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1.
Muhammad Farooq Warsi Bushra Bashir Sonia Zulfiqar Muhammad Aadil Muhammad Usman Khalid Philips O. Agboola Imran Shakir Muhammad Asif Yousuf Muhammad Shahid 《Ceramics International》2021,47(4):5044-5053
The narrow optical band gap, higher electrical conductivity, and wider-absorption range are three key features that a good photocatalyst must possess. Herein, we have fabricated Cu-doped MnO2 (Mn1-xCuxO2) nanostructure by facile wet chemical approach and formed its nanocomposite with r-GO (Mn1-xCuxO2/r-GO) via ultra-sonication approach. The successful replacement of host metal ions (Mn4+) with the dopant metal ions (Cu2+) was supported with the PXRD, FT-IR, and EDX characterizations. The effect of Cu-doping on the band gap and r-GO matrix on the conductivity of the fabricated nanocomposite was also evaluated via Tauc plots and I–V tests, respectively. The photocatalytic efficiency of the fabricated photocatalysts was tested and compared against the methylene blue (MB) under visible light irradiation. The photocatalytic experiments revealed that Mn1-xCuxO2/r-GO photocatalyst exhibited superior photocatalytic aptitude than that of pristine MnO2 and Mn1-xCuxO2 photocatalysts. More precisely, the Mn1-xCuxO2 photocatalysts degraded 86.89% MB dye at the rate of 0.021 min?1 after a 90-min exposure to the visible light. Observed superior catalytic activity of the nanocomposite can be attributed to the synergistic effects between the Cu doped MnO2 and r-GO nanosheets that resulted in its narrow band-gap (2.19 eV) and excellent conductivity (2.217 × 10?2 Scm?1). 相似文献
2.
Weiwen Wang Hui Zhao Peng Pan Kang Xue Zisheng Zhang Jihai Duan 《Ceramics International》2021,47(5):6094-6104
In order to enhance the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 under visible light, Ag nanoparticles were introduced into tridoped B–C–N–TiO2 (TT) catalyst by photoreduction deposition. Ag/B–C–N–TiO2 (ATT) catalysts with the functions of reducing band gap and carrier recombination were prepared. At the same time, the effect of the amount of Ag on the photocatalytic performance of ATT catalyst was investigated. Through XRD, XPS, PL and other characterization methods, the (211)/(101)/Ag interface heterojunction mechanism similar to the traditional Z-scheme heterojunction was proposed. The intervention of Ag nanoparticles changed the P–N interface heterojunction between (211)/(101) to the (211)/(101)/Ag Z-scheme interface heterojunction. The results show that ATT catalyst exhibits the highest photocatalytic activity when the molar amount of Ag is 0.005% with the MB degradation rate of the ATT catalyst (0.01707 min?1), which is 14.59 times of TiO2 (0.00117 min?1) and 2.02 times of TT (0.00847 min?1). In addition, the four cycles efficiencies of ATT for MB degradation were all above 94.00%.This study reveals the possibility of construction of Z-scheme heterojunctions between precious metal nanoparticles and different interfaces of TiO2, and provides a reference for the construction of Z-scheme interface heterojunctions. 相似文献
3.
Sze-Mun Lam Jin-Chung Sin Abdul Rahman Mohamed 《Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering》2010,27(4):1109-1116
P25 powder embedded and TiO2 immobilized on activated carbon (TiO2-P25/AC) was prepared by P25 powder modified sol-gel and dip-coated method. The photocatalysts were characterized by XRD, BET, SEM and their photocatalytic activities were evaluated through phenol degradation in a fluidized bed photoreactor. The addition of P25 in the photocatalysts could significantly enhance the photocatalytic activity, and the optimum loading of P25 was 3 g L?1. The operating parameter results indicated that the optimum pH for phenol degradation was 5.2; the effect of air flow rate gave an optimal value of 2 L min?1; the increasing of UV light intensity led to an increase of degradation efficiency due to more photons absorbed on the surface of the photocatalyst. The kinetics of the phenol degradation fitted well with the Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetics model. Finally, the photocatalytic ability of TiO2-P25/AC was reduced only 10% after five cycles for phenol degradation. 相似文献
4.
Weihong Li Changsheng Guo Bin Su Jian Xu 《Journal of chemical technology and biotechnology (Oxford, Oxfordshire : 1986)》2012,87(5):643-650
BACKGROUND; In this study, simultaneous photocatalytic degradation of four fluoroquinolone (FQ) compounds (i.e. ofloxacin, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin) was investigated in TiO2 suspensions under simulated solar light irradiation. Effects of experimental variables including pH, TiO2 dosage, initial substrate concentration and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on the degradation processes were also investigated. RESULTS: The antibiotics degradation was pH‐influenced. The photocatalytic reaction followed the pseudo‐first‐order model, with reaction rate constants (k) 0.026, 0.027, 0.022 and 0.026 min?1 for ofloxacin, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin, respectively. Complete elimination of four FQs was achieved in a reaction system composed of 0.5 g L?1 of TiO2 and 82.5 mg L?1 of H2O2 at pH 6 after 90 min irradiation. Mineralization of FQs during TiO2 photocatalysis was slower than the FQs conversion, and the antibacterial activity of the four FQs was completely removed by TiO2 under simulated solar light irradiation. CONCLUSION: The four FQs can be simultaneously degraded and mineralized with commercially available TiO2 under simulated solar light irradiation. Microbiological analysis showed that the antibacterial activity of the four FQs was completely removed. These results are helpful for antibiotics removal in the environment, and for exploring new technology for wastewater treatment. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
5.
Preparation of aerochitin‐TiO2 composite for efficient photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue
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An aerochitin–titania (TiO2) composite was successfully synthesized and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and N2 adsorption isotherms. The photocatalytic activity of the composite was investigated on the degradation of the model organic pollutant, methylene blue (MB) dye, under UV irradiation. The aerochitin–TiO2 composite showed excellent adsorptive and photocatalytic activity with a degradation degree of 98% for MB. The first‐order rate constants for the photodegradation MB by TiO2 nanoparticles and aerochitin–TiO2 composite were found to be (3.49 ± 0.04) × 10?3 and (1.82 ± 0.02) × 10?2 min?1. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018 , 135, 45908. 相似文献
6.
S. Jagadeesh Babu V. Navakoteswara Rao Dharmapura H.K. Murthy Mahesh Shastri Murthy M Manjunath Shetty K.S. Anantha Raju Prasanna D. Shivaramu C.S. Ananda Kumar M.V. Shankar Dinesh Rangappa 《Ceramics International》2021,47(10):14821-14828
TiO2 is the extensively investigated materials for various photocatalytic reforming and water splitting. Superior stability towards photo-corrosion, appropriate band energy levels driving most photocatalytic reactions, and low-cost production are promising features of TiO2. However, a primary limitation with TiO2 is that it only absorbs ultraviolet light constituting less than 5% of the solar spectrum. In this work, we use a facile, low temperature, vacuum-free, and solution-route synthesis approach to rationally induce oxygen vacancy/Ti3+ defects to reduce the bandgap of TiO2 to 2.0 eV (3.2 eV for pristine white TiO2) to form brown TiO2 with enhanced visible-light absorption. The mechanism of defect formation is systematically deduced from the detailed investigation through Raman spectroscopy, spin-sensitive technique, high-resolution microscopy, and surface analysis. The brown TiO2 yielded 8.1 mmol h?1g?1cat H2 evolution without any cocatalyst under natural sunlight, which is a factor two higher than pristine (white) TiO2. To the best of our knowledge, the observed H2 evolution rate is the highest reported value under natural sunlight for any TiO2-based photocatalyst. This work demonstrates the applicability of brown TiO2 to fabricate large-area photocatalyst panels for the cost-effective production of solar H2. 相似文献
7.
Te‐Li Su Yu‐Lin Kuo Tsai‐Jung Wu Fu‐Chen Kung 《Journal of chemical technology and biotechnology (Oxford, Oxfordshire : 1986)》2012,87(1):160-164
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate improvement of the photocatalytic activity of visible‐light driven nitrogen‐modified TiO2 (N‐TiO2) powder toward methyl blue (MB) and direct blue‐86 (DB‐86) dyes. The Taguchi method with an L9 orthogonal array was applied to plan the synthesis parameters, i.e. nitrogen sources, nitrogen source concentrations, stirring time and calcined temperatures. 95% confirmation experiments were undertaken to verify the effectiveness of the Taguchi method. RESULTS: All N‐TiO2 photocatalysts were shifted toward the visible light region with the optical band gap (Eg). Nitrogen source concentrations were significant parameters for the photocatalytic decolorization rate constants (k values). In comparison with pure TiO2, the photodecolorization behavior of N‐TiO2 toward DB‐86 was superior with a reaction rate constant of 1.68 × 10?3 min?1, and a 4 h photodecolorization efficiency of 34%. CONCLUSION: The Taguchi method was reported to alter the surface properties of commercial Degussa P25 TiO2, which could then be used as a visible‐light driven photocatalyst. The visible‐light‐driven photocatalyst was investigated to determine material characteristics. Greater photodecolorization of MB and DB‐86 dye pollutants using optimally‐prepared N‐TiO2 under visible light irradiation was successfully obtained. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
8.
Yichuan Liao Changsheng Xie Yuan Liu Hao Chen Huayao Li Jun Wu 《Ceramics International》2012,38(6):4437-4444
In order to compare the photocatalytic properties of TiO2, ZnO and their composite in the gas phase pollutant environment, nanocomposite with different mole ratios of TiO2/ZnO were designed to degrade gaseous formaldehyde. The results showed that the rate constant of TiO2 for formaldehyde degradation was 0.05 min?1 which was two orders of magnitude larger than that of ZnO in our experiment. Through comprehensive analysis of UV–vis diffuse reflectance (UV–vis) spectra, photoluminescence spectra (PL) and energy band diagram, it was found that the differences of photocatalytic properties between ZnO and TiO2 may mainly originate from the increased recombination of photoinduced charges in ZnO. The photocatalytic properties of TiO2/ZnO composite for formaldehyde degradation were much worse than those of TiO2, while better than those of ZnO. The addition of a small amount of ZnO weakened the photocatalytic properties of TiO2. It may be attributed to that the recombination action of photoinduced electron–hole pairs in ZnO. 相似文献
9.
Yanfen Wang Miao Zhang Lulu Fang Haocheng Yang Yong Zuo Juan Gao Gang He Zhaoqi Sun 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》2019,102(7):4000-4013
A multifunctional Ag/TiO2/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) ternary nanocomposite was prepared by a one-step photochemical reaction with TiO2 and Ag nanoparticles successively deposited on reduced graphene oxide. The structure, morphology, composition, optical, and photoelectrochemical properties of Ag/TiO2/rGO were investigated in detail. Meanwhile, the ternary nanocomposite possessed much higher adsorption capacity to organic dyes compared with bare TiO2 and binary Ag/TiO2, which would help to its use for surface-enhanced Raman scattering detection and photocatalytic degradation. Due to the charge transfer between rGO and organic dyes and enhanced electromagnetic mechanism of Ag, Ag/TiO2/rGO nanocomposites as surface-enhanced Raman scattering substrates demonstrated dramatically improved sensitivity and good uniformity. The detection limit of rhodamine 6G (R6G) was as low as 10−9 mol/L, and the relative standard deviation values of the intensities remained below 5%. Most importantly, the synergistic coupling effect of three components extended the photoresponse range and accelerated separation of the electron-hole pairs, leading to greatly improved photocatalytic activity under simulated sunlight. The maximum rate constant (k, 0.06243 min−1) of Ag/TiO2/rGO was 50 and four times higher than that of TiO2 and Ag/TiO2, respectively. 相似文献
10.
Pure TiO2 and carbon quantum dots (CQDs)-doped TiO2 nanocomposite (CQDs/TiO2 nanocomposite) were prepared by a sol-gel approach for photocatalytic removal of Rhodamine B and cefradine. Analyses by Transmission electronmicroscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), UV–visible spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) confirmed the successful formation of CQDs/TiO2 heterostructure. The as-prepared TiO2 and CQDs/TiO2 composite possessed small particles, spherical-like shape, and anatase crystal form. Meanwhile, Rhodamine B and cefradine were chosen to evaluate the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 and CQDs/TiO2 composite. Results revealed that with the facile decoration of CQDs, the absorption of photocatalyst was extended into visible light region and photocatalytic activity was improved in comparison with pure TiO2. Furthermore, the mechanism for the improvement of the photocatalytic performance of the composites was discussed on the basis of the results. CQDs play an important role in the photocatalytic process, due to their superior ability to extend the visible absorption and produce more electrons and electron–hole pairs for the degradation of pollutants. In all, the paper offers further insights into the development of CQDs/TiO2 nanocomposite as photocatalyst for the degradation of antibiotics. 相似文献
11.
Amir Akbari Shorgoli 《Chemical Engineering Communications》2017,204(9):1061-1069
The purpose of this study is to appraise the photocatalytic degradation of imidacloprid pesticide in an aqueous solution. To this end, imidacloprid was degraded using TiO2 nanoparticles immobilized on a glass plate under UV light illumination. The effects of operational parameters (initial concentration of imidacloprid, pH, and light intensity) on the activity of TiO2 nanophotocatalyst and the kinetics of the reaction were investigated. The results indicated that TiO2 had impressive photocatalytic proficiency in the presence of UV-C light irradiation for the removal of imidacloprid from the aqueous solution. The highest efficiency for the removal of imidacloprid (R%?=?90.24) was obtained in the initial concentration of 20?mg?L?1 imidacloprid, pH?=?5, and light intensity of 17?W?m?2 after 180?min. The results of the mineralization studies represented a subtractive trend of total organic carbon (TOC) and an increase in the mineralization products during the reaction time. 相似文献
12.
《Ceramics International》2016,42(14):15861-15867
A visible light active photocatalyst, Ag/TiO2/MWCNT was synthesized by loading of Ag nanoparticles onto TiO2/MWCNT nanocomposite. The photocatalytic activity of Ag/TiO2/MWCNT ternary nanocomposite was evaluated for the degradation of methylene blue dye under UV and visible light irradiation. Ag/TiO2/MWCNT ternary nanocomposite exhibits (~9 times) higher photocatalytic activity than TiO2/MWCNT and (~2 times) higher than Ag/TiO2 binary nanocomposites under visible light irradiation. The enhancement in the photocatalytic activity is attributed to the synergistic effect between Ag nanoparticles and MWCNT, which enhance the charge separation efficiency by Schottky barrier formation at Ag/TiO2 interface and role of MWCNT as an electron reservoir. Effect of different scavengers on the degradation of methylene blue dye in the presence of catalyst has been investigated to find the role of photogenerated electrons and holes. Simultaneously, the Ag/TiO2/MWCNT shows excellent photocatalytic stability. This work highlights the importance of Ag/TiO2/MWCNT ternary nanocomposite as highly efficient and stable visible-light-driven photocatalyst for the degradation of organic dyes. 相似文献
13.
Hediyeh Khatibnezhad Fabian Ambriz-Vargas Fadhel Ben Ettouil Christian Moreau 《Journal of the European Ceramic Society》2021,41(1):544-556
To enhance the photocatalytic activity, sub-stoichiometric TiO2-x films were coated on stainless steel substrates by Suspension Plasma Spraying. Because the TiO2 particles are exposed to high temperature during deposition by plasma spray, TiO2-x coating are typically produced. To achieve different levels of oxygen vacancies, as-sprayed TiO2-x coatings were annealed at four different temperatures for 48 h in air. In this work, the degradation of methylene blue was performed to evaluate the photocatalytic activity under visible light. The results indicated that oxygen vacancy positively affects the photocatalytic activity of TiO2-x by introducing some energy levels into the bandgap of titania. Moreover, these energy levels could act as traps for photo-excited holes and electrons, reducing the recombination rate of charges, thus improving the photocatalytic activity under the visible lamp. Additionally, coatings were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, confocal laser microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and UV–vis spectroscopy. 相似文献
14.
A new type of photodegradable poly(vinyl chloride)‐bismuth oxyiodide/TiO2 (PVC‐BiOI/TiO2) nanocomposite film was prepared by embedding a nano‐TiO2 photocatalyst modified by BiOI into the commercial PVC plastic. The solid‐phase photocatalytic degradation behavior of the as‐prepared film was investigated in ambient air at room temperature under UV light irradiation, with the aid of UV‐Vis spectroscopy, weight loss monitoring, scanning electron microscopy, and FT‐IR spectroscopy. Compared to the PVC‐TiO2 nanocomposite film, the PVC‐BiOI nanocomposite film and the pure PVC film, the PVC‐BiOI/TiO2 nanocomposite film exhibited a higher photocatalytic degradation activity. The optimal mass ratio of BiOI to TiO2 was found to be 0.75 %. The weight loss rate of the PVC‐BiOI/TiO2 nanocomposite film reached 30.8 % after 336 h of irradiation, which is 1.5 times higher than that of the PVC‐TiO2 nanocomposite film under identical conditions. The solid‐phase photocatalytic degradation mechanism of the nanocomposite films was briefly discussed. 相似文献
15.
《Ceramics International》2022,48(12):16707-16714
The built-in electric field existing in heterojunction of hybrid photocatalyst is favorable to separate the photogenerated carriers in photocatalytic reaction. Besides, the electric field existing in the whole ferroelectric bulk can also effectively separate the photogenerated carriers. Here the catalytic reaction is enhanced through the enlarged electric field contributed by both p-n junction and the ferroelectric polarization. A new composite is prepared with the n-type single-crystal PbTiO3 nanoplate coated with the p-type NiO particles, and its photocatalytic degradation rate of RhB (0.253 min?1) is 4.71 times of pure PbTiO3 (0.0537 min?1) due to the contribution of p-n junction. In addition, the piezo-phototronic effect is applied to further enhance the photocatalytic performance. Under light and ultrasonic excitation, the screening effect of ferroelectric polarization can be broken by the alternating piezoelectric potential due to the periodic mechanical stress, and thus the reaction rate of piezo-photocatalytic degradation of RhB (0.461 min?1) is 1.82 times of photocatalytic reaction rate (0.253 min?1) for NiO@PbTiO3 composite and 3.34 times of the piezo-photocatalytic reaction rate for pure PbTiO3 (0.138 min?1). This work is helpful to clarify the piezo-photocatalytic mechanism and develop efficient photocatalysts. 相似文献
16.
Polymer/semiconductor oxide nanocomposite films have been intensively investigated for various applications. In this work, we reported a simple hydrothermal method to fabricate highly transparent poly(vinyl alcohol)/titanium dioxide (PVA/TiO2) nanocomposite films with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity. The as-prepared PVA/TiO2 nanocomposite films showed high optical transparency in the visible region even at a high TiO2 content (up to 40 wt.%). The determination of photocatalytic activity by photodegradation of methyl orange (MO) and colorless phenol showed that PVA/TiO2 nanocomposite films exhibited enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity and excellent recycle stability. This work provided new insights into fabrication of polymer/TiO2 nanocomposites as high performance photocatalysts in waste water treatment. 相似文献
17.
《Ceramics International》2023,49(7):10384-10394
A series of tin (Sn)-doped titania (TiO2) composites were prepared by electrospinning and then calcined at temperatures of 500 °C, 600 °C, and 700 °C. The morpho-structural and optical properties of the resulting composites were assesed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. In this way, the effect of the dopant amounts and calcination temperatures on the composition, morphology, band gap energy (Eg) of the prepared composites was established, as well as their photocatalytic activity towards ciprofloxacin (CIP) photodegradation. The kinetics of ciprofloxacin photodecomposition reactions was analyzed. Herein, it is reported that the nanostructured material based on ([1.5%]Sn:TiO2) sintered at 500 °C shows a remarkable photocatalytic activity with a removal efficiency of about 100% and a rate constant of 9.685 × 10?2 min?1. The photocatalytic stability of this material was evaluated by reusability tests with five cycles under identical conditions for CIP photodegradation. In-depth structural investigations were undertaken to explain this remarkable photocatalytic activity towards water decontamination. 相似文献
18.
Selective adsorption and degradation of rhodamine B with modified titanium dioxide photocatalyst
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Lanlan Bao Minjia Meng Kaiyong Sun Weibing Li Dexiang Zhao Huaming Li Minqiang He 《应用聚合物科学杂志》2014,131(20)
A new highly selective photocatalyst (RhB‐MIP/TiO2) was successfully prepared by surface molecular imprinting technique using rhodamine B (RhB) as template molecule. The adsorption kinetics show RhB‐MIP/TiO2 possessed fast adsorption rate, and adsorption behavior followed the pseudo‐second‐order kinetics. The static binding experiments revealed RhB‐MIP/TiO2 displayed strong affinity and high adsorption capacity for RhB. Moreover, the equilibrium adsorption rate of RhB‐MIP/TiO2 for RhB can be well fitted by the Langmuir isotherm model. The thermodynamics parameters indicated that the binding system of RhB‐MIP/TiO2 was endothermic and spontaneous. Compared with non‐imprinted photocatalyst (NIP/TiO2), RhB‐MIP/TiO2 exhibited excellent selectivity toward RhB, whose selectivity coefficient for RhB relative to rhodamine 6G (Rh6G) was 2.99. Selective photocatalytic degradation experiments indicated that the apparent rate constant for the photodegradation of RhB over RhB‐MIP/TiO2 is 0.0212 min?1, being 216% of that over NIP/TiO2 (0.0098 min?1). Therefore, RhB‐MIP/TiO2 exhibited higher photocatalytic selectivity toward RhB. The prepared photocatalyst RhB‐MIP/TiO2 has a promising perspective in industrial wastewater treatment. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 40890. 相似文献
19.
Fabielle C. Marques Maria Cristina Canela Alexandre M. Stumbo 《Topics in Catalysis》2017,60(15-16):1196-1209
Ru-MCM-41 molecular sieves were prepared (Si/Ru atomic ratio?=?50 or 100) by a hydrothermal method and impregnated with TiO2. The materials were characterized by XRD, N2 physisorption, DRS, SEM and TEM. Their potential application to hydrogen production by photolysis of water using solar light was tested in a batch reactor using mixtures of water and glycerol (0–6.85 mol L?1) at pH varying from 1 to 11. The photocatalytic efficiency under simultaneous UV (0.05 μW cm?2) and visible light (90.07 W m?2) irradiation was compared to the activity of TiO2/MCM-41 (i.e., no Ru incorporated) and commercial Degussa TiO2 P25. The most active material was 20%TiO2/Ru-MCM-41(100) whose performance (220.6 µmol gTi ?1 H2) was approximately 47 times higher than TiO2 P25. Characterization results showed the deposition of TiO2 and revealed the formation of RuO2 on the surface. Hydrogen generation was improved due to higher charge separation at the TiO2/RuO2 heterojunction and to the enhancement of visible light absorption caused by surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Hydrogen production increased with glycerol concentration, tending to stabilize around 40.3 µmol h?1 gTi ?1 above 4 mol L?1 of glycerol. Hydrogen generation reached its maximum at extreme values of pH (1 and 11). 相似文献
20.
《Ceramics International》2022,48(4):4953-4964
The pure TiO2 and lanthanum (La3+)-doped titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanofibers were synthesized by electrospinning method followed via calcination at different temperatures (from 400 °C to 700 °C). Structures of the nanofibers were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, TEM images and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The size of the nanofiber diameters was determined to be 129 and 101 nm, for pure TiO2 and (0.1%)La3+:TiO2 materials, respectively. The prepared nanofibers possess a crystalline structure, and wide distribution of the band-gaps, in the 2.867–3.210 eV range. Effects of La3+-dopant content, calcination temperature, and different doses of photocatalysts on the photodegradation efficiency were studied. The optimal level of La3+ and the optimal temperature of calcination were 0.1% La3+ and 600 °C, respectively. The photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (91%, with a rate constant of 2.179 × 10?2 min?1) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) (99.5%, with a rate constant of 1.981 × 10?2 min?1) pollutants was highest on the (0.1%)La3+:TiO2 annealed at 600 °C, after 300 min irradiation under visible light. This photocatalyst displayed sustainable efficiency for CIP degradation up to five consecutive uses. 相似文献