traveling wave rate equations, the carrier density inside a semiconductor laser is position dependent. This will introduce an additional wavelength shift for the radiation that experiences the largest gain. Analysis has led to the establishment of the relationship between the shift and the mean square deviation of the carrier density from its mean. Calculations show that under certain circumstances the shift may approach the order of 10^-1 nm     

口径天线方向性系数和增益的快速估算方法

导出了用天线方向图的半功率波束宽度快速计算口径天线方向性系数和增益的简单表达式，分析讨论了这些公式的应用范围。最后，给出了卫星通信天线的增益测量实例，实验结果表明：用半功率波束宽度快速计算的天线增益与其它方法测量的天线增益吻合很好，从而证明了这种方法的正确性。     

All-optical wavelength conversion: technologies and applications inDWDM networks

Dense WDM technologies make effective use of the vast fiber bandwidth and offer an added dimension to all-optical networks. Wavelength conversion at key network nodes is emerging as a fundamental functionality that can allow transparent interoperability, contention resolution, wavelength routing, and, in general, better utilization of the network resources under dynamic traffic patterns. We offer an overview of the enabling technologies and extend the treatment to the network application of these converters. Attention is given to semiconductor optical amplifiers and their use in wavelength converters. Converters based on four-wave mixing as well as those based on nonlinear optical loop mirrors are evaluated, paying special attention to signal integrity and architectural as well as performance issues. The use of wavelength converters in wavelength routing networks is explored together with the application of these devices in contention resolution and in the routing wavelength assignment problem. Future directions are outlined at the system as well as network levels     

Distributed parametric effect in long lines and its applications

The article considers a parametric effect which takes place when the velocity of signal propagation in a long line changes. We found the analytical solution describing the form of the transformed signal for a line with losses, when line parameters change symmetrically. We also considered lines without losses, with asymmetrical change of parameters. Our theoretical results comply with experimental data. In certain conditions, such a line can be used as an amplifier. The parametric effect in optics is described by Maxwell's equations, while in case of a long line, the analysis is based on telegrapher's equations. However, it turns out that in the end, both in optics and electronics, the parametric effect is described by wave equations that are mathematically similar. This is because fundamentally, when the parameters of the propagating medium change, the parametric effect is physically based on energy interchange between the controlling (pump) signal and the transformed one. So, the obtained results can be used for analysis of parametric effects in optics and electronics.     

Simultaneous fast wavelength switching and intensity modulationusing a tunable DBR laser

The use of a three-section distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) laser to switch wavelengths rapidly and simultaneously transmit data by intensity modulation is discussed. This combination simulates the operation of a tunable transmitter in a multiwavelength packet switch. In this type of switch, each output port is tuned to receive data on a unique, fixed wavelength; packets are routed from input ports to the appropriate output ports by wavelength addressing. In each transmission cycle, the input port transmitter tunes to the wavelength associated with the intended output port and subsequently broadcasts the data packet. Limitations on various system parameters, such as the number of allowed channels, the wavelength switching times, and packet lengths (residency times), as determined by thermally-induced wavelength drifts are also discussed. The advantages of using a single device for both fast wavelength switching and direct data modulation are significant: the elimination of external modulators improves both the simplicity of the implementation and the available power budget     

全光波长转换器及其研究进展

实现全光波长转换主要利用四种非线性效应，交叉增益调制（XGM）、交叉相位调制（XPM）、四波混频（FWM）和差频（DFG）效应。根据所用非线性器件不同，分别介绍了基于这四种效应的全光波长转换器的基本原理，系统结构、特点和发展现状，每种波长转换器都有其不足之处，针对这一现实，重点介绍了国内外最新的全光波长转换方案，这些方案在一定程度上改进了原有波长转换器的性能，促进了全光波长转换器的实用化进程。     

Direction-of-arrival estimates in the presence of wavelength, gain,and phase errors

Direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation using an array of sensors relies on an accurate characterization of the array manifold. In the absence of characterization errors, established techniques like MUSIC can be shown to perform well both theoretically and in simulation. However, in the presence of unknown sensor and/or source characteristics, the performance of most methods degrades significantly. We consider the problem of estimating gain and phase errors of an array of sensors whose physical positions are known. Our algorithm assumes that the gain and phase characteristics of the sensors are independent of DOA and employs multiple calibration sources with known DOA's. It differs from other algorithms in that the signal wavelengths are unknown. A least-squares formulation of the problem is then shown to be NP-complete, implying that an efficient solution is unlikely to exist. An implicit, enumerative technique is used to obtain the exact solution. For the special case of collinear sensors, we further show that an inherent ambiguity in the model prevents exact phase characterization unless the wavelength of one calibration source is assumed known. A theorem is presented relating the error in DOA to the difference between the assumed and true wavelengths of this calibration source. Simulation results are presented for both noncollinear and collinear arrays     

Coupled-mode analysis of gain and wavelength oscillation characteristics of diode laser phased arrays

The lasing wavelengths and gain characteristics of the modes of phase-locked arrays of channel-substrate-planar (CSP) lasers are presented. The gain values for the array modes are determined from complex coupling coefficients calculated using the fields of neighboring elements of the array. The computations show that for index guided lasers which have nearly planar phase fronts, the highest order array mode will be preferred. The "in phase" or fundamental mode which produces only one major lobe in the far-field radiation pattern, has the lowest modal gain of all array modes. The modal gain differential between the highest order and fundamental modes is less than 10 cm^-1for weak coupling between the elements.     

红外激光场中的Talbot效应及其应用

对10.6微米红外激光场中的Talbot效应进行了实验研究,提出了一种应用该效应对红外摄象系统进行摄象管靶面直接定标的方法。     

Vertical channel field-controlled thyristors with high gain and fast switching speeds

A new, planar, surface-grid, field-controlled thyristor (FCT) structure is described. The structure is fabricated by using orientation-dependent (preferential) etching and selective vapor epitaxial growth to obtain vertical grid walls. The resulting high channel-length-to-width aspect ratio produces devices with high blocking gains and fast gate turnoff speeds. Devices have been fabricated with the capability of blocking more than 1000 V with an applied grid bias of 32 V, and simultaneously exhibiting a low forward voltage drop in the on-state. These surface-grid devices exhibit gate turnoff capability with turnoff times of less than 500 ns at a rated cathode-anode current of 1 A.     

Algebraic nonlinearity and its applications to cryptography

The algebraic nonlinearity of an n-bit boolean function is defined as the degree of the polynomial f(X) Z ₂[x ₁, x ₂,..., x _n] that represents f. We prove that the average degree of an ANF polynomial for an n-bit function is n+o(1). Further, for a balanced n-bit function, any subfunction obtained by holding less than n-[log n]- 1 bits constant is also expected to be nonaffine. A function is partially linear if f(X) has some indeterminates that only occur in terms bounded by degree 1. Boolean functions which can be mapped to partially linear functions via a linear transformation are said to have a linear structure, and are a potentially weak class of functions for cryptography. We prove that the number of n-bit functions that have a linear structure is asymptotic .The author is presently employed by the Distributed System Technology Center, Brisbane, Australia.Project sponsored in part by NSERC operating Grant OGP0121648, and the National Security Agency under Grant Number MDA904-91-H-0012. The United States Government is authorized to reproduce and distribute reprints notwithstanding any copyright notation hereon.     

Passive microwave fiber-optic links with gain and a very low noise figure

It is shown experimentally and theoretically that it is possible to construct a passive microwave fiber-optic link (defined as one without active electrical or optical amplification) exhibiting an RF throughput gain of up to 50 dB and a noise figure approaching 0 dB. The key ingredients are quantum well gain-lever laser transmitters and proper impedance matching. Disregarding the optical transmission aspect of the link, it can be regarded as an RF low-noise preamplifier with performances competitive with conventional microwave amplifiers.<>