State-of-the-art developments in fabricating ceramic membranes with low energy consumption

Ceramic membranes are especially beneficial for treating industrial wastewater due to their satisfactory bending strength, high chemical resistance, and excellent thermal stability. However, the high fabrication cost has restricted their wide applications. Usually, sintering-energy consumption accounts for most of the costs of ceramic membranes, thus increasing the fabrication costs and limiting their application prospects. In this review, we discuss strategies to decrease energy consumption and give meaningful prospects for future work. Easily sintered materials, low sintering temperature, cold sintering process, no sintering process, rapid sintering process, and decrease sintering methods (i.e., co-sintering process and optimized membrane structure) are the main methods treated in this work. This review will provide an important reference for ceramic membranes regarding low energy consumption in the ceramic field.     

多孔陶瓷热导率的影响因素及其有效热导率的数值计算方法

多孔陶瓷因具有孔隙率高、体积密度小、比表面积大等独特的表面物理特性而被广泛应用于保温材料、炉膛材料、热障涂层材料、高温烟气过滤材料等,研究多孔陶瓷导热机制并给出其有效热导率的计算方法既是重点又是难点。本文总结了国内外研究的多孔陶瓷热导率的影响因素,概述了多孔陶瓷有效热导率的计算方法,并重点分析了不同显微结构的不同计算方法。针对不同的应用领域对材料热导率的不同要求,提出通过控制显微结构控制热导率是今后多孔陶瓷热导率研究得发展趋势。     

生物质基多孔材料在保温材料中的研究进展

环保、节能、高效是保温材料未来的主要研究方向,开发以生物质为原料的保温材料是未来趋势。生物质基多孔材料是指以可再生的生物质为前驱体制备的多孔材料,其原料来源广,制备方法多样,具有孔隙率高、密度小、质量轻等优异特点,在保温领域有很大的应用潜力。本文概述了多孔材料的保温机理,并综述了近几年国内外对纤维素基、淀粉基、壳聚糖基、植物蛋白基多孔材料的研究,重点介绍了表面活性剂发泡法、冷冻干燥法、致孔剂法、模具热压法、溶剂交换相分离法等在生物质基多孔材料制备中的应用。分析了生物质多孔材料存在的问题,并对多孔保温材料未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

In situ synthesis of three-dimensional nanofiber-knitted ceramic foams via reactive sintering silicon foams

Three-dimensional ceramic nanofiber-assembled materials with large specific surface area and excellent thermal insulation properties are attracting increasing interests for their unique structure and promising applications. In this paper, we propose a facile methodology to fabricate three-dimensional silicon nitride nanofiber-knitted ceramic foams via in situ reactive synthesis from silicon foams. Silicon particle-stabilized foams are fabricated for the first time using long-chain surfactant cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide as a hydrophobic modifier. First, the fabrication and stability of silicon foams are investigated. Based on the stable silicon foams, silicon nitride-based nanofiber-knitted ceramic foams are synthesized via in situ reactive sintering in nitrogen atmosphere. The novel ceramic foam materials consist of three-dimensional nanofiber-assembled strut wall and nanofiber-spheres in the pores. The diameter of obtained silicon nitride nanofibers ranges from 15 to 100 nm. The unique nanofiber-knitted foams may have potential applications in specific fields, including catalysis, adsorption, separation, and thermal insulation.     

Enhancing thermal insulation and mechanical strength of porous ceramic through size-graded MA Hollow Spheres

In this study, a series of porous ceramics were prepared using different ratios of small and large size MA hollow ceramic spheres as pore-forming agents, and their thermal insulation properties were investigated. The results showed that increasing the proportion of small size hollow ceramic spheres could effectively decrease the thermal conductivity and improve the compressive strength of the porous ceramics. The optimal porous ceramic was prepared with a ratio of 10∼50 of small and large size hollow ceramic spheres, which had a thermal conductivity of 0.368 W/(m·K) at 800 °C and a compressive strength of 22.43 MPa. Microscopic analysis indicated that the enhanced thermal insulation and mechanical properties were due to the improved pore structure and the enhanced bonding strength between the ceramic spheres and the matrix. The findings provide valuable insights for the development of high-performance thermal insulation materials.     

Highly porous YSZ ceramic foams using hollow spheres with holes in their shell for high-performance thermal insulation

Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) porous ceramic foams were fabricated using YSZ microspheres with holes on the surface to determine their properties as insulation materials. Highly porous YSZ ceramics with bimodal pore structures, such as internal pores in single hollow spheres and external pores between the spheres, were successfully prepared using YSZ spheres as raw materials. Additionally, holes were added to the shells to reduce continuous thermal pathways and significantly enhance the insulation properties. Furthermore, by adding holes on the surface of the sphere, the porous foams using a hollow sphere exhibit a maximized porosity of 80.69%, remarkably enhanced their insulation properties with low thermal conductivity (0.10 W/m-K), and have sufficient compressive strength to protect the green body (5.7 MPa). The mechanical strength of the YSZ porous foam was maintained owing to the uniform arrangement of the supports.     

复合陶瓷的应用发展是未来新材料市场的主题

陶瓷基复合材料不是传统意义上的陶瓷,它是以陶瓷为基体与各种纤维复合的一类复合材料。其主要基体有玻璃陶瓷、氧化铝、氮化硅等,具有高温强度好、高耐磨性、高耐腐蚀性、低膨胀系数、隔热性好及低密度等特性,而且资源也比较丰富,有广泛的应用前景。针对陶瓷基复合材料成为争夺国际市场的制高点,分析了陶瓷基复合材料的研发受到重视,阐述了复合陶瓷材料的特点,介绍了陶瓷基复合材料的应用领域,同时指出了节能环保的车用陶瓷基结构复合材料大有作为。     

利用海藻酸钠制备多孔炭及其油污水处理应用

针对油污废水对环境的污染问题,本文提出可用高温炭化海藻酸钠制备的多孔炭材料解决油污水问题。实验首先考察不同炭化温度得到的多孔炭材料对油污水的吸附性能影响;其次多孔炭材料的用量对油污水处理的影响;最后考察了多孔炭材料在油污水中的吸附时间对油污水处理的影响。实验结果证明,当炭化温度为900℃时,多孔炭材料的吸附能力最强,油污剩余量最少;当多孔炭材料的质量与油污水的体积比为1 g∶0.5 L时油污水的含量最低;当吸附时间为6 h时,油污水的含量最低。结果表明,多孔炭材料用于油污水的治理具有广泛的应用前景,可望在未来油污水处理方面发挥更大的作用。     

粉煤灰在功能涂料中应用研究进展

粉煤灰在涂料中的应用研究主要集中在对其成分的利用和充当填料的方法。对其成分的利用主要是用来制备地聚物涂料和复合陶瓷涂料等;利用其理化性能直接在涂料中充当填料时可用于铸造涂层、保温隔热涂层和防火涂料等方面;粉煤灰功能涂料需要对粉煤灰先进行表面处理再包覆或负载得到功能化的填料,添加到各类树脂中可得到粉煤灰基疏水涂料、光催化涂料、自动调节湿度涂料、甲醛捕捉涂料等功能涂料,功能化后的粉煤灰在各类涂层中的应用具有更高的附加值。     

航天飞机及高超飞行器用刚性隔热材料研究进展

航天飞机及高超飞行器热防护材料是关系航天飞机及高超飞行器安全的关键之一。刚性高效隔热材料具有耐高温和稳定性好等优点，成为航天飞机和高超声速飞行器高温区和大面积区域所用的重要的热防护结构材料。本文回顾了刚性高效隔热材料在高超声速飞行器热防护系统中的应用，综述美国刚性隔热材料技术研究进展与应用现状，介绍了刚性隔热材料在美国航天飞机及飞行器中的应用，特别是新型的防热-隔热一体化陶瓷瓦的应用。此外，概括了国内刚性隔热材料的研究情况，最后展望了应用于高超声速飞行器中的隔热材料未来发展。     

Charged modified tight ceramic ultrafiltration membranes for treatment of cationic dye wastewater

Tight ceramic uitrafiltration membranes have been proven to exhibit good rejection performance for reactive dye wastewater at high temperatures because of their high thermal and chemical resistance.However,the application of ceramic membranes for the treatment of cationic dye wastewater is chal-lenging because of their surface charge.In this study,a ceramic membrane is modified by grafting aminosilane (KH-551) to enhance the positive charge of the membrane surface.The rejection perfor-mance of the charged modified ceramic membrane toward the methylene blue solution is significantly improved.The modification substance is bonded to the ceramic membrane surface via covalent bonding,which imparts good thermal stability.The modified ceramic membrane exhibits stable separation perfor-mance toward the methylene blue solution.Overall,this study provides valuable guidance for the adjust-ment of the ceramic membrane surface charge for treating industrial cationic dye wastewater.     

碳气凝胶军事应用技术研究进展

碳气凝胶具有特殊的微纳米多孔结构,孔隙率极高,使其表现出比表面积大、电导率高、密度极低、热导率低等显著特点,是一种很有前途的军用多功能材料,在许多军事应用领域展现出巨大的发展潜力。本文通过对中外文献的深入调研,介绍了研究人员在开发碳气凝胶在军事应用技术方面的最新研究成果,涉及超级电容器电极材料、烟幕材料、隐身材料、隔热材料和装甲防护材料等军事应用领域。     

Research trend in the development of macroporous ceramic components by pore forming additives from natural organic matters: A short review

Macroporous ceramics with tailored porosity offer a great deal of advantage in wide-ranging industrial applications including fluid filtration, thermal insulation and lately, waste water treatment. To a large extent, attempts by researchers in enhancing the development of ample homogenous porous ceramics through the exploitation of state of the art processing technologies have thus far been successful. However, these technologies are capital intensive hence making room for more exploration in finding affordable alternatives. With the growing recognition of low cost sacrificial fugitives processing route for developing porous ceramic materials, pore forming agents from natural organic matters have been one of the most sought after materials for imbuing pores within ceramic matrices. This review intends to document the progress made thus far in the development of porous ceramic systems with natural organic matter inclusion. The article covers critical evaluation and comprehensive comparison of the fabrication routes and the physical properties of porous ceramics processed with varying natural organic matters.     

多孔二氧化硅对酸性橙吸附性能的研究

以水玻璃和盐酸为原料,采用化学沉淀法制备出多孔、高比表面积的SiO2。改变灼烧温度,得到不同灼烧温度下SiO2对酸性橙的吸附曲线,找出了最佳灼烧温度。在此温度下制备出SiO2并对一定浓度的酸性橙溶液进行"吸附-灼烧-吸附"的反复吸收试验。实验结果表明400℃灼烧的SiO2的吸附性最好,并且随着循环次数的增多吸附能力慢慢下降。     

Recent progress on low-cost ceramic membrane for water and wastewater treatment

Great progress in the development of low-cost ceramic membranes from alternative materials have been achieved recently towards various application especially water and wastewater treatment. However, their significance has not been fully recognized and understood especially in term of their microstructural analysis such as formation of grain growth and microcracks. This review paper summarizes fabrication method, alternative materials, microstructure, wettability, mechanical properties and application of low-cost ceramic membrane. The fabrication method including slip casting, tape casting, extrusion, pressing method and phase inversion technique are described. Alternative materials used in low-cost ceramic membrane fabrication are discussed and categorized into clays, agricultural waste, industrial waste and animal bone waste. The mechanisms of morphology formation, microstructure and wettability properties are analysed. Modification strategies for the surface of low-cost ceramic membrane are discussed, and classified into modification for separation application, modification for photocatalytic application and modification for membrane distillation and membrane contactor system. Modification improves the membrane structure by changing the pore size, porosity and wettability properties of low-cost ceramic membranes. Mechanical properties of low-cost ceramic membranes are also discussed in detail towards several mechanism, like grain growth phenomenon and formation of microcracks which also considered as membrane defects. Grain growth phenomenon can be divided into normal and abnormal grain growth. Meanwhile, formation of microcracks could be occurred in single-phase polycrystalline ceramics that have anisotropic grains or biphasic polycrystalline grains. The application of low-cost ceramic membrane in seawater desalination, oily wastewater treatment, heavy metal adsorption, textile separation and photocatalytic application are reviewed. Finally, some possible opportunities and challenges for further development of low-cost ceramic membrane are pointed out.     

新型中空纤维陶瓷膜的制备方法

新型中空纤维陶瓷膜由于具有装填密度大、单位体积膜有效分离面积大、膜壁薄、渗透通量高和节省原料、易于实现分离设备小型化等独特优点而受到广泛关注,在用于多孔和致密陶瓷分离膜、固体氧化物燃料电池、微通道反应器、催化剂载体等方面都有着潜在的应用前景。本文在概括中空纤维陶瓷膜特点的基础上,综述了中空纤维陶瓷膜的制备方法及研究进展,着重分析比较了不同制备方法的优缺点。将相转化法应用于中空纤维陶瓷膜的制备,可实现通过一步成型制造具有自支撑非对称结构的复合陶瓷膜,有利于提高膜的渗透通量,简化膜制备工艺和显著降低制造成本。     

Highly porous thermal insulation material based on liquid glass

The studies show that liquid glass, due to its high adsorption capacity and low bloating temperature, can be used to manufacture thermal insulation materials. The synthesis methods for highly porous materials by the low-temperature bloating of liquid glass and a filler were proposed for the first time. The proposed techniques contribute to the uniform bloating throughout the volume and the homogeneity of the thermal insulation material for the equipment and pipelines.     

响应曲面法优化改性漂珠对水中三氯乙烯的吸附性能

本文对工业废弃物漂珠进行煅烧改性,制备易回收的吸附材料。以三氯乙烯作为目标污染物,研究改性漂珠吸附污染物的可行性和不同改性参数对去除污染物的影响。通过Box-Behnken设计-响应曲面法以煅烧温度、煅烧时间及粒径为影响因素,建立以三氯乙烯吸附量为响应值的预测模型,对改性漂珠进行XRD、SEM-EDS、BET等表征分析以探讨材料的吸附性能。结果表明,煅烧改性后的漂珠表面疏松多孔,比表面积增大2.4倍左右,影响改性漂珠吸附水中三氯乙烯的因素顺序依次为:煅烧时间＞煅烧温度＞粒径。模型优化的最优吸附条件为:粒径为0.25~0.38 mm,煅烧温度为640 ℃,煅烧时间为80 min,预测吸附最大值为1 326 μg/g,试验值为1 344 μg/g,两者仅相差1.4%。通过高温煅烧改性的漂珠具备更优良的吸附性能,是一种可大规模生产、以废治废、易回收的环保材料。     

多孔陶瓷膜制备技术研究进展

多孔陶瓷膜具有化学稳定性好、机械强度大、耐酸碱、耐高温等优点,在石油和化学工业等苛刻环境中有着广泛的应用,多孔陶瓷膜的制备技术是推动多孔陶瓷膜产业发展的核心部分。多孔陶瓷膜制备技术的核心和关键是以提高陶瓷膜整体性能为导向,通过对陶瓷膜微结构的调控,实现陶瓷膜制备技术的突破。针对近十年来陶瓷膜领域的研究,概述了当前陶瓷膜领域在制备具有高渗透性、高渗透选择性的陶瓷膜以及陶瓷膜低成本化方面的研究进展,并对未来陶瓷膜领域的发展趋势及瓶颈性问题进行了讨论。     

Recent progress and technical improvement strategies for mitigating ceramic membrane bottlenecks in water purification processes: A review

Ceramic membranes offer considerable promise for future industrial applications due to their superior chemical, mechanical, and thermal stabilities, resistance to harsh operating conditions, and long-term operating processes. However, several bottlenecks still limit their commercial scale-up in filtration and separation applications, including brittleness, the high costs of conventional ceramic materials, and fouling. Despite several articles in the literature on ceramic membranes, this review focuses on recent progress, technical strategies, and methods to mitigate these limitations that significantly impact their separation and filtration performance. The use of alternative naturally occurring ceramic materials to mitigate the high costs of conventional ceramic materials is discussed, as well as strategies to improve the mechanical strength of brittle ceramic membranes by increasing sintering temperatures and using support materials. Additionally, advanced techniques to mitigate fouling accumulation and wetting in the pores and on the ceramic membrane surface, such as increasing membrane hydrophilicity and surface modification, are addressed. Despite progress in technical solutions for mitigating the bottlenecks of ceramic membranes, these limitations persist. Therefore, the present limitations and future research directions are highlighted.