Investigation of Griffiths phase,spin reorientation and magnetism in double perovskite Gd2FeMnO6

In this study, double perovskites of Gd₂FeMnO₆ (GFMO) are successfully prepared using the solid-state reaction method. X-ray diffraction results indicate that GFMO has an orthogonal structure (space group Pnma). Moreover, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results show mixed-valence states of 3d transition ions. A further analysis of thermomagnetic data suggests that, in addition to the canted antiferromagnetism and spin reorientation, there is also a Griffiths phase with an antiferromagnetic ground state caused by ferromagnetic short-range interactions and confirmed by electron spin resonance analysis. Antisite-disordered B-site ions give rise to different short-range magnetic orders, which disrupt the long-range ferromagnetic order of Fe–O–Mn, leading to the formation of a short-range ferromagnetic order. Furthermore, with magnetocaloric magnitudes of 17.0 J kg⁻¹ K⁻¹ for 0–50 kOe, GFMO polycrystalline is a promising candidate for magnetic refrigerants in the ultra-low temperature range. Finally, the change in magnetic entropy due to spin reorientation at room temperature (285K) has potential applications in thermostatic water bath switches.     

Nickel-containing magnetoceramics from water vapor-assisted pyrolysis of polysiloxane and nickel 2,4-pentanedionate

In this study, novel ferromagnetic Ni-containing silicon oxycarbide (SiOC–Ni) was successfully fabricated from a base polysiloxane (PSO) with the addition of nickel 2,4-pentanedionate. The resultant SiOC–Ni nanocomposite consists of in situ formed Ni nanocrystallites with a small amount of NiO uniformly dispersed in the amorphous SiOC matrix, and the corresponding nanocrystallite size increases with the increase of the pyrolysis temperature. The formation of nickel silicides (Ni_xSi_y) is completely suppressed by the effect of water vapor during the pyrolysis. The fundamental phase evolution process and mechanisms are explained. In an argon atmosphere, the SiOC–Ni materials pyrolyzed at 900°C are stable up to 1000°C with less than 6 wt% weight loss; they exhibit desirable electrical conductivity up to ~900°C with the highest electrical conductivity at ~247 S/m. This series of SiOC–Ni materials also demonstrates exciting ferromagnetic behaviors. Their new semiconducting behavior with soft ferromagnetism presents promising application potentials for magnetic sensors, transformers, actuators, etc.     

Role of spin-glass phase for magnetoresistance enhancement in nickel substituted lanthanum calcium manganite

Effect of Ni substitution in lanthanum calcium manganite (LCMO) has been investigated for change in magnetoresistance (MR). Scanning electron microscopy images revealed decrease in grain size from 3.72 µm to 0.55 µm by Ni substitution. Maximum increase in MR has been found 28% at low temperature (100 K) for x=0.10, Ni substitution at Mn site. Metal insulator transition temperature has been decreased from 253.2 K for x=0.0–90 K for x=0.10. Above x=0.10, Ni substitution no metal-insulator transition temperature appeared due to the presence of porosity in the samples. Ni substitution lowered the magnetic transition temperature from 255 K for x=0.0–125 K for x=0.25. Lowering of irreversible temperature (T_irr) from 250 K for x=0.0–135.4 K for x=0.20 has been obtained by zero field cooled (ZFC) and field cooled (FC) measurements confirm reduction of ferromagnetic clusters and spin-glass phase like behavior due to Ni presence. The spin-glass phase presence allows spin-polarized tunneling even at low magnetic field, which ultimately results in enhancement of MR at low temperature. Core level X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements confirm Ni²⁺ charge state of Ni ions and increase in Mn⁴⁺/Mn³⁺ ratio with increasing Ni content. Increase in resistivity and weakening of ferromagnetism with Ni substitution at Mn site has been observed due to the reduction in grain size and dilution of double exchange interaction.     

Preparations and characterizations of Ca doped Ni–Mg–Mn nanocrystalline ferrites for switching field high-frequency applications

Ca-doped Ni–Mg–Mn spinel ferrites with compositions of Ni_0·5Mg_0·3Mn_0.2Ca_xFe_2-xO₄ (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5) were prepared via sol-gel auto-ignition technique. TGA/DTA, FTIR, XRD, FESEM, and VSM were employed to evaluate the thermal, spectral, structural, morphological, and magnetic features of Ca-doped Ni–Mg–Mn spinel ferrites. TGA/DTA curves show the weight loss in the sample. This weight loss was attributed to the oxidation and decomposition of the sample contents at a temperature of 500 °C. XRD reveals a single-phase structure of the Ni–Mg–Mn nano ferrites. A single-phase orthorhombic structure was confirmed for Ca-doped Ni–Mg–Mn ferrites. Structural parameters such as lattice parameter, ‘da’, ‘db’, ‘dc’, and ‘dv’ were evaluated using unit cell software. The absorption peaks at 427 to 538 cm^?1 confirmed the spinel structure, which was evaluated using FTIR. FESEM analyses showed that the agglomerations increased with the doping of Ca in Ni–Mg–Mn ferrites. Remanence, Y–K angles, saturation, coercive force, magnetic squareness, magnetic moment, and anisotropy constant were determined for Ca-doped Ni–Mg–Mn spinel ferrite samples. It is noticed that saturation increases from 29.157 to 51.322 emu/g, whereas remanence increased from 5.34 to 9.40 emu/g, respectively. The permeability, anisotropy constant, and magnetic moments were also found to increase with Ca doping. However, the Y–K angles increased with Ca concentration in Ni–Mg–Mn nano ferrites. In addition, the switching field distribution (SFD) and high-frequency response of all the Ca-doped Ni–Mg–Mn samples were also evaluated. Ca-doped Ni–Mg–Mn samples are suggested to be suitable for switching, filters, inductors, and microwave absorption applications because of the superparamagnetic nature of the prepared spinel ferrites.     

Magnetic and phonon transitions in B-site Co doped BiFeO3 ceramics

Magnetic susceptibility and phonons have been characterized in multiferroic Bi(Fe_1−xCo_x)O_3−δ ceramics for x=0.0, 0.05, and 0.10 (BFO100xCo) as functions of temperature. A preferred (100) crystallographic orientation and increasing average oxygen vacancies were observed in BFO5Co and BFO10Co. The Fe and Co K-edge synchrotron X-ray absorptions revealed mixed valences of Fe³⁺, Fe⁴⁺, Co²⁺, and Co³⁺ ions in BFO5Co and BFO10Co, which exhibit a ferromagnetic (or ferrimagnetic) phase below room temperature due to appearance of ferromagnetic B–O–B (B=Fe and Co) superexchange interactions. Field–cooled (FC) and zero–field–cooled (ZFC) magnetic susceptibilities exhibit a significant spin-glass splitting below room temperature in BFO5Co and BFO10Co. Two Raman-active phonon anomalies at ~170 K (or 200 K) and ~260 K were attributed to the Fe³⁺–O–Co³⁺ and Co³⁺–O–Co³⁺ magnetic orderings, respectively. This work suggests that the low-spin Co²⁺–O–Co²⁺, Fe³⁺–O–Fe³⁺ (or Fe⁴⁺), and high-spin Co²⁺–O–Co²⁺ superexchange interactions are responsible for phonon anomalies at ~290 (or ~300 K), ~400, and ~470 K (or ~520 K) in BFO5Co and BFO10Co.     

Effect of thermal stress on non-collinear antiferromagnetic phase transitions in antiperovskite Mn3GaN compounds with Mn3SbN inclusions

In the designed (1-x)Mn₃GaN-xMn₃SbN (0.2 ≤ x ≤ 0.8) heterogeneous system, modulating the non-collinear antiferromagnetic (AFM) phase transitions of antiperovskite Mn₃GaN using thermal stress is realized for the first time. With growing the Mn₃SbN secondary phase, the Neel temperature (T_N) of Mn₃GaN phase shifts down by 40 K and then disappears, but another magnetic transition below T_N appears and shifts up by 125 K. The neutron powder diffraction (NPD) results of the sample with x = 0.6 show that the magnetic transition below T_N ascribed to the decreasing Mn–Mn distance (d_Mn–Mn) and spin re-orientation from Γ^5g to a new non-collinear M₂ AFM phase. By the NPD analysis, the d_Mn–Mn of the Mn₃GaN phase decreases from 2.75527(4) Å to 2.73925(3) Å, and the angles of the spin rotations for Mn1/Mn2, Mn3-1, and Mn3-2 atoms in M₂ AFM during the spin re-orientation process are 90°, 60°, and 60°, respectively. Negative thermal expansion behaviors and caloric effects associated with Γ^5g phase transitions are investigated systematically. Further, the thermal stress could be regulated by adjusting the proportion of Mn₃GaN and Mn₃SbN phases with mismatched thermal expansion, which could be estimated even up to GPa according to Clausius–Clapeyron relation.     

XAS and XPS analysis of double magnetic transition,canonical spin glass behavior and magnetoresistance in LaMn1-xCoxO3 (0.1 ≤ x ≤ 0.5) system

Polycrystalline LaMn_1-xCo_xO₃ (0.1≤ x ≤ 0.5) samples were synthesized using conventional ceramic method. Rietveld refined X-ray diffraction pattern revealed the single-phase orthorhombic crystal structure of all the samples with the space group Pbnm. Temperature-dependent magnetic measurements performed in field cooled (FC) and zero field cooled (ZFC) mode at 10² Oe exhibit the onset of double transition in x = 0.3–0.5 compositions. The ordering temperature rises with an increase in Co concentration. FC and ZFC studies show the presence of glassy state below the ordering temperature in all samples; confirmed using a. c. susceptibility measurements. The a. c. susceptibility data are analyzed using power law and the existence of canonical spin glass is revealed. Magnetic hysteresis studies demonstrate the enhanced ferromagnetism amid the presence of unsaturated magnetization with an increase in Co doping. The presence of double transition and spin glass state is attributed to the competing ferromagnetic and anti-ferromagnetic interactions between the Co and Mn ions present in the system. The system also depicts the presence of appreciable value of magnetoresistance ~42% at 8 T magnetic field in x = 0.5 sample. These properties are interpreted through valence and spin states of Mn and Co ions, being confirmed from electronic structure studies using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) at L_3,2- edges of respective ions along with O K-edge for all samples (0.1≤ x ≤ 0.5). After meticulous analysis and conjoining the results obtained from magnetization and XAS studies, it is found that cobalt is present in high spin Co²⁺ and high/low spin Co³⁺-state. Charge transfer multiplet calculation done at L_3,2 edges of Mn and Co ions confirm the presence of Mn³⁺/Mn⁴⁺ and Co²⁺/Co³⁺ states consistent with XAS results. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy performed at Mn2p, Co2p, and O1s -edges further substantiate the reasons behind the properties exhibited by the present system.     

Temperature-induced magnetic compensation and negative magnetization in a cluster spin glass Gd2Co0.5Mn1.5O6 system

Experiments for orthorhombic double perovskite Gd₂Co_0.5Mn_1.5O₆ revealed intrinsic effects of magnetic compensation characterized by M(T_comp) = 0 at T_comp = 20 K and negative magnetization depicted by M(T) < 0 under positive magnetic fields, which were experimentally investigated by different protocols of direct current magnetization measurements. Compared to Gd₂CoMnO₆, the excessive ratio of Mn in Gd₂Co_0.5Mn_1.5O₆ promotes the antisite disorder and preferably generates magnetic clusters owing to the intrinsic inhomogeneity. The clusters exhibit spin glass (SG) properties as demonstrated by alternating current susceptibility and aging measurements. A possible physical mechanism for evolution of the spin configuration with temperature is proposed. The effects of magnetic compensation and negative magnetization are attributed to the negative exchange coupling among the abundant ferromagnetic clusters. The additional pinning force provided by the cluster SG is an essential factor to prevent the flipping of the spins from aligning with the applied magnetic field.     

A Cu–Pd–V System Filler Alloy for Silicon Nitride Ceramic Joining and the Interfacial Reactions

A Cu–Pd–V brazing alloy with the composition of Cu–(38.0~42.0)Pd–(7.0~10.0)V (in wt.%) was designed as a filler for joining Si₃N₄. Its wettability on Si₃N₄ ceramic was measured with the sessile drop method. It was shown that the Cu–Pd–V alloy gave a contact angle of 71° at 1473 K. The filler alloy was fabricated into foils with a thickness of 0.15 mm. The Si₃N₄–Si₃N₄ joints brazed at 1443 K for 10 min exhibit average three‐point bend strength of 263 MPa at room temperature, and the joint strengths at 973 K and 1073 K are 277 MPa and 218 MPa, respectively. The analysis results of SEM, XRD, and TEM for the brazed joint indicate the presence of V₂N at the surface of the Si₃N₄. The increase of the thickness of V₂N reaction layer obeyed parabolic law, and the parabolic rate constant (k) can be described as k = 2.8739 × 10^?9 exp(?162989.4/RT) m²/s. Pd₂Si and Cu₃Pd compounds as well as (Cu, Pd) solid solution were detected in the central part of the joints. The presence of (Cu, Pd) phases and especially refractory Pd₂Si compounds within the joints should contribute to the stable high‐temperature property. The interfacial reaction mechanisms were discussed.     

A comparative investigation of B-site ordering and structure,magnetic, magnetocaloric effect,critical behavior in double perovskite Nd2BMnO6 (B = Co and Ni)

In the present work, we have investigated the crystal structure, magnetic, and magnetocaloric properties of the ordered monoclinic polycrystalline double perovskite Nd₂BMnO₆ (B = Co and Ni). A study of the magnetization dynamics employing temperature and magnetic field shows a powerful spin frustration state with freeing temperature of T_f ~154 K (for Nd₂CoMnO₆) and T_f ~ 194 K (for Nd₂NiMnO₆). The ac susceptibility measurements show exhibit frequency- and field-dependent behavior. Both the magnetic relaxation effects and related analysis indicate a typical spin-glass (SG) behavior in Nd₂BMnO₆. Furthermore, Nd₂CoMnO₆ (NCMO) and Nd₂NiMnO₆ (NNMO) show remarkable magnetocaloric effect (MCE) and relative cooling power (RCP) near the paramagnetic (PM) to ferromagnetic (FM) transition. Moreover, the critical behavior is investigated by different theoretical, such as modified Arrott plot (MAP) and Kouvel-Fisher (KF). The critical exponents (β, γ, and δ) of Nd₂BMnO₆ are obtained from the different methods, which are close to the mean-field model. The detailed analysis on the critical behavior in Nd₂BMnO₆, which suggests that the long-range FM interaction in the Nd₂BMnO₆.     

Exchange-coupling effect in hard/soft SrTb0.01Tm0.01Fe11.98O19/AFe2O4 (where A = Co,Ni, Zn,Cu and Mn) composites

In this study, series of hard/soft SrTb_0.01Tm_0.01Fe_11.98O₁₉/AFe₂O₄ (where A = Co, Ni, Zn, Cu and Mn) composites were fabricated via a single-pot citrate sol-gel approach. The structure, morphology and magnetic properties of prepared composite samples were investigated via X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning and transmission electron microscopes (SEM - TEM) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The XRD analysis of all composite samples showed the co-existence of both hard (Sr hexaferrite) and soft (spinel ferrites) ferrite phases with minor impurity. TEM micrographs displayed well-distinguished particles of SrM and AFe₂O₄ with different symmetry. The magnetic M − H hysteresis loops were performed at room temperature (RT; T = 300 K) and low temperature (T = 10 K) using VSM instrument. The magnitudes of various magnetic parameters including saturation magnetization (M_s), squareness ratio (SQR = M_r/M_s), remanence (M_r) and coercivity (H_c) were determined. M − H loops revealed smoothed curves and the dM/dH versus H curves exposed only a single peak, indicating that the exchange-coupling effect was accomplished in one-step. Moreover, the various composites showed relatively high M_s, M_r, and H_c values. The obtained results revealed the occurrence of exchange-coupling effect among soft and hard magnetic phases. The magnetic properties of various hard/soft SrTb_0.01Tm_0.01Fe_11.98O₁₉/AFe₂O₄ composites (where A = Co, Ni, Zn, Cu and Mn) were evaluated also by ZFC-FC magnetization measurements with respect to different soft phases. A peak temperature in ZFC curves occurred for various prepared composites. This peak is attributed to competition of the movement of magnetic domain walls and thermal activation. The present study offers a simple but efficient route for the fabrication of exchange-coupled nanocomposites with the chemical formula SrFe_11.98Tb_0.01Tm_0.01O₁₉/AFe₂O₄ (where A = Co, Ni, Zn, Cu and Mn) having controllable magnetic properties. It was found that the SrTb_0.01Tm_0.01Fe_11.98O₁₉/CoFe₂O₄ composite sample displayed the strongest exchange-coupling behavior among the different prepared composite products.     

Evolution of structural,magnetic and magnetocaloric effect in TmFe1-xMnxO3 (x≤0.3)

The influence of Mn doping on structure, magnetic behaviors and magnetocaloric effect in TmFeO₃ polycrystalline ceramics has been explored. X-ray powder diffraction proves that TmFe_1-xMn_xO₃ (x ≤ 0.3) ceramics maintain an orthorhombic structure, and the space group is Pbnm. Compared with the original TmFeO₃ sample, structural parameters change slightly and magnetic properties are effectively tuned with the gradual substitution of Mn at Fe site. The spin reorientation temperature region shifts from 90.3 to 73.2 K for TmFeO₃ to 180.0–156.0 K for TmFe_0.7Mn_0.3O₃. Besides, for TmFe_1-xMn_xO₃ (x ≤ 0.3), the maximum magnetic entropy changes dependent on the Mn composition are 6.29 J/kg K, 6.56 J/kg K, 6.79 J/kg K and 7.22 J/kg K for 0–70 kOe, respectively. The refrigeration capacities are 159.3 J/kg, 168.9 J/kg, 176.7 J/kg and 184.4 J/kg, respectively. For a better assessing the magnetocaloric performance of TmFe_1-xMn_xO₃ (x ≤ 0.3), we have calculated the temperature average entropy change, refrigerant capacity and normalized refrigerant capacity, and their values become larger with increasing Mn doping. Our experimental results can provide valuable references for the application and development of RFeO₃ (R = rare earth) as multifunctional materials.     

A chiral tetranuclear cubane-like [Ni4O4] complex: Synthesis,structure and low-temperature magnetic behavior

A tetranuclear cubane-like [Ni₄(EtOH)₃L₄] (H₂L = (s)-2-((1-hydroxy-3-methylbutan-2-ylimino)methyl)phenol) complex has been prepared by the reaction of nickel(II) acetate with chiral Schiff base compound H₂L. The X-ray crystal structure analyses revealed that the core of the cube was formed by four Ni(II) ions and four alkoxide oxygen atoms at alternating corners. The temperature (2–300 K) dependent magnetic susceptibility indicates it possesses a system with predominant ferromagnetic interaction.     

A new two-dimensional manganese(II) coordination polymer with alternating double end-on and single end-to-end azido bridges: Crystal structure and magnetic properties

A new azido-bridged Mn(II) coordination polymer, [MnL(N₃)₂]n (1) (L = (E)-3-(dimethylamino)-1-(pyridin-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one), has been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, single crystal X-ray diffraction and magnetic measurement. X-ray analysis shows that complex 1 is a 2D network with (6, 3) layers, in which double end-on (EO) azido-bridged dimers are linked by single end-to-end (EE) azido bridges. Magnetic susceptibilities of 1 were measured under a magnetic field of 2 KOe applied over the temperature range 300–1.8 K. The analysis of magnetic data indicates that the EO- and EE-azido bridges mediate the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic exchange interactions, respectively, with the antiferromagnetic coupling between Mn(II) ions dominating the magnetic properties of 1.     

Magnetization reversal induced by Mn substitution in spinel chromite NiCr2O4

Polycrystalline Ni(Cr_1?xMn_x)₂O₄ (0.1 ≤ x ≤ 0.325) ceramic samples were studied through different protocols of dc magnetization measurements. The samples exhibit 2 kinds of magnetic compensation effects below the ferrimagnetic transition temperature T_C. Remarkable magnetization reversal is observed between the 2 compensation temperatures T_comp1 and T_comp2, which is regarded as arising from the negative exchange coupling between the 2 magnetic sublattices at different crystallographic sites. The magnetization is reversed at T_SR due to spin‐reorientation caused by magnetostructural coupling. The spin‐reorientation is supported by Mn substitution and T_SR is increased to 96 K when x reaches 0.325. However, it is suppressed due to the strong ionic site preference and thus the magnetization is slightly increased in the negative direction of the magnetic field. Near the 2 compensation temperatures, tunable magnetic switching effects can be obtained just by changing the magnitude of the applied magnetic field. Moreover, both normal and inverse magnetocaloric effects were also demonstrated.     

Synthesis of NiMn2O4 thin films via a simple solid-state reaction route

Herein, NiMn₂O₄ (MNO) spinel oxide thermistor films were synthesized on a SiO₂/Si substrate via annealing the electron beam evaporated Mn–Ni–Mn metal trilayers in air at different temperatures. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results indicate that polycrystalline spinel-structured MNO thermistor films were formed. The surface particle size of the series MNO films quickly reduced from ~300 to ~120 nm with a temperature increase from 650 to 750 °C, and then, slowly reduced to 80 nm or even smaller with a temperature increase from 750 to 950 °C. Specifically, 750 °C anneal formed the spinel MNO film with largest B value of 5067 and Ea value of 0.4366. The proposed synthesis route for MNO spinel oxide film has been proven to be feasible.     

Spin-canting in a 1D chain Mn(II) complex with alternating double end-on and double end-to-end azido bridging ligands

A new one-dimensional (1D) azido-bridged manganese(II) complex, [Mn(dpq)(N₃)₂]_n [dpq = dipyrido-(3,2-d:2′,3′-f)-quinoxaline] (1), was synthesized and characterized. Crystal structure study reveals that 1 contains a 1D manganese(II) chain bridged by alternating double end-to-end (EE) and double end-on (EO) azido ligands. The strong interchain π–π stacking interaction extends the structure into a 2D supramolecular array. The analysis of magnetic data indicates that the EO- and EE-azido bridges mediate the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic interactions, respectively. Interestingly, complex 1 exhibits a weak ferromagnetic property below 6 K probably due to spin canting.     

The dependence of magnetic properties on temperature for rare earth ErCrO3 chromites

Multiferroic ErCrO₃ was synthesized and the detailed magnetic as well as ferroelectric properties were investigated. The dc magnetization shows that ErCrO₃ undergoes a antiferromagnetic ordering at T_N = 133 K due to the Cr³⁺–Cr³⁺ followed by weak ferromagnetic ordering. Around T_SR ≈ 22 K, ErCrO₃ exhibits a spin reorientation from Γ₄ to Γ₁. And the stability of the ferromagnetic Γ₄ phase increases with the applied magnetic field increasing. Furthermore, at lower temperature, it shows weak antiferromagnetic ordering of Er³⁺. We also present the low temperature polarization data for ErCrO₃ and find a remarkable decreasing of polarization around T_N = 133 K on increasing temperature, this effect might be due to the coupling between magnetic and ferroelectric order parameters, and the magnetic field suppresses the polarization which demonstrates convincingly the strong magnetoelectric (ME) coupling in ErCrO₃.     

Characterizations of TiO2/SiO2/Ni–Cu–Zn Ferrite Composite for Magnetic Photocatalysts

The TiO₂/SiO₂/Ni–Cu–Zn ferrite composite for magnetic photocatalysts with high photocatalytic activity is successfully prepared in this study. The composite are composed of spherical or elliptical Ni–Cu–Zn ferrite nanoparticles about 20–60 nm as magnetic cores, silica as barrier layers with thickness of 15 nm between the magnetic cores and titania shells with thickness approximately 1.5 nm. Photodegradation examination of TiO₂/SiO₂/ Ni–Cu–Zn ferrite composite was carried out in methylene blue (MB) solutions illuminated under a Xe arc lamp with 35 W and color temperature of 6000 K. The results indicated that about 47.1% of MB molecules adsorbed on the TiO₂/SiO₂/Ni–Cu–Zn ferrite composite within 30 min mixing due to it higher pore volume of 0.034 cm³/g, and after 6 h Xe lamp irradiation, 83.9% of MB 16.1% was photodegraded. Compared with the TiO₂ /Ni–Cu–Zn ferrite composite, the TiO₂/SiO₂/Ni–Cu–Zn ferrite composite with silica barrier layer prohibited the photodissolution and enhanced the photocatalytic ability. The magnetic photocatalyst shows high photocatalytic efficiency that the apparent first‐order rate constant k_obs is 0.18427 h^?1, and good magnetic property that the saturation magnetization (M_s) of is 37.45 emu/g, suggesting the magnetic photocatalyst can be easily recovered by the application of an external magnetic field.     

Effect of indium substitution on the structure and magnetic characteristics of ternary iron-based nitrides

In this paper, the structure and magnetic behaviour of antiperovskite In_xFe_4-xN have been investigated systematically. The crystal lattice becomes larger and the Curie temperature decreases with increasing x. The magnetic state changes from a ferromagnetic to a glassy state. In addition, an obvious spin glass (SG) behaviour has been revealed in In_0.6Fe_3.4N (x = 0.6) with a freezing temperature of T₀ = 73 K, dynamical exponent of zν = 5.51, and flipping time of τ₀ = 4.26 × 10⁻¹¹ s. The origin of the SG behaviour in In_0.6Fe_3.4N may be attributed to atomic disorders at Wyckoff position 1a or ferromagnetic frustrations, or the both.