双向搅拌桩加固高速公路软土地基现场对比试验研究

 针对国内水泥土搅拌桩施工工艺存在的问题,提出了双向水泥土搅拌桩技术。为了分析双向搅拌桩加固高速公路软土地基的处理效果,在同一场地进行了双向搅拌桩和常规搅拌桩试验段工程,对比分析了双向搅拌桩和常规搅拌桩的桩身质量、施工扰动、复合地基承载力和路堤荷载下的工作性状特点。现场试验结果表明,双向搅拌技术能有效地提高搅拌均匀性、消除冒浆现象,并减小搅拌桩施工对桩周土体的扰动;双向搅拌桩桩身质量均匀,桩身强度沿深度变化较小,复合地基承载力高于常规搅拌桩复合地基;填土高度相近时,双向搅拌桩荷载分担比高于常规搅拌桩,地表沉降和坡角处最大水平位移小于常规搅拌桩复合地基,而地基固结速率快于常规搅拌桩复合地基。研究结果表明,双向搅拌桩在高速公路软土地基处理工程中具有很好的应用前景。     

Bearing capacity of composite ground with soil-cement columns under earth fills: Physical and numerical modeling

Soil-cement columns are widely used to improve soft ground, and the bearing capacity of the formed composite ground is a key design parameter. The currently employed design method was developed for composite grounds under rigid footings, whilst the bearing capacity behavior of composite grounds under earth fills with different degrees of stiffness has rarely been investigated. Hence, the present study attempts to fill this gap. In this investigation, 1-g laboratory model tests are conducted to compare the bearing capacity behavior of composite grounds under a rigid footing and under embankment fill, based on which a numerical model that can capture the strain-softening behavior of soil-cement columns is established. The calibrated numerical model is further employed to perform 144 analyses. The results indicate that the failure mode of composite grounds differs for different types of earth fills: soil failure occurs prior to column failure under soft clay and dredged slurry, whereas column failure is the primary failure mode for composite grounds under embankment fill. This difference in failure mode of composite grounds can be explained using soil arching theories. For different failure modes, different bearing capacity efficiency factors should be used in design.     

Combined effect of PVDs and reinforcement on embankments over rate-sensitive soils

A numerical study of the behavior of geosynthetic-reinforced embankments constructed on soft rate-sensitive soil with and without prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs) is described. The time-dependent stress–strain-strength characteristic of rate-sensitive soil is taken into account using an elasto-viscoplastic constitutive model. The effects of reinforcement stiffness, construction rate, soil viscosity as well as PVD spacing are examined both during and following construction. A sensitivity analysis shows the effect of construction rate and PVD spacing on the short-term and long-term stability of reinforced embankments and the mobilized reinforcement strain. For rate-sensitive soils, the critical period with respect to the stability of the embankment occurs after the end of the construction due to a delayed, creep-induced, build-up of excess pore pressure in the viscous foundation soil. PVDs substantially reduce the effect of creep-induced excess pore pressure, and hence not only allow a faster rate of consolidation but also improve the long-term stability of the reinforced embankment. Furthermore, PVDs work together with geosynthetic reinforcement to minimize the differential settlement and lateral deformation of the foundation. The combined use of the geosynthetic reinforcement and PVDs enhances embankment performance substantially more than the use of either method of soil improvement alone.     

高填土路堤荷载下混凝土芯砂石桩复合地基变形与承载力试验研究

混凝土芯砂石桩复合地基由竖向增强体混凝土芯砂石桩、水平加筋砂石垫层和地基土共同组成,是一项将砂石桩良好的排水固结特性、预制混凝土桩高强度竖向承载和加筋垫层应力扩散调整功能进行有机结合而成的新技术,适合于处理高含水率深厚淤泥质软土地基。结合实际工程应用围绕混凝土芯砂石桩复合地基的变形和承载力两大特性开展了大量的现场观测和原位测试,研究分析了高填土路堤荷载作用下混凝土芯砂石桩复合地基的表面沉降、分层沉降、深层水平位移、桩土应力分布、桩身荷载传递规律、强度和承载力特性等,进一步揭示了混凝土芯砂石桩复合地基的加固机理,对工程设计与施工具有重要指导意义。     

桩承式加筋路堤受力机理及沉降分析

作为一种经济、有效的软土地基处理方法,桩承式加筋路堤在国内外已开始使用。把单桩处理区域及上部路堤等效为圆桩体,采用弹塑性有限元法分析了瞬时加载后地基中超静孔隙水压力的分布特征及消散过程,研究了加筋格栅的受力和路堤的沉降特性等,分析了桩长、桩间距及桩托板大小对桩体荷载分担比和路堤沉降的影响。研究结果表明,打桩后桩体所受荷载向下传递,地基中的初始最大孔隙水压力出现在桩端以下土层。打穿软土层情况下,路堤的沉降量决定于浅部桩间土的压缩,而未打穿情况下,路堤的沉降量决定于桩端以下软土层的压缩。桩长是控制路堤沉降的最主要因素,其次是桩间距和桩托板尺寸。最后对一个工程实例进行了分析。     

刚柔性桩复合地基加固双层软弱地基现场试验研究

为研究路堤荷载下刚柔性桩对深厚双层软弱地基的加固效果及其桩土荷载传递规律,结合连云港港某铁路软基处理工程,采用带帽预制方桩和带扩大头的双向搅拌粉喷桩联合加固,对路堤填筑过程及预压期内地表沉降、桩土差异沉降、深层水平位移、超静孔隙水压力、桩土应力比以及桩土荷载分担的变化规律进行了分析。结果表明:载荷试验中复合地基桩土应力比随外荷载增加而增加;地基变形发生在填土期,预压期内沉降变形继续并逐渐趋于稳定;填土荷载向刚性桩及搅拌桩桩顶集中,刚性桩桩顶应力增长较快;面积置换率为22.2%的预制方桩(含桩帽)承担了56.2%的荷载,但其承载力只发挥了不到18%;面积置换率和土质条件是桩土荷载分担比的主要影响因素。     

Evaluating the effect of soil structure on the ground response during shield tunnelling in Shanghai soft clay

When evaluating tunnel-induced ground response in Shanghai soft clay, the soil structure and its degradation behaviour of natural Shanghai soft clay during shield tunnelling should be properly considered. In this paper, a constitutive model that considers the initial soil structure and its destructuration is formulated within the framework of critical-state soil mechanics. The model is successfully calibrated and used to simulate the undrained behaviour of natural Shanghai soft clay. Based on the proposed model, finite-element analyses are conducted to simulate the short- and long-term ground responses induced by tunnelling at Shanghai metro line 2. The comparisons between numerical results and field measurements reported in literature indicate that the soil structure and the tunnel-induced destructuration significantly affects the magnitude and shape of the short-term surface settlement trough and horizontal displacement in Shanghai soft clay. The pore pressure variations around the tunnel are also affected by soil structure, which will significantly influence the long-term ground consolidation settlement in Shanghai soft clay.     

海堤荷载下海积软土沉降的现场测试和数值模拟

 海积软土在海堤荷载作用下的沉降变形往往是堤防建造和围海造地等重大工程中的关键环节,为研究海积软土的变形特性,在室内单元体试验的基础上,由修正Cam-clay模型改进来的软土模型中加入海积软土固有的结构性特征。结合实际的工程项目,建立相应的数值分析模型,并研究大面积均匀堆载和新建海堤不均匀荷载作用下海积软土的长期沉降和超静孔隙水压力消散特性,分析中考虑竖井地基处理和海堤填筑进程的影响。通过与原位监测数据的对比发现,该模型能够很好地反映海堤下方处和厂区大面积回填处的地基沉降和侧向变形,同时能较好地考虑填筑过程中地基不同深度处超静孔隙水压力的累积和消散过程。     

海域扩宽公路的变形特征及数值模拟分析

随着我国经济社会的发展,道路扩宽工程日益增多,然而针对海域公路这一特殊工况下道路扩宽的报道及研究尚少。本文以海域公路拓宽为背景,结合数值分析,研究了原有路堤和拓宽路堤的沉降变形规律,并在原有地基不同固结度条件下的新路堤拼宽变形及稳定予以分析,结果表明:地基沉降和水平位移主要发生在软土浅层,新路堤下土体侧向位移均向外侧,地基土的侧向挤出是导致原有路堤不均匀沉降的重要原因;在拓宽荷载作用下,在新旧路堤结合面及其附近会产生过大的剪应力,同时地基内超静孔压分布表明路堤结合部的稳定性最差;原有地基的固结情况对拼宽路段的工后沉降及边坡稳定影响较大,但当固结度达到95%后其影响降低,建议原有地基固结度达到95%时进行道路拼宽作业。     

Instability of a geogrid reinforced soil wall on thick soft Shanghai clay with prefabricated vertical drains: A case study

A 7.6 m high geogrid reinforced soil retaining wall (RSW) was constructed at the end of an embankment on very thick, soft Shanghai clay with 12 m deep prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs). The settlement of the ground, the wall movement and pore water pressure were monitored during the construction. From day 118, halfway through the construction, unexpected pore water pressure increment was recorded from the pore water pressure meters installed in the PVD drained zone indicating a possible malfunction of the PVDs due to large deformation in the ground. After the last loading stage, on day 190, a sudden horizontal movement at the toe was observed, followed by an arc shaped crack on the embankment surface at the end of the reinforced backfill zones. The wall was analyzed with a coupled mechanical and hydraulic finite element (FE) model. The analysis considered two scenarios: one with PVDs fully functional, and the second one with PVD failure after day 118 by manually deactivating the PVDs in the FE model. The comparison between the measured and simulated ground settlement, toe movement, and pore water pressure supported the assumption on the malfunction of the PVDs. It is believed that the general sliding failure in the wall was caused by the increase of pore water pressure in the foundation soil and soils in front of the toe. It is suggested that possible failure of PVDs should be considered in the design of such structures, and the discharge rate of the PVDs and the pore water pressure should be closely monitored during the construction of high soil walls on soft soils to update the stability of the structures, especially for grounds where large deformations are expected which may cause the failure of the PVDs.     

Variable-diameter deep mixing column for multi-layered soft ground improvement: Laboratory modeling and field application

Deep mixing columns are commonly employed for soft ground improvement. However, the diameter of a single conventional column is a constant and the area replacement ratio does not vary with depth. Hence, the conventional column is not the ideal solution for multi-layered soft grounds, where different layers have remarkably different soil properties. Accordingly, this study proposes a better solution, which is the variable-diameter deep mixing column with a large diameter in the soil layer having high compressibility and a small diameter in the soil layer having relatively low compressibility. In this study, small-scale laboratory model tests were firstly employed to compare the performance of two-layered soft grounds improved by a variable-diameter column and a conventional column. The additional vertical stress in the soil and the column, the excess pore water pressure, and the ground settlement were analyzed. Then, a field application of variable-diameter columns for multi-layered soft ground improvement was presented; the design considerations, column installation, and monitored settlement were introduced and analyzed. The results indicated that the additional stress in the soil and the column in the highly compressible soil layer were much lower in the variable-diameter column-improved ground than in the conventional column-improved ground. Consequently, the variable-diameter column-improved ground yielded less total settlement and less post-construction settlement compared to the conventional column-improved ground.     

Response of stone column-improved ground under c-ϕ soil embankment

Problems with stone column-supported embankments are often addressed considering the pure granular soil properties of the embankment material. In practice, however, the embankment material may contain a certain percentage of fines which makes the material c-ϕ in nature. In the present paper, experimental and 3D numerical studies are conducted to investigate the effect of the fines content present in the embankment soil on the response of a stone column-improved ground. The numerical study is carried out using the finite difference software package FLAC^3D. The time-dependent behavior of the improved soil is modeled. It is observed that an increase in the fines content in the embankment soil brings about a decrease in the stress concentration ratio and an increase in the vertical displacement and the pore pressure in the soft soil. However, the vertical displacement of the soft soil does not change significantly above a fines content of 20%. The lateral displacement of the stone column increases at the top with an increase in the fines content and the point of the maximum lateral displacement shifts in the downward direction. It is also observed that the differential settlement increases at the ground level as well as at the embankment top with an increase in the quantity of fines in the embankment soil. Thus, the critical height of the embankment (a height where no differential settlement occurs on the embankment surface) increases due to the increase in the fines content.     

路堤荷载下砼芯水泥土搅拌桩复合地基现场试验研究

针对砼芯水泥土搅拌桩复合地基处理高速公路深厚软土段的工程实例,通过地表沉降、分层沉降、深层水平位移、砼芯荷载以及桩土应力比测试,讨论了砼芯水泥土搅拌桩处理深厚软土地基的加固效果,荷载分布和传递规律。测试结果表明：砼芯水泥土搅拌桩对于路基沉降和水平位移控制效果优于水泥土搅拌桩,且横断面差异沉降较小。复合地基的主要压缩量发生在桩顶至砼芯底端一定范围的土体内,沉降发生深度由砼芯控制。砼芯水泥土搅拌桩上部出现负摩阻力,中性点位于砼芯1/3长度处。桩土应力比为水泥土搅拌的2～3倍,与刚性桩相近,桩体承担大部分路堤荷载。砼芯水泥土搅拌桩复合地基排水通畅,超静孔隙水压力消散迅速。路堤荷载下砼芯水泥土搅拌桩工作特性与载荷板试验下的测试结果有所不同。最后从沉降和承载力控制角度给出了砼芯水泥土搅拌桩复合地基的设计方法     

3D numerical study of the performance of geosynthetic-reinforced and pile-supported embankments

Geosynthetic-reinforced and pile-supported (GRPS) systems provide an economic and effective solution for embankments. The load transfer mechanisms are tridimensional ones and depend on the interaction between linked elements, such as piles, soil, and geosynthetics. This paper presents an extensive parametric study using three-dimensional numerical calculations for geosynthetic-reinforced and pile-supported embankments. The numerical analysis is conducted for both cohesive and non-cohesive embankment soils to emphasize the fill soil cohesion effect on the load and settlement efficacy of GRPS embankments. The influence of the embankment height, soft ground elastic modulus, improvement area ratio, geosynthetic tensile stiffness and fill soil properties are also investigated on the arching efficacy, GR membrane efficacy, differential settlement, geosynthetic tension, and settlement reduction performance. The numerical results indicated that the GRPS system shows a good performance for reducing the embankment settlements. The ratio of the embankment height to the pile spacing, subsoil stiffness, and fill soil properties are the most important design parameters to be considered in a GRPS design. The results also suggested that the fill soil cohesion strengthens the soil arching effect, and increases the loading efficacy. However, the soil arching mobilization is not necessarily at the peak state but could be reached at the critical state. Finally, the geosynthetic strains are not uniform along the geosynthetic, and the maximum geosynthetic strain occurs at the pile edge. The geosynthetic deformed shape is a curve that is closer to a circular shape than a parabolic one.     

塑料排水板堆载预压处理高速公路软基的研究

通过采用塑料排水板堆载预压处理高速公路软土地基4年多的现场试验,对路堤填筑及预压过程中的地表沉降、横向差异沉降、深层沉降、孔隙水压力及深层水平位移进行了分析,结果表明,采用塑料排水板堆载预压处理高速公路软土地基,在软土较浅、路堤填高不大的常规工期条件下,可以满足一般路段工后沉降的要求。     

Prediction of embankment behavior of regulating reservoir with foundation improved by vacuum consolidation method

The present paper addresses the numerical prediction of the behavior of a ground and a reservoir dyke with a retaining wall at the site of a regulating reservoir whose soft soil foundation is improved by using both the usual embankment preloading and vacuum consolidation. To evaluate the settlement, the lateral deformation, and the dissipation of pore pressure during vacuum preloading, a numerical analysis using an elasto-plastic FEM for soil–water coupled problems, incorporating the SYS Cam-clay model, is carried out in two dimensions. However, a change in the soil parameters during the vacuum preloading leads to a less accurate computation. To account for the uncertainties in the input parameters of the constitutive model for the improved ground, an inverse analysis approach is adopted. The particle filter is used to identify the compression index of the clay layers and the coefficient of permeability of the organic soil layer based on the measured settlement at the bottom of the preloading embankment during the vacuum consolidation. The reservoir dyke with a retaining wall is constructed on an improved foundation after removing the preloading embankment, and an attempt is made to predict its performance after construction by an elasto-plastic FEM for soil–water coupled problems using the identified parameters.     

Numerical modelling and validation of geosynthetic encased columns in soft soils with installation effect

If the bearing capacity of the soil is not sufficient an improvement method has to be considered. In case of soft and cohesive soils the vibroreplacement technique can be used. This paper describes the numerical simulation of a group of encased granular columns under an embankment based on a real life project situated to the north of Hamburg, Germany. The soft soil creep model and the hardening soil model were used to model the behaviour of the soft clay and granular material respectively. The material parameters were determined based on laboratory tests conducted on test samples from the field. The installation effect of columns in numerically modelled based on the cavity expansion method in a 2D axis symmetric model. The results of the installation effect in terms of stress state changes in the soft soil after complete consolidation are then imported to the 3D model involving group of columns. The results of the numerical simulations are validated against field measurement data in form of vertical settlement of the ground at various locations with respect to time and horizontal deformations in the encased columns with depth.     

软土地基加筋土挡墙现场试验研究

 结合一软土地基反包式土工格栅加筋黏性土挡墙现场测试,对挡墙填筑过程中原地表沉降、墙趾水平和垂直位移、墙面水平位移、挡墙内部垂直土压力和墙背水平土压力,以及筋材应变分布等进行分析,探讨其工作性状及其稳定性。分析结果表明：软土地基加筋土挡墙的破坏形式表现为外部失稳;挡墙墙面出现“鼓肚”现象,其最大水平位移位于挡墙中部墙高位置;格栅应变在距墙面0.8 H(H为挡墙的高度)处最大,设计上的0.3H法不能适用于深厚软土地基加筋土挡墙。研究成果可为今后类似工程的研究、设计与施工提供参考。     

高等级公路桥头软基真空联合堆载预压加固试验研究

对浃里陈大桥桥头试验段的孔隙水压力、分层沉降、地表沉降、土体水平位移等现场监测结果进行了分析;分析结果表明:在真空联合堆载预压加固软基的过程中,由负超静孔隙水压力与正超静孔隙水压力叠加后产生的联合超静孔隙水压力相对较小,一般小于0,有利于路堤的快速堆载;能大幅预消除沉降,工后沉降量小于100mm,满足桥头软基工后沉降要求;影响区土体水平位移沿水平方向距加固区边界20m之外相对较小,沿深度方向,15m以下基本上无水平位移。真空预压的有效影响深度可以大于10m。对地基土体的加固效果进行了检验,检验结果表明,真空联合堆载预压加固后,土体的强度明显增强,加固效果明显。最后结合试验监测成果,对真空联合堆载预压加固软基机理进行了分析,给出了附加应力分布图。     

Field testing of geosynthetic-reinforced and column-supported earth platforms constructed on soft soil

This paper is focused on the behavior of geosynthetic-reinforced and column-supported (GRCS) earth platforms in soft soil. By analyzing the data of a 15-month long field monitoring project, the bearing behavior and effectiveness of GRCS earth platforms are discussed in detail. It can be found that the soil arching is generated when the filling reaches a certain height. The measured pressure acting on the soil in the center of four piles was smaller than that acting on the soil between two piles. The elongation and the tension of the geogrid located in the soil between piles are both larger than the corresponding values on the pile top. The skin friction of piles is relatively small in the soil layer with low strength and the load transfer of the axial force in those layers is significant; meanwhile, the opposite situation occurs in the soil layer with high strength. The pore water pressure at shallow locations increases slightly with the filling height and is greatly affected by the increasing filling load. The layered settlement is directly proportional to the filling height, and the corresponding amount is relevant to the locations and the properties of specific soil layers. Additionally, the lateral displacement of the embankment increases with greater loading and decreases with increased depth. These suggest that the use of GRCS system can reduce lateral displacements and enhance the stability of an embankment significantly.