The short-term and creep mechanical behaviour of clayey soil-geocomposite drainage layer interfaces subjected to environmental loadings

In this paper, to investigate the impact of environmental loadings on the short-term and creep mechanical characteristics of different types of clayey soil-Geocomposite Drainage Layers (GDL) interfaces, a series of rapid loading and creep shear tests were conducted on Mercia Mudstone Clay-GDL interfaces and Kaolin Clay-GDL interfaces subjected to drying-wetting cycles, thermal cycles and elevated temperature, etc, using a bespoke temperature and stress-controlled large direct shear apparatus. The experimental results indicate that, compared with the original specimens, the interfaces subjected to drying-wetting cycles, thermal cycles and elevated temperature, have lower peak shear strength and creep shear resistance. For example, under 25 kPa normal stress, the peak shear strength of original Mercia Mudstone Clay-GDL interfaces and Kaolin Clay-GDL interfaces falls by 11.91% and 10.11%, respectively, when subjected to 1 drying-wetting cycle. This can be ascribed to the weakening of interlocking effects and skin friction between soil and GDL caused by the softening of drainage core and geotextile fibres of GDL. The peak shear strength of clayey soil-GDL interfaces subjected to one drying-wetting cycle is lower than that subjected to one thermal cycle because of the reduction in the peak shear strength of clayey soil above GDL during drying-wetting cycles. The impact of drying alone on the decrease in the peak shear strength of clayey soil-GDL interfaces during drying cycles with heating is small, and the main influence factor is the elevated temperature.     

测定粮食内摩擦角的直剪仪研制

分析了直剪试验原理和部分大型直剪仪的研究现状,详细介绍了用于测定粮食内摩擦角直剪仪的设计原理和结构组成,以全面比较分析剪切速率对粮食物料内摩擦角的影响。     

非饱和土固结仪和直剪仪的研制及应用

研制出国内第一台非饱和土固结仪和第一台非饱和土直剪仪。这两种仪器都采用内置荷载传感器和数据自动采集,既可控制竖向压力,又可控制基质吸力。非饱和土直剪仪备有15档剪切速率。做了三组直剪试验和两组固结试验,对原状黄土的变形、强度和水量变化特性取得了一些初步认识。     

土工格栅–土体界面特性大型直剪试验研究

土工格栅与土体的界面特性直接影响了加筋土工程的安全和稳定性,土工格栅两侧为不同材料的界面特性研究还较少。采用双向土工格栅为加筋材料,对其两侧分别为不同含水率粉质黏土及不同粒径石英砂的界面特性开展一系列的大型室内直剪试验,分析法向应力、粉质黏土含水率、剪切速率、石英砂粒径及粉质黏土压实系数等因素对土工格栅–土体界面抗剪强度的影响。结果表明:土工格栅–土体界面抗剪强度与法向应力呈线性相关,符合莫尔–库仑理论;粉质黏土含水率的变化对土工格栅–土体界面抗剪强度有较大的影响,在最优含水率时其界面抗剪强度指标最高;剪切速率的大小和石英砂的粒径变化对土工格栅–土体界面的抗剪强度有一定的影响,其影响范围分别在±10%和±7%内;粉质黏土压实度的增加能有效增加界面抗剪强度,压实系数越高,其提高幅度越大。这些影响应在工程应用中适当考虑。     

Analysis of cyclic shear characteristics of reinforced soil interfaces under cyclic loading and unloading

The cyclic properties of geosynthetic soil interface are crucial for reinforced soil structures subject to seismic loading. A series of cyclic direct tests under cyclic normal loading was conducted on geogrid-gravel interface. The relationship among the amplitudes of cyclic normal loading and shear displacement and frequencies in the horizontal and vertical directions with interface shear strength and volume change was investigated. Test results showed that the relative time shift, shear stiffness, and enhance coefficient increased with increasing amplitude of cyclic normal loading. The interface exhibited shear hardening and softening with increasing amplitude of shear displacement. The vertical displacement decreased with increasing amplitude of cyclic normal loading but increased with increasing amplitude of shear displacement. Furthermore, three patterns were analysed for different frequencies in two loading directions. The value of vertical displacement was largest when the normal loading impact frequency was larger than the cyclic horizontal shear frequency, and smallest at equal frequencies in two loading directions. The shear stiffness was positively correlated with the amplitude of cyclic normal loading. However, it was negatively correlated with the amplitude of shear displacement. The value of the damping ratio was smallest under constant normal loading at a shear displacement amplitude of 0.5 mm.     

Development of an automated servo-controlled direct shear apparatus applying a constant normal stiffness condition

Correct assessment of the shear strength of rock joints is essential for several rock-engineering projects. The shear behavior of rock joints is usually investigated in the laboratory using a direct shear apparatus, wherein the forces or stresses acting normal to the direction of shear displacement are maintained constant during the shear process. However, this apparatus may be quite inappropriate for situations in which the normal stress on the joint surfaces changes considerably during the shear process. In the present study, an automated servo-controlled direct shear apparatus and computer control system have been developed to automatically accommodate the change in normal stress with dilation under the constant normal stiffness (CNS) boundary condition. A new LabVIEW-based system is used to described the performance of instrument control, data acquisition and storage operations of the new apparatus. The results of the shear tests conducted using the artificially prepared joint specimens show that the normal stiffness has a significant influence on the mechanical behavior of joints during the shear process.     

直剪试验与三轴试验的对比探讨

介绍了直剪试验与三轴试验的仪器设备及方法，通过对两种不同试验方法及结果的对比，指出三轴试验结果更接近土的实际理论值，数据更安全可靠，为岩土工程师使用抗剪强度指标提供了依据。     

Effect of shearing rate on the behavior of geogrid-reinforced railroad ballast under direct shear conditions

A series of large-scale direct shear tests were conducted to investigate the behavior of unreinforced and geogrid-reinforced ballast at different rates of shearing. Fresh granite ballast with an average particle size (D₅₀) of 42?mm and five geogrids having different aperture shapes and sizes was used in this study. Tests were performed at different normal stresses (σ_n) ranging from 35?kPa to 140?kPa and at different rates of shearing (S_r) ranging from 2.5 to 10.0?mm/min. The laboratory test results revealed that the shear strength of ballast was significantly influenced by the rate of shearing. The internal friction angle of ballast (φ) was found to decrease from 66.5° to 58° when the shearing rate (S_r) was increased from 2.5 to 10.0?mm/min. It is further observed that the interface shear strength has improved significantly when the ballast was reinforced with geogrids. The interface efficiency factor (α), defined as the ratio of the shear strength of the interface to the internal shear strength of ballast, varies from 0.83 to 1.06. The sieve analysis of samples after the testing reveals that a significant amount of particle breakage occurs during shearing. The value of breakage, evaluated in terms of Marsal's breakage index (B_g), increases from 5.12 to 13.24% with an increase in shearing rates from 2.5 to 10.0?mm/min. Moreover, the influence of aperture shape and size of geogrid on the behavior of ballast-geogrid interfaces was also examined in this study.     

粗粒土与结构接触面三维力学特性的直剪试验研究

运用80t三维多功能土工试验机,对粗粒土与人造粗糙钢板接触面的三维力学特性进行试验研究,包括常法向应力条件下单调剪切试验(法向应力σ=200kPa、400kPa、700kPa、1000kPa)及十字、单向圆形和往返圆形路径下循环剪切试验(σ=400kPa)。结果表明:在单调和循环剪切时接触面均产生了明显的剪切体变,循环剪切时可分为遵循不同规律的可逆和不可逆两部分;不同剪切路径下接触面切向应力-应变关系曲线有很大差别,但主剪应力-主切向位移关系类似;随循环剪切的进行,接触面在逐渐剪切硬化,主剪应力-主切向位移曲线形式均由双曲线形式向理想弹塑性模式转变;接触面抗剪强度具有各向同性,其与法向应力关系符合摩尔-库伦准则;法向应力对接触面单调力学特性影响显著,剪切路径对其循环力学特性(剪切体变、切向应力-应变关系及破坏状态等)有重要影响。     

大型斜面剪切仪的研制和试验

位于垃圾填埋场斜坡上的衬垫结构在垂直应力作用下沿斜坡滑移的剪切状态与底坡上衬垫结构的不同,为了模拟斜坡上衬垫结构间剪切特性,研制了斜面剪切仪。通过对标准砂和黏土的大型斜面和普通直剪剪切试验,发现两种试验得到的标准砂和黏土剪切应力位移特性基本相同,强度指标也相同。在此基础上,进行了光面HDPE土工膜与黏土复合衬垫界面斜面剪切试验,得到的剪应力与正应力比-位移曲线均有峰值和峰值后的软化现象。斜面剪切试验的特点是能够得到剪切面上法向应力和剪切应力同时增加的变化规律,可以揭示更详细的剪切特征,这有利于分析剪切过程中剪切面上法向应力和剪切应力的特性,如剪切面上法向应力和剪切应力变化规律以及剪切面上法向应力和剪切应力比的变化规律。     

宜兴抽水蓄能电站上库堆石料的新型现场直剪试验

介绍了一种适用于大颗粒堆石材料的新型现场直剪试验法。该试验法用链条张拉剪切框使试样受剪,克服了剪切框内壁摩擦对剪切面上正应力的影响,从而能精确地测定出试样的抗剪强度。该试验法在日本应用于多个工程,江苏宜兴抽水蓄能电站上库工程中属于国内首次应用,取得了满意的结果。     

桥面防水层专用剪切仪的研发及应用

介绍了一种现场和实验室两用、检剥桥面防水层抗剪性能的专用仪器．包括结构、工作原理、功能、操作步骤、控制系统软硬件以及数据处理方法。     

基于大型直剪试验的土石混合体颗粒破碎特征研究

土石混合体剪切时存在细观上的颗粒破碎现象,并对其宏观力学性质产生影响。基于此,以4种含水率的土石混合体为研究对象,通过室内大型直剪试验和筛分试验,分析土石混合体剪切后的颗粒破碎特征,并建立细观颗粒破碎与宏观力学性质的联系,从而加深对宏观力学性质的认识。研究结果表明:土石混合体剪切后的颗粒破碎较明显,可分为完全剪断型、表面破裂型和表面研磨型3类;颗粒破碎细观上表现为粗粒组含量降低、细粒组含量增加、中等粒组含量波动变化,统计上表现为级配曲线上移,宏观上表现为低含水率出现应变软化破坏、高含水率出现应变硬化破坏、中等含水率出现塑性应变破坏、剪应力–剪切位移曲线"跳跃"和强度非线性特征,本质上是颗粒间接触力作用产生应力集中的结果;颗粒相对破碎率随着含水率的降低或法向压力的增大而增大;黏聚力和内摩擦角均随着含水率的增大而呈幂函数规律降低。     

土工合成材料大型直剪界面作用宏细观研究

利用大型直剪模型试验设备，在不同竖向压力下进行一系列的土工合成材料直剪试验，应用数码可视化跟踪技术，结合土体变形无标点量测技术来研究双向土工格栅与砂土直剪界面作用的宏细观特性，同时分析界面附近土压力分布规律，并研究界面颗粒运动变化规律和细观组构演化特征与宏观特性的关联。分析结果表明，直剪筋土界面附近竖向压力分布从前端依次向后端减少；直剪界面位移达25 mm时，形成了稳定的剪应变集中带；在筋土界面（6～8）D₅₀粒径厚度范围内，界面颗粒以旋转和平动方式同时位移，该范围外颗粒以平动方式沿剪切方向位移，且位移较小；在剪切过程中，界面颗粒发生旋转，土体发生剪胀，孔隙率增大，平均接触数减小，颗粒重新被压密，孔隙率减小，平均接触数增多，颗粒长轴排列趋于水平方向，各细观组构处于相对稳定状态。     

梯形试体三向千斤顶直剪试验法

介绍一种研究岩体软弱结构面抗剪强度的新的试验方法---梯形试体三向千斤顶直剪试验法。工程实践证明 ,新方法是可行的 ,对类似工程地质条件下的抗剪强度研究具有参考价值     

劲性钢筋混凝土开洞低剪力墙拟静力试验研究

本文进行了10榀劲性钢筋混凝土开洞低剪力墙在低周反复荷载作用下的试验研究。结果表明,劲性钢筋混凝土低剪力墙延性相对较好,滞回曲线丰满,并有较强的塑性变形能力和耗能能力,承载力也有较大的提高。门窗洞口的存在对试件承载力有一定的削弱,但对延性和耗能能力则有一定的提高。采用劲性钢筋混凝土结构可有效地提高低剪力墙的抗震性能。     

直剪剪切速率对粗粒土强度与变形特性的影响

土体的强度和变形对路基及边坡的稳定性具有控制作用,为分析剪切速率对粗粒土抗剪强度和变形特性的影响,基于THE-1000型室内大型直剪仪,对不同剪切速率下粗粒土的强度和变形特性进行试验研究。试验数据表明：不同剪切速率时的剪应力-剪切位移曲线均呈应变软化型;剪切速率为小于5 mm/min时,粗粒土强度理论公式拟合相关系数比较理想;随剪切速率的增加,内摩擦角有减小的趋势,约在27.8°～22.8°内变化,咬合力在90.3～112.2 kPa范围内振动变化;颗粒破碎率和最大垂直变形随着剪切速率减小或垂直压力增加而增大,即剪切速率越小越容易发生剪缩;剪切速率小而抗剪强度高的本质原因是：破碎后的细颗粒填充了由粗颗粒构成的土骨架孔隙,造成试样的密实度增加。     

初始剪应力下剪切方向角对软黏土软化特性的影响

 边坡、挡土墙等结构中的土体一般存在初始剪应力的作用,同时在地震、波浪等动荷载作用下,土体的初始剪应力与动荷载之间往往会存在一定的夹角。为了研究初始剪应力与循环荷载之间的夹角(剪切方向角)对土体软化指数的影响,采用多向循环单剪仪对温州软黏土进行一系列的循环单剪试验研究。研究结果表明,在特定剪切方向角下,随着循环应力比rc的增加,软化指数?逐渐降低,且在相同软化指数条件下,相邻循环应力比对应的循环圈数相差的幅度逐渐减小;循环应力比一定时,当剪切方向角在0°～90°范围内增加时,软化指数依次递增,当90°＜θ≤180°时,软化指数的变化趋势与0°～90°时相反;循环应力比rc = 0.15时,在加载初期,θ = 120°,150°,180°时,软化指数均分别较θ = 60°,30°,0°时大。对试验数据进行回归分析,建立土体的软化指数模型和孔压–软化模型。     

基于正交设计的复杂环境下土石混填体大型直剪试验研究

为了更加系统、全面的研究土石混填体处于复杂环境时的强度特性,综合考虑含水率、浸泡时间、干湿循环、含石量、岩性与土性等因素,采用美国Geotest公司生产的大型直剪仪,并基于正交设计方法开展了一系列土石混填体室内大型直剪试验研究,进而确定出了不同因素对土石混填体抗剪强度有何影响及影响程度,为此类受多因素、多水平影响的试验研究探讨出了一种新的思路。试验结果表明：土石混填体抗剪强度主要源于内部石料间的相互嵌入、咬合及摩擦等作用;含石量是影响土石混填体强度特性最主要的因素,随着试样中含石量的增加其内摩擦角近似呈线性增加;对于试验中所涉及的3种水作用环境,含水率对土石混填体抗剪强度的影响最为显著,且含水率对其剪应力-剪切位移关系曲线亦存在非常重要的影响,相比之下,浸泡时间与干湿循环对试样抗剪强度影响较弱,且试样在浸泡48 h或干湿循环4次后其抗剪强度基本不会再继续弱化;当试样中含石量≥55%时,其抗剪强度受岩性影响较为明显。     

UHPC键齿湿接缝直剪试验及湿接缝直剪承载力统一公式

为得到UHPC键齿湿接缝的直剪受力性能及直剪承载力统一公式,开展17个UHPC试件的直剪推出试验,考察键齿形状、侧向应力等对UHPC键齿湿接缝直剪破坏模式、裂纹发展情况、直剪强度以及剪切滑移性能的影响,并结合前期24个UHPC整体浇筑试件和24个UHPC平(湿)接缝试件的试验结果对UHPC界面直剪承载力计算方法进行研究。结果表明：UHPC键齿接缝试件的剪切破坏过程可分为线弹性阶段、裂纹发展阶段、破坏阶段和残余应力阶段;各键齿接缝直剪破坏界面与剪切界面几乎重合;梯形(键齿夹角113°)、矩形、倒梯形(键齿夹角65°)等三种键齿形式的直剪性能基本相同,为方便施工,工程中键齿宜选用梯形;键齿接缝试件的初裂强度、峰值强度提升值(相对于平接缝)与整体试件相应强度提升值之比远小于两者剪切面的整体面积之比;无侧向应力下,UHPC键齿接缝试件的剪切刚度和峰值强度均大于平接缝试件,逊于整体试件,且差距较大;键齿接缝试件峰值强度为整体试件的52.5%;在5MPa侧向应力下,平接缝试件与各键齿接缝试件剪切刚度已差别不大,峰值强度差值变小;键齿接缝试件的峰裂比(峰值强度与初裂强度之比)为1.173～1.319;键齿接缝试件的剪切刚度、延性系数、初裂强度、峰值强度及剪切滑移能力均随着侧向应力的增大而增大;UHPC湿接缝试件初裂强度和峰值强度随侧向应力的增长规律符合库伦准则,其摩擦系数可取1.26。最后,建立物理意义明确、形式简单、精度较高的可适用于未配抗剪钢筋UHPC整体界面、平湿接缝界面和键齿湿接缝界面的直剪承载力计算统一公式。