Separation and identification of carotenoids and their oxidation products in the extracts of human plasma.

Eighteen carotenoids as well as vitamin A and two forms of vitamin E (gamma- and alpha-tocopherol) have been separated from extracts of human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on reversed-phase and sillca-based nitrile-bonded columns. In the order of chromatographic elution on a C18 reversed-phase column, the carotenoids were identified as (3R,3'R,6'R)-beta, epsilon-carotene-3,3'-diol [(3R,3'R,6'R)-lutein], (3R,3'R)-beta, beta-carotene-3,3'-diol [(3R,3'R)-zeaxanthin], 5,6-dihydroxy-5,6-dihydro-psi,psi-carotene, 3-hydroxy-2',3'-didehydro-beta,epsilon-caroten-3-ol, 3-hydroxy-beta-carotene,psi,psi-carotene, 7,8-dihydro-psi,psi-carotene, beta,psi-carotene, 7,8,7',8'-tetrahydro-psi,psi-carotene, beta,epsilon-carotene, beta,beta-carotene, 7,8,11,12,7',8'-hexahydro-psi,psi-carotene, and 7,8,11,12,7',8'-11',12'-octahydro-psi,psi-carotene. The polar carotenoids, which eluted in the vicinity of lutein and were unresolved on the C18 column, have been separated on a nitrile-bonded column employing isocratic HPLC conditions. In the order of elution, the carotenoids were epsilon,epsilon-carotene-3,3'-dione, 3'-hydroxy-epsilon,epsilon-caroten-3-one, 5,6-dihydroxy-5,6-dihydro-psi,psi-carotene, 3-hydroxy-beta,epsilon-caroten-3'-one, (all-E,3R,3'R,6'R)-lutein, (all-E,3R,3'R)-zeaxanthin, and (all-E,3R,3'S,6'R)-beta,epsilon-carotene-3,3'-diol (3'-epilutein) followed by several geometrical isomers of lutein and zeaxanthin.     

Long-term leaching from MSWI air-pollution-control residues: leaching characterization and modeling

Long-term leaching of Ca, Fe, Mg, K, Na, S, Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, Mo, Sb, Si, Sn, Sr, Ti, V, P, Cl, and dissolved organic carbon from two different municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) air-pollution-control residues was monitored during 24 months of column percolation experiments; liquid-to-solid (L/S) ratios of 200-250L/kg corresponding to more than 10,000 years in a conventional landfill were reached. Less than 2% of the initially present As, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, and Sb had leached during the course of the experiments. Concentrations of Cd, Fe, Mg, Hg, Mn, Ni, Co, Sn, Ti, and P were generally bellow 1microg/L; overall less than 1% of their mass leached. Column leaching data were further used in a two-step geochemical modeling in PHREEQC in order to (i) identify solubility controlling minerals and (ii) evaluate their interactions in a water-percolated column system over L/S of 250L/kg. Adequate predictions of pH, alkalinity, and the leaching of Ca, S, Al, Si, Ba, and Zn were obtained in a simultaneous calculation. Also, it was suggested that removal of Ca and S together with depletion of several minerals apparently caused dissolution of ettringite-like phases. In turn, significant increase in leaching of oxyanions (especially Sb and Cr) was observed at late stage of leaching experiments.     

Distribution, correlation and risk assessment of selected metals in urban soils from Islamabad, Pakistan

Urban soil samples were analyzed for Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Pb, Sr and Zn by atomic absorption spectrophotometric method. Multivariate statistical approach was used to study the apportionment of selected metals in the soil samples during summer and winter. The degree of contamination along with the geoaccumulation index, enrichment factor and contamination factor was also evaluated. In water-extract of the soil samples, relatively higher levels were noted for Na, Ca, K, Fe, Mg, and Pb with average concentrations of 56.38, 33.82, 12.53, 7.127, 5.994, and 1.045 mg/kg during summer, while the mean metal levels during winter were 76.45, 38.05, 3.928, 0.627, 8.726, and 0.878 mg/kg, respectively. In case of acid-extract of the soils, Ca, Fe, Mg, Na, K, Mn and Sr were found at 27,531, 12,784, 2769, 999.9, 737.9, 393.5, and 115.1 mg/kg, during summer and 23,386, 3958, 3206, 254.6, 1511, 453.6, and 53.30 mg/kg, during winter, respectively. Most of the metals showed random distribution with diverse correlations in both seasons. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis revealed significant anthropogenic intrusions of Cd, Pb, Co, Cr, Cu, Li, Zn and Na in the soils. Geoaccumulation indices and contamination factors indicated moderate to heavy contamination for Pb and Cd in the soils, while enrichment factor exhibited significant enrichment (EF > 5) of Cd, Pb, Ca, Co, Li, Mn and Zn by anthropogenic activities. Overall, on the average basis, considerable degree of contamination (C_deg > 16) was observed in both seasons, although it was higher in winter. Present metal levels were also compared with those reported from other areas around the world.     

Partitioning behavior of trace elements during pilot-scale fluidized bed combustion of high ash content lignite

This study describes the partitioning of 20 trace elements (As, B, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, P, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, Tl, V, Zn) and eight major and minor elements (Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, Si, Ti) during the combustion of high ash content lignite. The experiments were carried out in the 0.3 MW(t) Middle East Technical University (METU) atmospheric bubbling fluidized bed combustor (ABFBC) test rig with and without limestone addition. Inert bed material utilized in the experiments was bed ash obtained previously from the combustion of the same lignite without limestone addition in the same test rig. Concentrations of trace elements in coal, limestone, bottom ash, cyclone ash and filter ash were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Partitioning of major and minor elements are influenced by the ash split between the bottom ash and fly ash and that the major proportion of most of the trace elements (As, Ba, Cr, Hg, Li, Mo, Ni, Sn, V, Zn) are recovered in fly ash. Limestone addition shifts the partitioning of Ba, Cr, Mo, Ni, Sn, V, Zn from bottom ash to fly ash.     

Determination of the major,minor, and trace element mass fractions in Iranian cement by INAA and WDXRF

The elemental composition of three different Iranian cement samples was determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis with the aim of quality control. The mass fractions for 4 major (Ca, Si, Fe, Al) and the 21 minor and trace elements (Mg, V, Mn, Na, As, La, Sb, Sm, U, Ba, Ce, Co, Cr, Eu, Hf, Sc, Sr, Th, Zn, S, K) were determined. X-ray fluorescence analysis was also used. The results obtained by both methods for Na, Mg, Fe, Ca, and Al are in good agreement. On the whole, the Iranian cement quality is quite acceptable according to national and international standards.     

Trace elements partitioning during co-firing biomass with lignite in a pilot-scale fluidized bed combustor

This study describes the partitioning of 18 trace elements (As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, P, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, Tl, V, Zn) and 9 major and minor elements (Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, S, Si, Ti) during co-firing of olive residue, hazelnut shell and cotton residue with high sulfur and ash content lignite in 0.3 MW(t) Middle East Technical University (METU) Atmospheric Bubbling Fluidized Bed Combustor (ABFBC) test rig with limestone addition. Concentrations of trace elements in coal, biomass, limestone, bottom ash, cyclone ash and filter ash were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission and mass spectroscopy (ICP-OES and ICP-MS). Partitioning of major and minor elements are influenced by the ash split between the bottom ash and fly ash and that the major proportion of most of the trace elements (As, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Tl, V and Zn) are recovered in fly ash when firing lignite only. Co-firing lignite with biomass enhances partitioning of these elements to fly ash. Co-firing also shifts the partitioning of Cd, P, Sb and Sn from bottom to fly ash.     

Patent information of the former USSR countries

The patent information currently available for the former USSR, EAPO, Russian Federation, Turkmenistan, Belarus, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Moldova, Armenia, Ukraine, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, the Baltic countries and Uzbekistan is described. It is a complicated scene, in terms of the extent and depth of coverage, the media employed (paper, CD, on-line), and the use of open access, charged INTERNET access and commercial databases.     

Evaluating the effect of green synthesised copper oxide nanoparticles on oxidative stress and mitochondrial function using murine model

Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles (NPs) has now received the attention of researchers due to ease of preparation and its potential to overcome hazards of these chemicals for an eco‐friendly milieu. In this study, copper oxide (CuO) NPs were synthesised via Desmodium gangeticum aqueous root extract and standard chemical method, further characterised by UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The nephrotoxicity of the NP obtained from two routes were compared and evaluated at subcellular level in Wistar rat, renal proximal epithelial cells (LLC PK1 cell lines) and isolated renal mitochondria. CuO NP synthesised by chemical route showed prominent nephrotoxicity measured via adverse cytotoxicity to LLC PK1 cells, elevated renal oxidative stress and damage to renal tissue (determined by impaired alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, urea, uric acid and creatinine in the blood). However, at the level of cell organelle, CuO NP from both routes are non‐toxic to mitochondrial functional activity. The authors’ finding suggests that CuO NP synthesised by chemical route may induce nephrotoxicity, but may be overcome by co‐administration of antioxidants, as it is not mito‐toxic.Inspec keywords: cellular biophysics, scanning electron microscopy, toxicology, nanomedicine, oxidation, nanoparticles, enzymes, blood, visible spectra, X‐ray diffraction, biochemistry, nanofabrication, antibacterial activity, ultraviolet spectra, copper compounds, Fourier transform infrared spectra, molecular biophysics, thermal analysis, biological tissuesOther keywords: green synthesised copper oxide nanoparticles, murine model, metal nanoparticles, chemicals, eco‐friendly milieu, copper oxide NPs, standard chemical method, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, subcellular level, renal proximal epithelial cells, LLC PK1 cell lines, renal mitochondria, renal tissue, cell organelle, mitochondrial functional activity, UV‐visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nephrotoxicity, renal oxidative stress, Desmodium gangeticum aqueous root extract, thermogravimetric analysis, Wistar rat, cytotoxicity, impaired alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, urea, uric acid, creatinine, blood, CuO     

Toxicity of copper oxide nanoparticles: a review study

Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) use has exponentially increased in various applications (such as industrial catalyst, gas sensors, electronic materials, biomedicines, environmental remediation) due to their flexible properties, i.e. large surface area to volume ratio. These broad applications, however, have increased human exposure and thus the potential risk related to their short‐ and long‐term toxicity. Their release in environment has drawn considerable attention which has become an eminent area of research and development. To understand the toxicological impact of CuO NPs, this review summarises the in‐vitro and in‐vivo toxicity of CuO NPs subjected to species (bacterial, algae, fish, rats, human cell lines) used for toxicological hazard assessment. The key factors that influence the toxicity of CuO NPs such as particle shape, size, surface functionalisation, time–dose interaction and animal and cell models are elaborated. The literature evidences that the CuO NPs exposure to the living systems results in reactive oxygen species generation, oxidative stress, inflammation, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and immunotoxicity. However, the physio‐chemical characteristics of CuO NPs, concentration, mode of exposure, animal model and assessment characteristics are the main perspectives that define toxicology of CuO NPs.Inspec keywords: catalysts, nanofabrication, reviews, oxidation, toxicology, gas sensors, cellular biophysics, copper compounds, nanoparticles, biochemistryOther keywords: copper oxide nanoparticles, environmental remediation, short‐ term toxicity, long‐term toxicity, human cell lines, CuO NPs exposure, physiochemical characteristics, mode of exposure, animal model, ssessment characteristics, toxicology, time‐dose interaction, oxidative stress, inflammation, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, immunotoxicity, toxicological hazard assessment, algae species, bacterial species, fish, rats, CuO     

Evaluation of the effect of time on the distribution of zinc oxide nanoparticles in tissues of rats and mice: a systematic review

To evaluate the time effect on the distribution of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) in tissues from rats and mice, a search on the PubMed, Embase, SpringerLink, Scopus, Science Direct, Cochrane, CNKI, Wanfang, and vip databases up to September 2014 was performed, followed by screening, data extraction, and quality assessment. Thirteen studies were included. At 24 h, Zn content was mainly distributed in the liver, kidney, and lung. At ≥7 days, Zn content was mainly distributed in the liver, kidney, lung, and brain. ZnO NPs are readily deposited in tissues. Furthermore, as time increases, Zn content decreases in the liver and kidney, but increases in the brain.Inspec keywords: nanoparticles, zinc compounds, II‐VI semiconductors, wide band gap semiconductors, biological tissues, lung, liver, brain, kidney, toxicology, biology computingOther keywords: time effect, zinc oxide nanoparticles distribution, rat tissues, mice tissues, PubMed, Embase, SpringerLink, Scopus, Science Direct, Cochrane, CNKI, Wanfang, vip databases, screening, data extraction, quality assessment, Zn content, liver, kidney, lung, brain, time 24 h, ZnO     

发泡金属的开发、性质及应用(Ⅱ)──发泡金属的性质及应用

系统介绍了发泡金属的力学性能、能量吸收性、耐火阻焰性、导热性、导电性、电磁屏蔽性、渗透性等性质。综述了它们在能量吸收器、消音器、过滤器、阻焰器、加热及热交换器、结构材料、催化剂及催化剂载体、多孔电极、电磁屏蔽材料、二次电池的极板材料以及由其制成的复合材料等方面的用途，展示了发泡金属的应用前景     

杭州市大气悬浮颗粒PM_(2.5)污染状况及化学组成特征分析

为了解杭州市大气悬浮颗粒物PM2.5污染状况及化学组成特征,2006年在杭州市内布设2个监测点位,按季节进行采样,并对悬浮颗粒物PM2.5中20种元素进行定量研究。结果表明:杭州市区大气中悬浮颗粒物PM2.5的年均质量浓度值为77.5μg/m3,其中S、Si、Ca、K等元素年平均质量浓度大于1.0μg/m3。元素Si、Al、Fe、Mg、V、K、Na、Ti、Mn、Ca、P、Cr、Ni主要来源于地壳,而元素Cl、Cu、Zn、Pb、As、Br、S、Se等主要来源于人为排放源。     

Survey of Experimental Data of Thermophysical Properties for Difluoromethane (HFC-32)

A survey of experimental data for HFC-32 was prepared at the Institute of Thermomechanics in connection with planned experiments. In tabular form, surveys of thermodynamic, transport, and other property measurements, including pvT behavior, second virial coefficient, vapor pressure, saturation densities, critical parameters, heat capacities, speed of sound, thermal conductivity, viscosity, surface tension, refractive index, dielectric constant, and dipole moment, are presented. Tables include author)s) name(s), reference, year of publication, ranges of measurements, number of points, stated uncertainty, sample purity, and experimental method.     

Determination of Microelements in Oil by Combined Sample Preparation Technique

The determination of a wide spectrum of microelements in four oil samples from the Arlanskoye, Labaganskoye, Priobskoye, and Romashkinskoye oil fields of the Russian Federation by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is described. The following two techniques have been used for the sample preparation: microwave decomposition of oil for determination of Be, Na, Mg, Al, S, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Se, Rb, Sr, Zr, Mo, Cs, Ba, W, Re, and U; and extraction concentrating with rotating helix columns (RHC) for determination of Nb, Ru, Rh, Ag, Cd, Sb, Te, Hf, Ir, Pt, Te, and rare earth elements. Concentrating of the oil microelements with RHC has been shown to result in significant improvement of the ICP-MS detection limits.     

Performance study of diffusive gradients in thin films for 55 elements

The technique of diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) is a fairly new and useful tool for in situ measurements of labile metal ions in water. The applicability of DGTs was investigated by comparing independently determined or estimated diffusion coefficients with DGT effective diffusion coefficients (D(DGT)) for 55 elements. The DGTs were exposed at a controlled fluid velocity of 0.1 m s(-1) and a concentration of 1 ng mL(-1) at four pH levels between 4.7 and 6.0, and the D(DGT) values were determined from the uptake by the sampler. The measured D(DGT) values for the elements Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Al, Mn, and Ga were close to previously published values with some deviations for Pb and Zn. The uptake of V, Cr, Fe, U, Mo, Ti, Ba, and Sr varied with pH, and there were some experimental problems that require further investigations. A novel set of D(DGT) values for the lanthanides (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Tb, Yb, Lu, Y) was established. The D(DGT) values for these were about 10-15% lower than for free ions in water and indicate that diffusion coefficients of metal ions in the agarose polyacrylamide diffusive hydrogel are 10-15% lower than in water. The high consistency of the data for the lanthanides establishes these elements as new performance test metals for the DGT sampler. The accumulation of the elements Li, Na, K, Rb, Mg, Ca, B, Tl, P, S, As, Bi, Se, Si, Sn, Sb, Te, Zr, Nb, Hf, Ta, W, Th, and Ag was low (D(DGT) lower than 10% of theoretical values). A more efficient elution procedure using concentrated nitric acid for the absorbent gel was established, with elution efficiencies between 95 and 100% for most metals. For deployment times of 24 h, detection limits from 0.001 to 1 ng mL(-1) were achieved with moderate precautions to prevent contamination.     

高强度高模量玻璃纤维特性与应用

与传统E玻璃纤维相比,高强度高模量玻璃纤维在拉伸强度、弹性模量、抗冲击性能、耐高温性能、耐腐蚀性能、电绝缘性和介电性能等方面都具有明显优势,可广泛地应用于航空航天、国防军事、风力发电、交通运输、体育休闲、压力容器、建筑工程、管道、环境处理、石油、机械等许多领域,成为本行业研究与开发的热点和重点.     

低温容器应用进展及发展前景（三）

综述了低温容器在航天、航空、机械、电子、地质矿产、冶金、建设、环保、交通、农业、卫生、食品、能源、化工、科技等部门的应用现状 ,展望了未来发展前景。     

Prediction of Joule-Thomson inversion curves for pure fluids and one mixture by molecular simulation

The predictive power of a set of molecular models, which have been adjusted to vapor-liquid equilibria only, is validated. For that purpose, Joule-Thomson inversion curves were determined by molecular simulation for 15 pure fluids, i.e. argon, methane, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, ethylene, carbon monoxide, R11, R23, R41, R124, R125, R134a, R143a, R152a, and for air. Comparison of the simulation results with reference equations of state shows an excellent agreement.     

Biofabrication of silver nanoparticles using bacteria from mangrove swamp

The last decade has observed a rapid advancement in utilising biological system towards bioremediation of metal ions in the form of respective metal nanostructures or microstructures. The process may also be adopted for respective metal nanoparticle biofabrication. Among different biological methods, bacteria‐mediated method is gaining great attention for nanoparticle fabrication due to their eco‐friendly and cost‐effective process. In the present study, silver nanoparticle (AgNP) was synthesised via continuous biofabrication using Aeromonas veronii, isolated from swamp wetland of Sunderban, West Bengal, India. The biofabricated AgNP was further purified to remove non‐conjugated biomolecules using size exclusion chromatography, and the purified AgNPs were characterised using UV–visible spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Additionally, the presence of proteins as capping and stabilising agents was confirmed by the amide‐I and amide‐II peaks in the spectra obtained using attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The size of biofabricated AgNP was 10–20 nm, as observed using TEM. Additionally, biofabricated AgNP shows significant antibacterial potential against E. coli and S. aureus. Hence, biofabricated AgNP using Aeromonas veronii, which found resistant to a significant concentration of Ag ion, showed enhanced antimicrobial activity compared to commercially available AgNP.Inspec keywords: silver, nanoparticles, microorganisms, nanofabrication, purification, chromatography, ultraviolet spectra, visible spectra, X‐ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, proteins, molecular biophysics, biochemistry, molecular configurations, attenuated total reflection, Fourier transform infrared spectra, particle size, antibacterial activity, biomedical materials, nanomedicineOther keywords: capping agents, stabilising agents, amide‐I peaks, amide‐II peaks, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, antibacterial potential, E. coli, S. aureus, Aeromonas veronii, antimicrobial activity, size 10 nm to 20 nm, Ag, proteins, TEM, transmission electron microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, UV‐visible spectroscopy, size exclusion chromatography, nonconjugated biomolecules, purification, swamp wetland, Aeromonas veronii, cost‐effective process, eco‐friendly, bacteria‐mediated method, biological methods, metal nanoparticle biofabrication, microstructures, metal nanostructures, metal ions, bioremediation, biological system, mangrove swamp, bacteria, silver nanoparticles     

Biomimetic synthesis of AgNPs from Penicillium chrysogenum strain FGCC/BLS1 by optimising physico‐cultural conditions and assessment of their antimicrobial potential

Biomimetic synthesis of metal nanoparticles (NPs) is safe and eco‐friendly; therefore, find diverse applications. Considering this, the soil fungi Penicillium chrysogenum strain Fungal germplasm collection centre/ BLS1 was isolated, characterized and explored to synthesize extracellular silver NPs (AgNPs) under optimised conditions. The synthesis of AgNPs was investigated using ultraviolet (UV)–visible spectroscopy, Fourier‐transform infra‐red spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis. Process optimisation exhibited AgNPs synthesis within 8 h using 2 mM AgNO3 at pH 11 and temperature 70°C. TEM analysis revealed polydispersed ellipsoidal shaped AgNPs with average particle size 96.8 nm as measured by DLS. AgNPs showed negative zeta potential that confers surface stability in solution. FTIR spectra confirmed the presence of protein bound to AgNPs. Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus by the AgNPs (100 ppm) was demonstrated by counting colony forming unit, disc diffusion, and growth kinetics assay. Additionally radial assay revealed antifungal activity of AgNPs (100 ppm) against phytopathogenic fungi Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Microbial type culture collection 8785. Furthermore, AgNPs (100 ppm) did not show any cytotoxic effects on human Red blood cells. Therefore, this novel fungal strain can be utilised for biofabrication of AgNPs under optimised conditions and have shown strong antimicrobial property.Inspec keywords: biomimetics, silver, nanoparticles, particle size, nanofabrication, nanomedicine, microorganisms, biomedical materials, antibacterial activity, light scattering, cellular biophysics, ultraviolet spectra, visible spectra, Fourier transform infrared spectra, transmission electron microscopy, pH, electrokinetic effects, proteins, molecular biophysics, biochemistry, reduction (chemical), biodiffusion, reaction kinetics, bloodOther keywords: biomimetic synthesis, physicocultural conditions, antimicrobial potential assessment, metal nanoparticles, soil fungi Penicillium chrysogenum strain FGCC/BLS1, extracellular silver NPs, ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FTIR, transmission electron microscope, TEM, dynamic light scattering, process optimisation, Ag nitrate, pH, absorbance, polydispersed ellipsoidal shaped AgNPs, particle size, DLS, mycosynthesised AgNPs, negative zeta potential, surface stability, protein component, reducing agent, antibacterial activity, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, disc diffusion, colony forming unit counting, growth kinetics assay, radial assay, antifungal activity, phytopathogenic fungi Sclerotinia sclerotiorum MTCC 8785, RBC haemolysis assay, temperature 70 degC, Ag