Fault analysis of a PM brushless DC Motor using finite element method

Three-phase trapezoidal back-EMF permanent magnet (PM) machines are used in many applications where the reliability and fault tolerance are important requirements. Knowledge of the machine transient processes under various fault conditions is the key issue in evaluating the impact of machine fault on the entire electromechanical system. The machine electrical and mechanical quantities whose transient behaviors are of importance under fault conditions include the voltages and currents of the coils and phases, the electromagnetic torque, and the rotor speed. Experimental test based on true machines for such a purpose is impractical for its high cost and difficulty to make. Computer simulation based on the finite element method has shown its effectiveness in fault study in this paper. Before the finite element model was used to perform simulations under fault conditions, it was validated by test data under normal conditions. Three types of fault conditions-single-phase open circuit fault, phase-to-phase terminal short-circuit, and internal turn-to-turn short-circuit have been studied.     

On-line estimation of synchronous Generator parameters using a damper current observer and a graphic user interface

This paper presents a method to identify synchronous generator parameters from on-line data measured at the terminals of the machine. An observer for estimation of synchronous generator damper currents is designed and implemented. The observer-estimator is used in a Graphic User Interface (GUI) application. Possible internal machine fault conditions can be detected and remedial action can be applied. Noise filtering and bad data detection and rejection are implemented to increase the reliability of the estimates. Saturation of the synchronous generator inductances is also considered. Secondary objectives include calculation of the error characteristics of the estimation, development of an index of confidence, study of the observability of generator parameters, and evaluation of alternative GUI features.     

Determination of damper winding and rotor iron currents inconvertor- and line-fed synchronous machines

The damper winding currents of a synchronous machine with a solid iron rotor are analyzed. Based on the self and mutual inductance modelling technique, the damper currents are described by a detailed damper model taking the damper cage and the rotor iron into account. The model's component elements are determined by the finite element method. Theoretical results are verified by measuring damper bar currents of a six-phase synchronous machine fed by two six-pulse converters. For a number of different operating modes the model is used to calculate the damper current distribution of a six-phase machine     

Studies on the Internal Fault Simulations of a High-Voltage Cable-Wound Generator

This paper discusses the set up of a mathematical model of the powerformer, a new type of salient-pole synchronous machine, for analyzing internal phase and ground faults in stator windings. The method employs a direct-phase representation considering the cable capacitance. To effectively implement the internal fault simulation, the magnetic axis locations of fault parts are arranged appropriately. Moreover, all machine windings supposed to be sinusoidally distributed in space and the system are magnetically linear. With the above-mentioned assumptions, the current-equivalent equations, voltage-equivalent equations, and the rotor-motion equations are formed and combined to implement the fault simulations. Simulation results showing the fault currents, during a single-phase-to-ground fault, a two-phase-to-ground fault, and a phase-to-phase fault, are presented here. With the data generated by this internal fault simulation model, the protection scheme used for the powerformer can be validated and improved accordingly.     

Saturation Modeling and Stability Analysis of Synchronous Reluctance Generator

A new method of representing magnetic saturation in synchronous reluctance generator has been proposed in this paper. A linearized model of synchronous reluctance generator has been developed applying the proposed saturation model to perform the steady-state stability analysis. The effect of $d$ - and $q$-axis saturation on the steady-state stability of a synchronous reluctance generator has been investigated using the proposed linearized machine model. Effects of different loading conditions such as active power, reactive power, and power factor on the steady-state stability have also been looked into. Moreover, the effect of $d$- and $q$-axis saturation on the transient stability analysis has been investigated in the case of a three-phase symmetrical ground fault at the machine terminals.      

Design of Self-Tuning PID Power System Stabilizers for Synchronous Generators

A new technique for the excitation control of a synchronous generator is presented in this paper. The proposed technique employs a self-tuning proportional-integral-derivative (PID) power system stabilizer in order to improve the dynamic performance of a synchronous machine under a wide range of operating condition. Digital simulation of a synchronous machine subject to a major disturbance of a three phase fault under different operating conditions is performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller. It is found that the self-tuning PID stabilizer can enhance both the transient stability and the dynamic performance of the synchronous machine.     

Analysis of self-dual excited synchronous machine. I. Developmentof the general mathematical model and steady-state performanceexperimental verification

The use of the dual excitation system for improving the overall performance of a self-excited synchronous machines is considered, along with the replacement of the compound transformer and rectifier bridge by a potential transformer and thyristor bridge for the self-excitation system. The output DC voltage of the bridge is controlled over a wide range by an automatic feedback control circuit to vary the firing angle of the thyristors in such a way that the terminal voltage is sustained at a constant value. The mathematical models for two distinctive alternatives of the excitation system are derived. The mathematical model thus derived is suitable for transient, dynamic as well as steady-state analysis. However it should be modified to investigate the steady-state and dynamic performance. Exact steady-state operating points are achieved by solving the steady-state equations obtained from the general model. Charts describing the performance of the self-dual excited synchronous machine under steady-state operation for the two alternatives of the excitation system have been calculated at different values of the power factor, i.e., the turns ratio of the transformer and the ratio of field currents. The experimental results obtained on a 7.6 kVA induction machine converted to a d-q synchronous machine confirm the validity and accuracy of the analysis and mathematical models developed     

A new approach to determine transient generator winding and dampercurrents in case of internal and external faults and abnormal operation.III. Results

For pt.II see IEEE Winter Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 1986. A novel method for analyzing the steady-state and transient currents in the stator, rotor, and damper windings of a large generator is discussed, and the application of the method to five classes of problems of practical importance is described. These are (1) internal phase-to-phase fault in a two-circuit machine; (2) 180° out-of-phase synchronization; (3) three-phase short circuit at generator terminals; (4) clearing of a three-phase system fault; and (5) unbalanced steady-state negative phase sequence load of 6%. The authors show the individual damper bar currents and energies or electric power loadings for these cases and, for one example, the time variations of stator and damper winding currents. The investigation was conducted on a standard two-pole generator that was designed for 60 Hz operation and has a rating of 700 MW     

Damper windings phenomena of synchronous machines during systemoscillations

The performances of the damper windings of a synchronous machine (generator) under the oscillatory conditions of the power system to which it is connected, are investigated both experimentally and analytically in this paper. Air-gap fluxes and induced voltages and currents of the damper windings under the oscillatory system conditions, when the machine is equipped both with and without damper windings, are measured and analyzed. Fourier analyses are used to examine the harmonic components appearing in the air-gap flux density distributions and the damper induced voltages and currents to clarify the phenomena caused by the damper as well as the effect of the damper upon power system performances     

An improved model for saturated salient pole synchronous motors

An improved model for the transient analysis of saturated salient pole synchronous motors is presented. With the aid of saturation factors obtained by test or with finite elements, Park's equations for a synchronous machine are modified to independently account for the saturation of the magnetizing flux linkages in the region of the stator teeth and rotor pole face as well as saturation of the total flux linking the stator core. The model is used to calculate the starting performance for a direct online start as well as the transient performance during a load change. The model shows improvement over more traditional models, indicating that representation of both main flux and core saturation are important for synchronous machine analysis     

Parameter calculation of a turbogenerator during an open-circuit transient excitation

A time-domain parameter calculation of a turbogenerator state-space model is presented. The finite-element (FE) method has been used to simulate a two-dimensional (2-D) nonlinear transient condition of the turbogenerator. An open-circuit transient excitation of the machine in closed-loop conditions (excitation system and unloaded synchronous generator) was reproduced to extract flux linkages, power losses, and eddy currents produced within the generator, which allowed the computation of the parameters of an electrical circuit. An electrical circuit structure with one d-axis damper winding is proposed. New parameter behavior profiles were found for the fictitious damper winding, and the saturation effects on the field winding reactance were determined. FE commercial software is employed during the research as a validation tool. It is found that the simulated time-domain response of the lumped model closely follows the time-stepping FE model. The research was carried out for a large turbine generator of 150 MVA, 13.8 kV, 50 Hz, and two poles.     

A dynamic on-line parameter identification and full-scale systemexperimental verification for large synchronous machines

An on-line parameter identification and full-scale experimental verification for large synchronous machines (>50 MVA) is presented in this paper. A step change of excitation is imposed to a generator when the machine is in normal operation. The transient voltages, currents and the power angle are recorded. Based on the large disturbance equations and using the measured power angle as an observation argument in an identification algorithm, the synchronous machine electrical parameters (x_d, x_d', x_d", T_do', T_do", x_q, x_q", T_qo") and mechanical parameters (H,D) are obtained. In addition, the system parameters (equivalent infinite bus voltage V_bus and line reactance x_e) are identified as well. The proposed method has been repetitively applied to turbogenerators and hydrogenerators with capacities up to 300 MVA. In particular, a field test has been conducted on a system with a capacity of 15000 MVA. The experimental results from all of the full-scale tests are consistent and the effectiveness of the proposed on-line identification method is verified. The plant experiences indicate that by adopting the identified parameters, the stability margin of the generator can be improved by up to 5%, resulting in 30-50 MVA more power generation     

Loss of synchronism process of a synchronous generator described byits internal flux and force distributions

The authors report on the loss of synchronism process of a synchronous generator in an electric power system. The process is described in terms of the magnetic flux and force distributions inside the machine. Data on the field and armature currents used as input to the flux and force calculation by the finite element method were obtained from experiments on a machine connected to an infinite-bus system. By examining the transition of flux and force distributions during the loss of synchronism process, a physical picture of the process is given     

Modelling of synchronous machines for dynamic studies withdifferent mutual couplings between direct axis windings

Synchronous machine models commonly utilized for transient performance calculations normally disregard such effects as induction of currents on slot walls and rotor surfaces during canceling or blocking of field current and the difference of mutual coupling between direct axis windings. It is shown how such different couplings can easily be incorporated into the synchronous machine conventional modeling and how the characteristic reactance to be used in this representation can be determined through the reactive power rejection test with zero active power. The air gap flux saturation representation, when considered together with the inclusion of the effect of the difference of mutual couplings between direct axis windings, is also discussed     

基于暂态零模电流的配电网故障定位新算法

分析了配电网暂态零模电流的分布情况,引入了相关性理论,根据故障线路的暂态零模电流有效值最大且与非故障线路的内积小于0,故障点两侧的暂态零模电流极性相反,波形差异大,相关系数小于阀值且接近0的特征,利用暂态零模电流进行配电网故障选线、定位,给出了故障定位步骤。MATLAB仿真结果表明,基于暂态零模电流的配电网故障选线、定位方法正确,具有不受电压初相角、接地电阻、中性点接地方式制约等优点。     

An equivalent circuit approach to analysis of synchronous machineswith saliency and saturation

An equivalent circuit approach is presented for synchronous machine analysis. The approach provides a detailed treatment of magnetic nonlinearity without excessive computational complexity. The number of parameters is typically in the range of 30 to 100, in contrast with 13 to 19 in conventional linear models and with 2000 to 10000 for finite-element analysis. The models developed are intended for use with digital simulation software in the solution of transient, asynchronous, and synchronous steady-state situations     

A new method to approximate stator transients of synchronousmachines in power system simulation

This paper presents a new method to approximate the effects of stator transients of synchronous machines in power system transient stability simulations during unsymmetrical faults. This method can approximate the DC offset currents which arise from the stator and network transients during faults. However, the method is based on the traditional model with stator and network transients neglected     

适用于同杆并架双回线路的零序距离保护研究

利用不同线路发生单相接地短路时,故障线路与非故障线路零序电流相位差值和故障位置的数学关系作为识别依据,提出适用于平行双回线路的零序距离保护新判据。新方法具有受两侧电源角度及受负荷、系统运行方式影响小的特点。大量ATP仿真试验证明,新方法对于双回线出现的单相接地故障具有足够的灵敏度。     

General study of the control principles and dynamic fault behaviour of variable-speed wind turbine and wind farm generic models

The interest towards generic models or sometimes also called standard models of wind turbine generators (WTGs) is significantly increasing. Mainly due to their improved power quality, better controllability and higher power extraction capability, variable-speed wind turbines driving a synchronous or an induction machine are capturing the global market. Throughout this paper, dynamic modelling and performance analysis of the generic models of the variable-speed WTGs, namely the doubly-fed induction generator and the fully-rated converter based WTGs, are achieved using integration between Matlab/Simulink and PSCAD/EMTDC simulation platforms. Later on, the performance of type-4 wind turbine driving a permanent magnet synchronous machine is analysed during fault and then compared with the case when driving a wound rotor induction machine. The differences in control principles and dynamic fault behaviour are highlighted. Afterwards, investigations on wind farm level are accomplished. A case study during which the developed generic models and the generic model of the variable-speed machine are compared is conducted. Different arrangements for the construction of the generic wind farm are considered.     

Analysis of torques in large steam turbine driven inductiongenerator shafts following disturbances on the system supply

The paper first summarises the advantages of steam turbine-driven induction generators over conventional generators such as low cost, less maintenance, rugged and brushless rotors (squirrel cage type, no need for synchronisation, etc.), together with problems concerning excitation (VAr compensation at loads etc). A mathematical model of the induction generator simulated in direct-phase quantities where saturation of the magnetising reactances is simulated and saturation of stator and rotor leakage reactances is ignored is developed and employed for detailed simulation of the machine. Discrete-mass models of the machine shaft where both steam and electrical viscous damping is simulated are employed in comparing transient shaft torsional response evaluated by time domain simulation and frequency domain analysis following incidence and clearance of severe system faults. The paper then investigates torsional response following incidence and clearance of severe supply system disturbances, when the rotor is stationary and when running at close to synchronous speed unexcited, and following malsynchronisation when excited by a controlled VAr source, together with torsional response following bolted stator-terminal short-circuits at full-load and no-load following switching in of the induction generator onto the system supply. It examines precision of predicting torque in turbine-generator shafts by frequency domain analysis not analyzed for induction generators in the literature heretofore following incidence and clearance of worst-case disturbances on the supply. Effect of steam and electrical damping on maximum shaft torques predicted by frequency domain analysis is also illustrated. The results illustrate there is no tendency for shaft torques to become more onerous as the fault clearing time is increased as is the case for shaft torques in large synchronous machines. Three large two-pole machines of rating of up to a few hundred MWs are analysed