Modelling interference between the geogrid bearing members under pullout loading conditions

The main interaction mechanisms affecting the pullout resistance of geogrids embedded in soils are the skin friction between soil and reinforcement solid surface and the bearing resistance which develops against transversal elements. As regards bearing resistance the interference mechanism plays an important role: this can occur when the spacing between transversal members is lower than a threshold value, depending on the extensions of active and passive surfaces mobilized on bearing members.Based on the result of several large-scale pullout tests, a theoretical method to determine the peak pullout resistance of extruded geogrids embedded in a compacted granular soil is proposed. The method takes into account the interference mechanism due to the proximity of the transversal bearing members and works well for soil-geogrid interfaces in which scale effect is negligible.     

Influence of longitudinal and transverse members on geogrid pullout behavior during deformation

A series of pullout tests were carried out by using a highly extensible geogrid with the different longitudinal member and transverse member ratios to investigate the influence of the longitudinal and transverse members of a highly extensible geogrid on the pullout behavior. From the results, the following were made clear: the mobilization of bond stress depends on the strain of the geogrid; the influence zones of longitudinal members become isolated with the increase of the longitudinal member spacing; the mobilization of transverse member resistance depends on the displacement of the geogrid at the location of that transverse member; and the contribution of longitudinal members to the pullout force is more significant than that of transverse members during the deformation stage in the case of the highly extensible geogrid, since large elongation occurs in the geogrid, which restricts the mobilization of the full effect of transverse members. Furthermore, the mobilization mechanisms of the longitudinal member and transverse member effects are discussed.     

Numerical investigation of reinforcement pullout resistance effects on behavior of geosynthetic-reinforced soil (GRS) piers

In this study, three-dimensional numerical analyses were carried out to investigate the effects of reinforcement pullout resistance including facing connection strength on the behavior of geosynthetic-reinforced soil (GRS) piers under a service load condition. Three different piers were investigated in this study, which simulated different levels of reinforcement pullout resistance. Each pier had two cases with different reinforcement stiffness J and reinforcement spacing S_v but the same ratio of J/S_v. Numerical results showed that reinforcement pullout resistance had a significant effect on the behavior of GRS piers. When the pullout mode prevailed, the case with small S_v and low J had smaller lateral facing displacements and vertical strain of the pier under the same applied pressure as compared to the case with large S_v and high J when the ratio of J/S_v was kept constant. When the pullout mode did not prevail, two cases with the same ratio of J/S_v showed similar performance despite different combinations of S_v and J were used. To more effectively mobilize reinforcement strength and improve GRS pier performance, small reinforcement spacing or high-strength facing connection should be considered when sufficient reinforcement pullout resistance cannot be guaranteed otherwise.     

国内外锚杆试验类型简介

国内锚杆试验类型分为基本试验、蠕变试验及验收试验3类,美国分为性能试验、验证试验及延长蠕变试验3类,欧洲分为探究试验、适应试验及验收试验3类,此外欧美还有提离试验、交变荷载试验、腐蚀防护完整性试验、确定波动荷载下最大工作荷载的试验等一些检测锚杆某些方面性能的试验。相对而言,美国标准对锚杆试验的要求简单一些,欧洲的更严格、更严谨一些。国内工程中,对锚杆基本试验的意义与作用尚重视不够,应把其作为探究性试验而非验证性试验,以便能够更为充分地测试及了解锚杆的性能。     

Experimental and numerical analysis of large scale pull out tests conducted on clays reinforced with geogrids encapsulated with coarse material

The pullout test is one of the methods commonly used to study pullout behavior of reinforcements. In the current research, large pullout tests (i.e. 100 × 60 × 60 cm) have been conducted to investigate the possibility of pullout resistance enhancement of clays reinforced with HDPE geogrid embedded in thin layers of sand. Pullout tests on clay–geogrid, sand–geogrid and clay–sand–geogrid samples have been conducted at normal pressures of 25, 50 and 100 kPa. Numerical modeling using finite element method has also been used to assess the adequacy of the box and geogrid sizes to minimize boundary and scale effects. Experimental results show that provision of thin sand layers around the reinforcement substantially enhances pullout resistance of clay soil under monotonic loading conditions and the effectiveness increases with increase in normal pressures. The improvement is more pronounced at higher normal pressures and an optimum sand layer thickness of 8 cm has been determined for maximum enhancement. Results of numerical analysis showed the adequacy of the box and geogrid length adopted as well as a relatively good agreement with experimental results.     

有粘结预应力筋压花锚承载力性能研究

通过三根实验梁的实验及分析,本文研究了有粘结预应力筋压花锚的承载力性能,校核了截面极限承载力的计算方法,提出相应的设计建议。     

杭州湾跨海大桥索梁锚固节点模型试验研究

以杭州湾跨海大桥耳板销铰式索梁锚固结构为研究对象,进行13∶缩尺模型试验,研究在北航道桥最长边索1.0、1.4及1.7倍设计索力作用下,耳板的应力分布;研究耳板与钢箱梁斜腹板连接的传力途径,考察螺栓受力不均匀性和销铰可转动性;通过该索在设计最大、最小索力作用下的低周反复荷载试验研究耳板螺栓紧固性能;最后通过有限元仿真分析和模型试验结果共同验证该桥索梁锚固结构传力可靠性和构造合理性。研究表明:该桥的耳板式索梁锚固结构传力可靠、构造合理,是较为理想的索梁锚固形式。     

Experimental evaluation of the effect of compaction near facing on the behavior of GRS walls

Experimental studies have been carried out to evaluate the effect of the compaction condition at the back of block facing on the behavior of geosynthetic reinforced soil (GRS) walls. Three GRS walls with 1.2?m high were constructed at the COPPE/UFRJ Geotechnical Laboratory. The walls were well-instrumented in order to monitor the values of the reinforcement load, toe horizontal load, horizontal facing displacement, horizontal stress at the back of the block facing, and vertical displacement on the top of the walls. The behavior of the walls has been investigated at the end of construction and during the surcharge application (post-construction). At the end of the loading, the toes of the walls were gradually released to also verify the influence of the different toe restraints. The results clearly show the effect and call attention to the importance of the compaction conditions near the facing on the behavior of GRS walls.     

The influence of a cyclic loading history on soil-geogrid interaction under pullout condition

The knowledge of soil-geosynthetic interface behaviour is a key point in the design of geosynthetic-reinforced soil structures. The pullout ultimate limit state can be reproduced conveniently by means of pullout tests performed with large-size laboratory apparatuses, which allow studying the interaction mechanisms that develop in the anchorage zone. During the service life of geosynthetic-reinforced soil structures, reinforcements may be subjected to long-term cyclic vehicular loads or short-term seismic loads in addition to dead loadings, such as the structure's self-weight and other sustained loads. In order to study the influence of a cyclic loading history (a sinusoidal function with fixed amplitude A, number of cycles N and frequency f) on the post-cyclic peak pullout resistance, the writers carried out a series of multi-stage pullout tests on a high density polyethylene extruded uniaxial geogrid embedded in a compacted granular soil for different vertical effective stress σ′_v values. Moreover, the stability of the soil-geosynthetic interface from a point of view linked to the cyclic loading application has also been investigated. Test results showed that the design pullout resistance parameters are affected by the applied cyclic loading history for specific combined conditions (A, N and σ′_v) and it should be taken into account for designing geosynthetic reinforced soil structures.     

采用铸造垫板的预应力混凝土锚固区传力性能试验

结合行业标准《预应力筋用锚具、夹具和连接器应用技术规程》的修订,完成38个局部承压试件的单调加载或循环加载试验,研究采用国产铸造垫板的预应力混凝土锚固区传力性能,包括破坏模式、开裂荷载、极限承载力和裂缝宽度等,并进行相关影响参数分析。试验结果表明,采用《混凝土结构设计规范》(GB 50010—2002)局部受压承载力公式估算整体铸造垫板锚固区的极限承载力与试验值会有较大偏差,有必要在国内相关标准中纳入后张预应力混凝土锚固区传力性能检验要求;大多数单调加载试件的极限承载力能达到预应力筋极限抗拉力标准值(Fptk),但仅有少数能达到1.2Fptk,且单调加载试件的极限承载力约为循环加载试件的1.1倍;喇叭管上设置二次翼缘、增大螺旋筋圈径、提高混凝土强度以及加大锚固区承压面积可提高锚固区极限承载力,而表层箍筋的配置可提高锚固区开裂荷载并减小劈裂裂缝宽度。     

Bearing capacity of strip footings on sand slopes reinforced with geogrid and grid-anchor

This paper presents the effect of a new type of geogrid inclusion on the bearing capacity of a rigid strip footing constructed on a sand slope. A broad series of conditions, including unreinforced cases, was tested by varying parameters such as geogrid type, number of geogrid layers, vertical spacing and depth to topmost layer of geogrid. The results were then analyzed to find both qualitative and quantitative relationships between the bearing capacity and the geogrid parameters. A series of finite element analyses was additionally carried out on a prototype slope and the results were compared with the findings from the laboratory model tests and to complete the results of the model tests. The results show that the bearing capacity of rigid strip footings on sloping ground can be intensively increased by the inclusion of grid-anchor layers in the ground, and that the magnitude of bearing capacity increase depends greatly on the geogrid distribution. It is also shown that the load-settlement behavior and bearing capacity of the rigid footing can be considerably improved by the inclusion of a reinforcing layer at the appropriate location in the fill slope. The agreement between observed and computed results is found to be reasonably good in terms of load-settlement behavior and optimum parameters.     

超大跨度钢箱梁斜拉桥索梁锚固结构试验研究

以典型的超大跨度斜拉桥——苏通大桥锚箱式索梁锚固结构为研究对象,采用理论研究与模型试验相结合的研究方法,对大跨度钢箱梁斜拉桥锚箱式索梁锚固结构试验模型的设计方法、结构的传力途径、主要构件的应力分布及其传力机理等关键问题进行研究。研究表明:对于各关键构件实际力学特性及结构边界条件的准确模拟是确定锚箱式索梁锚固结构模型设计方案的关键;锚箱结构各主要受力构件的传力特征存在较大差别;各传力构件均存在不同程度的应力集中,其中腹板、锚箱底板和锚箱顶板的应力集中问题较为突出。整体而言,苏通大桥索梁锚固结构设计合理,承载能力满足设计要求。     

Quantifying the effects of geogrid reinforcement in unbound granular base

This study presents an effort to quantify the effects of geogrid reinforcement in the unbound granular base through laboratory testing. Two laboratory tests, the large-scale cyclic shear test and the repeated load triaxial test, were employed. The test protocol of the cyclic shear test was developed by modifying that for the triaxial test. The cyclic shear test was performed by applying a series of cyclic shear stresses to the geogrid-aggregate interface under different normal stresses. Two different types of geogrids were used as reinforcement in unbound granular material. Resilient modulus (M_R) from the repeated load triaxial test and a term named resilient interface shear modulus (G_i) from the cyclic shear test was used to characterize the effects of geogrid reinforcement in unbound granular base, respectively. The results of triaxial tests showed that the inclusion of geogrid had a negligible effect on the resilient modulus, indicating that the triaxial resilient modulus test may not be effective in evaluating the geogrid reinforcement in unbound granular materials. Compared to the triaxial resilient modulus test, the cyclic shear test showed great potential in identifying the effects of geogrid reinforcement, with an obvious improvement in the degree of interlocking between geogrids and aggregates.     

金东大桥隧道锚现场模型试验及承载能力分析

金东大桥隧道锚建在复杂岩体地层中,尚无类似的工程经验借鉴,为分析该桥隧道锚承载能力,在实体锚上游侧山体边坡开挖模型试验洞,制作相似比1∶11的隧道锚模型,采用后推法进行模型试验,包括弹塑性阶段试验、蠕变试验和满负荷的超载试验,配套进行了岩体(石)物理力学性质试验、岩体声波测试。分析结果表明:模型锚岩体性状与实体锚基本接近,模型锚围岩声波低于实体锚,模型锚地层具有较好的地质代表性;模型锚至少在8倍设计荷载作用下变形处于近似弹性阶段,在6倍设计荷载长期作用下未出现蠕变现象,推断实体锚围岩的超载稳定系数>8,长期安全稳定系数>6,成果可为类似复杂围岩的工程设计提供参考。     

低周反复荷载作用下钢骨混凝土L形柱受力性能试验

通过3根钢骨混凝土L形柱和1根普通钢筋混凝土L形柱的低周反复加载试验,得到钢骨混凝土L形柱在压、弯、剪共同作用下的破坏形态。通过试验分析钢骨混凝土L形柱的延性、滞回特性、耗能能力、承载力退化、刚度退化,结果表明:钢骨混凝土L形柱的承载力随配钢量的增加而提高;延性随配钢量的增加而提高,随轴压比的增大而降低;钢骨混凝土L形柱与钢筋混凝土L形柱相比,承载力高、延性好、耗能能力强、变形能力大,抗震性能优。     

曹娥江大桥桥塔鞍座锚固区试验研究

结合曹娥江大桥的实际情况,进行了该大桥桥塔鞍座锚固区的试验研究,研究了鞍座处的受力特点及应力分布,并利用大型分析软件ANSYS对主塔鞍座进行了有限元空间分析,证实了有限元计算的可行性及其计算结果的可信性。     

预应力锚索格构梁复合结构在边坡治理中的应用

预应力锚索格构梁复合结构是近年来在边坡治理中推广的新型结构措施。本文通过工程实例介绍了预应力锚索格构梁复合结构的设计、试验、施工要点,供同类工程参考。     

Centrifuge model study on low permeable slope reinforced by hybrid geosynthetics

The objective of this paper is to study the performance of hybrid geosynthetic reinforced slopes, with permeable geosynthetic as one of its components, for low permeable backfill slopes subjected to seepage. Four centrifuge tests have been performed to study the behavior of hybrid geosynthetic reinforced slopes subjected to seepage, keeping the model slope height and vertical spacing of geosynthetic reinforcement layers constant. Centrifuge model tests were performed on 2V:1H slopes at 30 gravities. One unreinforced, one model geogrid reinforced and two hybrid geosynthetic reinforced slope models with varying number of hybrid geosynthetic layers were tested. The effect of raising ground water table was simulated by using a seepage flow simulator during the flight. Surface movements and pore water pressure profiles for the slope models were monitored using displacement transducers and pore pressure transducers during centrifuge tests. Markers glued on to geosynthetic layers were digitized to arrive at displacement vectors at the onset of raising ground water table. Further, strain distribution along the geosynthetic reinforcement layers and reinforcement peak strain distribution have been determined using digital image analysis technique. The discharge for the performed model tests is determined by performing seepage analysis. It was confirmed by the centrifuge tests that the hybrid geosynthetics increases the stability of low permeable slope subjected to water table rise. The hybrid geosynthetic layers in the bottom half of the slope height play a major role in the dissipation of pore water pressure.     

钢管高强混凝土组合柱轴压承载力试验研究

为研究钢管高强混凝土组合柱的轴心受压承载力,完成了18个组合柱试件的轴压试验。试件的主要变化参数有:钢管混凝土套箍指标、管外混凝土强度和箍筋配箍特征值。试验结果分析表明,峰值承载力前和达到时,钢管和管外钢筋混凝土纵向变形一致;管外钢筋混凝土破坏后,核心的钢管混凝土提供了较大的后期强度和轴向变形能力;钢管混凝土的套箍指标、管外混凝土的强度和箍筋配箍特征值是影响组合柱轴压承载力的主要因素。试验结果进一步验证了《钢管混凝土叠合柱结构技术规程》(CECS188:2005)给出的组合柱轴心受压承载力计算公式同样适用于钢管高强混凝土组合柱。     

L形截面钢筋砼框架柱受剪性能的试验研究

对 Ｌ形截面框架柱受剪性能进行了试验研究。提出了极限受剪承载力计算公式和用于工程 设计的受剪承载力建议设计公式,计算值与试验结果吻合较好。