Development of integrated solutions for the decentralisation of electricity supply to power-hungry regions

The relevance of the study is conditioned by the need for practical development and implementation of integrated solutions for the decentralisation of power supply to various geographical regions suffering from a shortage of electric energy due to pronounced problems with the energy supply. The purpose of this study is to identify the main aspects of the development of integrated solutions for the decentralisation of energy supply to power-hungry regions, which may be of significant practical importance from the standpoint of improving the quality of energy supply to such regions. The leading methodological approach in this study is a combination of methods of system analysis of existing principles for the development of integrated solutions for the decentralisation of electricity supply to regions suffering from power shortages, with an analytical investigation of various aspects of electricity supply to power-hungry regions, which is of significant practical importance in terms of improving the quality of electricity supply to remote settlements and districts of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The results obtained clearly indicate the existence of significant prospects for the use of alternative sources of electricity in the issues of decentralisation of power supply to power-hungry regions, and also demonstrate the sequence of development and practical implementation of integrated solutions aimed at timely solving this problem, aimed at meeting the demand for electric energy of residential facilities in these regions and industrial production located in them. The results of this study and the conclusions formulated on their basis are of significant practical importance for employees of power supply systems, who solve practical issues of electric energy supplies to remote geographical regions suffering from power shortages.     

Improvement of automatic control systems of high-power turbines of PAO tubroatom for nuclear power plants

The main technical solutions applied by PAO Turboatom used as the compensatory measures at the increase of the period of nonstop operation of nuclear power plants' (NPP) turbines with VVER-1000 type reactors up to 18 months are (1) replacing the standard hydraulic speed controller with an electronic one, (2) introduction of overclocking protection, (3) modernization of units of stop-control valves of high pressures, (4) installation of locking dampers on the receiver tubes of turbines of the first and second modification, and (5) improving the quality of repairs by reviewing the requirements for their implementation. The introduction of complex diagnostics of a control system on the basis of automatic treatment of results of registration of working parameters of the turbine is allocated as a separate prospective direction. Using an electronic controller of speed makes it possible to simplify the procedure of its inclusion in work at the failure of an electro-hydraulic system of control and vice versa. The regimes of maintaining the turbine rotor speed, steam pressure on the outlet of turbine, and the positions of main servomotors were introduced into the functions of the electronic controller. An electronic controller of speed includes its own electro-hydraulic transducer, turbine rotor speed sensor, and sensors of the position of main servomotors. Into the functions of electro- hydraulic control system and electronic speed controller, the function of overclocking protection, which determines the formation of commands for stopping the turbine at the exceeding of both the defined level of rotation speed and the defined combination of achieved rotation speed and angular acceleration of rotor, was introduced. To simplify the correction of forces acting on the control valve cups, the design of the cups was changed, and it has the profiled inserts. The solutions proposed were implemented on K-1100-60/1500-2M turbines of Rostov NPP. From the composition of control system of already made turbines, the devices of speed switching of moving of control flaps for opening and hydraulic damper in the servomotors of regulating flaps were excluded; the fists of the control valves providing the increased valve stroke for opening and the construction of filters for regulation, electro-hydraulic converters, oil draining device, etc. was changed.     

交联聚乙烯交联度对材料击穿强度的影响

为了研究XLPE材料交联度对其电气性能的影响,制备不同交联度的XLPE样本并对其进行电气击穿实验,分析在不同的交联度区间范围内样本击穿场强变化。利用温度-时间控制法制备六组不同交联度的XLPE样本;利用差式扫描量热仪测量得到样本结晶度;利用交流变压器测量得到样本的击穿强度。实验结果表明,随着交联度上升,样本击穿场强呈先上升后下降趋势。在交联度为0%～75%区间范围内,样本击穿场强增加2%。在交联度为75%～88%范围内,样本击穿场强增加21.2%。而在交联度为88%～92%范围内,样本击穿场强下降5.3%。分析认为,样本的击穿强度与样本交联度和材料均匀程度有关。当交联度较低时,样本的击穿强度主要由样本交联度决定,随着交联度上升,样本击穿强度增加。但由于此时局部材料结构较为不均匀,因此击穿强度增加幅度不大。而当交联度上升至75%时,材料形成较为密集、均匀的三维网状结构,导致样本击穿场强大幅上升。而当交联度继续增加时,此时样本结晶度下降幅度较大,局部材料结构变得不均匀,导致样本击穿强度下降。     

印度工程锅炉给水泵选型设计探讨

结合美国机械工程师协会（AmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineers,ASME）和国内标准规范,对印度某300Mw电站工程合同中给水泵在正常额定选型工况、锅炉安全阀起跳以及甩负荷选型最大连续蒸发量（boil—ermaximumcontinuerate,BMCR）工况的选型参数行分析,得到高压给水泵扬程和流量选型计算和设计的依据,提出给水泵按BMCR工况选型,再以锅炉汽包安全阀起跳和电网频率波动2种工况作为给水泵选型的出力校验方法,可作为今后同类工程技术谈判的依据和设计基础。     

Analysis of the degree of sparkling of certain commutator plates of electric machines by the photo-stroboscopic method

Analysis of the causes of failure showed that failures of a commutator and brush assembly (CBA) of electric machines make up 10–15% of the total number of failures. Many different methods to control the degree of sparkling of the CBA plates based on the measurement of different physical values and connected with the CBA sparkling processes were developed. The article describes a method of automated analysis of the degree of sparkling of certain commutator electric machine with the use of stroboscopic photo recording of sparkling and computer processing of the photo images of the sparkling plates aiming at obtaining the degree of sparkling for each collector plate. Processing methods of such images using the original OpenCV software library including image identification, classification and obtaining of the integral image and its analysis were considered. The proposed method allows the degree of sparkling under the trailing edge of the brush for each commutator plate to be determined. Determination is carried out for a large number of switching cycles for each brush, which allows statistical error to be avoided; in addition, automation of measurements decreases the influence of human factor on the test result.     

Heat transfer enhancement in steam-turbine condensers with the use of surface-active substances

A technology of the enhancement of the power efficiency of steam-turbine plants (STPs) is proposed by the treatment of surfaces of a piped condenser system over the steam and water sides with the use of surface-active substances (SAS). The transition of filmwise condensation into dropwise makes it possible to increase the heat-transfer coefficient by 50–70% because of hydrophobization of outside surfaces of the steam side that results in vacuum extension at minimum operating costs. The resulting data are verified by laboratory investigations and full-scale tests. The accumulation rate of thermobarrier deposits over the water side decreases by a factor of 6–8, and, correspondingly, the overhaul life connected with the refinement of condenser pipes increases. The maintenance of the hydrophobic film of SAS at the outside surface of condenser pipes can be provided by the periodic injection of SAS on the inlet of a low-pressure cylinder (CLP) of the turbine both in the period of short-time stops and during the operation of STPs. At the same time, because of the additional dispersion of the liquid phase, the rate of drop-impact erosion of the blade row decreases by 30%.     

基于复杂网络的产品竞争网的特性研究

专业镇经济是珠三角经济的重要特征之一,本文对以同类和关联产品为纽带的专业镇经济,从复杂网络的角度进行了分析.在专业镇企业集群的产品竞争网构建方面,提出了一个新颖的竞争选择度模型.通过基于竞争选择度模型的专业镇产品竞争网的建模分析,可以发现珠三角专业镇的产品竞争网具有比较典型的无标度和小世界特征.经过对广东顺德地区2个国内比较著名的专业镇产品竞争网的实证分析,可以大致得出与产品竞争网理论推导相符合的结论.     

Considering the summation of the effect of harmful substances during the calculation of the environmentally safe waste water discharge

This article presents the technique of assessing the maximum allowable (standard) discharge of waste waters with several harmful substances into a water reservoir. The technique makes it possible to take into account the summation of their effect provided that the limiting harmful indices are the same. The expressions for the determination of the discharge limit of waste waters have been derived from the conditions of admissibility of the effect of several harmful substances on the waters of a reservoir. Mathematical conditions of admissibility of the effect of wastewaters on a reservoir are given for the characteristic combinations of limiting harmful indices and hazard classes of several substances. The conditions of admissibility of effects are presented in the form of logical products of the sums of relative concentrations that should not exceed the value of 1. It is shown that the calculation of the process of wastewater dilution in a flowing water reservoir is possible only on the basis of a numerical method to assess the wastewater discharge limit. An example of the numerical calculation of the standard limit of industrial enterprise wastewater discharges that contain polysulfide oil, flocculant VPK-101, and fungicide captan is given to test this method. In addition to these three harmful substances, the water reservoir also contained a fourth substance, namely, Zellek-Super herbicide, above the waste discharge point. The summation of the harmful effect was taken into account for VPK-101, captan, and Zellek-Super. The reliability of the technique was tested by the calculation of concentrations of the four substances in the control point of the flowing reservoir during the estimated maximum allowable wastewater discharge. It is shown that the value of the maximum allowable discharge limit was almost two times higher for the example under consideration, taking into account that the effect of harmful substances was unidirectional, which provides a higher level of environmental safety for them.     

Problems in creation of modern air inlet filters of power gas turbine plants in Russia and methods of their solving

The main problems in creation and operation of modern air inlet paths of gas turbine plants installed as part of combined-cycle plants in Russia are presented. It is noted that design features of air inlet filters shall be formed at the stage of the technical assignment not only considering the requirements of gas turbine plant manufacturer but also climatic conditions, local atmospheric air dustiness, and a number of other factors. The recommendations on completing of filtration system for air inlet filter of power gas turbine plants depending on the facility location are given, specific defects in design and experience in operation of imported air inlet paths are analyzed, and influence of cycle air preparation quality for gas turbine plant on value of operating expenses and cost of repair works is noted. Air treatment equipment of various manufacturers, influence of aerodynamic characteristics on operation of air inlet filters, features of filtration system operation, anti-icing system, weather canopies, and other elements of air inlet paths are considered. It is shown that nonuniformity of air flow velocity fields in clean air chamber has a negative effect on capacity and aerodynamic resistance of air inlet filter. Besides, the necessity in installation of a sufficient number of differential pressure transmitters allowing controlling state of each treatment stage not being limited to one measurement of total differential pressure in the filtration system is noted in the article. According to the results of the analysis trends and methods for modernization of available equipment for air inlet path, the importance of creation and implementation of new technologies for manufacturing of filtering elements on sites of Russia within the limits of import substitution are given, and measures on reliability improvement and energy efficiency for air inlet filter are considered.     

基于信号相关性算法的电子式互感器在线监测系统的研究

在我国智能化变电站大规模使用电子式互感器的背景下,了解电子式互感器的运行工况成了维护电网安全稳定运行的关键所在。本文着重阐述了一种电子式互感器的在线监测系统,不仅涵盖了它的监测原理、系统构建和主要核心单元的设计,还介绍了它的运行模式和对采样数据的分析处理过程。监控系统的使用对实时监控电网核心部件的运行状态和及时发现可能存在的隐患有着重要的意义。     

面向高新技术的我国高等职业技术教育课程模式构想

技术的发展是高等职业技术教育发展最根本的动力,因此,从本质上看,高等职业技术教育课程必须反映高新技术的要求。我国高等职业技术教育课程模式可从以下方面构想:以问题解决能力为课程的主要目标;突出专门化职业能力的培养;按实践能力形成的需要选择实践知识和理论知识;课程内容要反映技术发展的最新趋势;课程内容要兼顾人文科学知识;以项目为单位组织课程内容。     

Trends in the development of industrially assimilated renewable energy: the problem of resource restrictions

An analysis of the dynamics of the development of wind and solar energy and potential resource restrictions of the dissemination of these technologies of energy generation associated with intensive use of rare earth metals and some other mineral resources are presented. The technological prospects of various directions of decisions of the problem of resource restrictions, including escalating of volumes of extraction and production of necessary mineral components, creating substitutes of scarce materials and development of recycling are considered. The bottlenecks of each of the above-mentioned decisions were founded. Conclusions are drawn on the prospects of development of the Russian high-tech sectors of the economy in the context of the most probable decisions of the problem of resource restrictions of wind and solar energy. An increase in extraction and production of rare earth metals and some other materials, stimulation of domestic research and development (R&D) to create the permanent magnets of new types and new technologies of wind-powered generation, and reduction of the resource-demand and technology development of recycling the components of power equipment are the most prospective directions of progress. The innovations in these directions will be in demand on the European, Chinese, and North American markets in the near decades due to the end of the life cycle (approximately 30 years) of wind and solar energy projects started at the turn of the 20th–21st centuries (the beginning of exponential growth in plants). The private investors and relevant regional and federal government agencies can use the qualitative characteristics of the dynamics of industrially assimilated renewable energy to choose the most promising investment orientations in energy projects and selection of the most economically sound development methods of energy and related industries.     

Polyfunctional electromechanical energy transformers for technological purposes

Polyfunctional electromechanical energy transformers with a ferromagnetic rotor are considered that allow full use of dissipative energy and structural, functional, and thermal integration. The combination in one machine of several technological functions is a feature of such devices. The rotor is cooled with raw material, which is processed. Air and low-melting materials with high thermal capacity and latent melting heat can act as an additional coolant. It is shown that almost all the conditional loss of active power comes from one of the components of net power, this being is heat power, which is used in the technological process. An implementation is presented of the principle of self-regulation in the division of electromagnetic power into two components of the net power: mechanical power flow and heat power. A gearless provision is discussed of low rotation speed and multiple enhancement of transformer torque based on the use of the interaction of direct and reverse fields of master and slave modules, changing the direction of rotation of the field of the slave module and duration of its action. Reverse moment is positive and leads to increased flatness of mechanical characteristics and, consequently, to increased instability of the transformer under load. The delay time of switching on the braking module needs to be chosen on the basis of the necessity of achieving a necessary result of torque of the transformer.     

互联电网保护误动行为分析

随着电网规模日益扩大，不考虑系统暂态过程影响的传统保护整定方式已不能满足维护系统稳定运行的要求，作者以川南系统和沱江电网怕互联电网的保护误动作为例，用EMTP进行仿真。定性和定量分析了该互联电网电磁暂态过程对联络变电站低压侧母联开关保护几次动作的影响，并着重分析故障后系统机电暂态过程，通过编程模拟互联电网故障后的功能特性，绘制功角－时间曲线（δ-t）和电流－时间曲线（i-t)，详细分析了短路切除后互联电网的机电暂态过程对保护动作的影响，找到了误动的根本原因，并提出了对该电网保护配置的改进措施。     

Converting unit of capacitor reserves for metro power-supply system

Ways of conserving energy in the Moscow metro using capacitor reserves are considered. The scheme of a converting unit for the capacitor reserve is described. The results of simulating the operation of the converter in different variants are presented. Test measurements of the work of electrorolling stock in a recuperation mode and the simulation of the operation of a converter prove the reliability of the new techniques from the point of view of the functioning of safety system of train movement of automatic speed control and signaling, centralization, and blocking.     

500kV自耦变压器中性点串接小电抗对继电保护装置的影响

以500 kV电网单台主变压器中性点串接小电抗接地的系统模型为基础,从不同故障位置、小电抗阻值线路长度及系统运行方式等方面分析500 kV变电站220 kV侧母线发生接地故障时线路零序过流保护、零序方向保护、主变压器中性点零序过流保护以及变压器差动保护受到的影响,说明500 kV自耦变压器中性点串接小电抗是抑制500 kV变电站220 kV侧母线单相短路电流的有效措施。     

空冷汽轮发电机转子风道结构对传热的影响

大型空冷汽轮发电机转子通风道中，副槽的几何形状、径向通风沟的条数及间距、槽楔出风口直径等几何量，直接影响风道内空气的流动及传热特征。转子组件的可靠性及寿命依赖于空冷通道的散热能力。因而，了解发电机转子风道中各空气区域内的速度分布、传热系数变化及温度分布是非常重要的。为了能够得到转子截面较均匀并且最高温度值较低的优化温度分布，文中在150MW空冷汽轮发电机转子实验研究基础上，改变副槽的几何形状、径向通风沟的条数及间距、槽楔出风口直径等几何量，采用有限体积法求解转子本体及通风道内空气的传热及紊流流动等二维离散方程组。研究结果表明，在相同的入口风速下，两条径向风沟比一条径向风沟时散热效果好，并存在最佳中心距。     

银黑狐骨胳的解剖研究

银黑狐的骨胳由头骨、躯干骨和四肢骨组成。头骨的主要特征是:枕骨的颈突不发达。眶上突不与颧弓相连,上无眶上孔。颞骨岩部形成半球形鼓泡。鼻骨与颌前骨的鼻突之间不形成鼻颌切迹。泪骨几颜无产面部。颌前骨的鼻突发达。上颌骨外面无面嵴。腭骨发达。犁骨腹缘后部不与鼻腔底壁接触。下颌骨支下缘无血管切迹。垂直部后下方有一角突。四肢骨的主要特征是:肩胛岗下端形成肩峰。臂骨未见三角肌结带和圆肌结节。尺骨比桡骨细长。腕骨7块。掌骨5块。指骨5指。左右髋骨几乎平行排列,坐骨弓宽平,荐结节高出荐骨。股骨有发达的大转子和较发达的小转子,缺第三转子。胖骨与胚骨等长。跗骨7块。躯干骨由7个颈椎、13个胸椎、7个腰椎、3个荐椎、15～17个尾椎组成。肋骨13对,胸骨由8个长柱状的胸骨节片和剑状软骨构成。     

架空导线受力分析的数学模型──牛顿法在架空导线受力分析中的应用

本文对架空导线的空间分布曲线、弧长和受力分析作了严格、完整的数学推证，并对导线承受拉力的计算方法──牛顿法进行了分析、论证，得出用于程序计算的数学模型；它比常规的幂级数前两项的近似算法既快，又准确。使架空导线受力分析的计算方法向前推进了一大步。