胶凝含蜡原油屈服前后的形变规律及量化表征

屈服特性是含蜡原油重要的流变性质之一.在掌握含蜡原油内部形成蜡晶网络结构机理的基础上,在多种控制加栽模式下进行实验研究,深入地探索胶凝含蜡原油形变发展的规律,可为原油储运系统的安全运行提供理论基础和决策依据.当前对胶凝含蜡原油研究的重点是进行黏弹塑性力学和流变力学的理论分析,探索利用线性和非线性力学元件构建胶凝含蜡原油的复合结构体,建立描述和预测应变随载荷与时间等变化的数学模型,确立舍蜡原油发生屈服的判断依据和相关指标.     

含蜡原油屈服特性的试验研究

使用高精度的控制应力流变仪,采用多种控制应力试验,探索了大庆原油屈服特性随加载条件变化的规律.通过蠕变和应力匀速增加两种试验,发现胶凝原油屈服应力对测量条件如应力加载时间和应力加载速率等具有依赖性,但胶凝原油的屈服应变不随测量条件变化,从而进一步验证屈服应变的客观存在性,认为屈服应变可作为胶凝原油结构屈服的判据.通过蠕变、应力匀速增加、振荡剪切应力增加和恒剪切率等试验,对胶凝原油的屈服应变展开了研究.结果表明,胶凝原油的屈服应变随胶凝强度增加而减小.通过应力匀速增加试验对胶凝原油的屈服特性进行研究,发现对较低胶凝强度的原油存在应变软化现象.     

基于分数阶黏弹性本构方程的井眼蠕变模型

为精确模拟井眼蠕变历程,预测和预防井壁坍塌、套管挤毁和卡钻等工程事故,在前人研究的基础上,将弹簧壶元件引入经典元件模型中,得到了分数阶模型的蠕变柔量,并验证了分数阶模型的拟合效果。研究认为分数阶模型能够实现少参数、高精度的模拟,并且相应参数的物理意义也更加明确。通过黏弹对应性原理,模拟了钻进和压井过程中的井眼蠕变情况,通过调整求导阶数可以使该模型在理想弹性体模型和标准固体模型之间转化,因此,基于标准固体本构方程和理想弹性体本构方程建立的井眼缩径模型仅是该模型的特例。分析模拟结果认为调整分数阶元件的阶数,可以在加快瞬态蠕变的同时降低稳态蠕变的速度,对蠕变曲线进行非对称调整,经典模型则无法通过调整单一参数达到这一目的,分数阶黏弹性本构方程拟合高度非线性实验数据的能力更强。     

降温速率对胶凝含蜡原油流变性的影响

含蜡原油的流变性质具有对所经热历史和剪切历史的依赖性,降温速率是重要的热历史条件之一.对大庆含蜡原油进行不同降温速率条件下的流变实验,并对测得的胶凝温度、线性黏弹性参数和屈服应力等进行分析,总结出了降温速率对原油流变性的影响规律.     

生物柴油的等温胶凝特性

利用小振幅振荡剪切实验和KWW方程研究了生物柴油凝点附近恒温过程中黏弹性参数随时间的变化。以地沟油生物柴油为例,根据实验数据和KWW方程分析了不同历史条件下生物柴油的等温胶凝过程特性。结果表明,恒温过程中,随着时间的延长,生物柴油的储能模量和损耗模量逐渐增大,损耗角不断减小,表现出明显的等温胶凝特性,KWW方程能较好地描述生物柴油的储能模量随时间的变化。测量温度越高,降温速率越大,恒温剪切时剪切速率越大,特征松弛时间越长,恒温静置过程中生物柴油形成的胶凝结构强度越弱,且由于剪切后生物柴油中晶体的结构特点,导致剪切后的胶凝结构具有不可逆的恢复特性。性。     

基于胶凝原油可压缩性的含蜡原油管道停输再启动模型研究

基于胶凝原油可压缩性的影响,建立适用于含蜡原油管道的停输再启动模型,研究含蜡原油管道在停输再启动后的流动规律,对比不考虑胶凝原油可压缩性的停输再启动模型与加入了胶凝原油可压缩性影响因素的模型区别,分析了胶凝原油不同压缩性对停输再启动过程的影响。结果表明:建立含蜡原油管道停输再启动双流体驱替模型时,合理考虑胶凝原油的可压缩性因素,相较与不考虑可压缩性模型能更准确地预测含蜡原油管道的停输再启动过程;胶凝原油的可压缩性对管道停输再启动过程的影响作用不可忽略,当无量纲压缩系数为3.606×10-6时,管道完成重启需要的质量流量比不考虑可压缩性模型高17.6%,管道完成重启所需的时间缩短了12%;在注入流体(ICF)区域,管道内压力分布的斜率随着时间的增加而逐渐增大,而在胶凝原油(OGF)区域,由于随时间变化的屈服应力衰减,压力分布的斜率随着时间的增加而逐渐减小。     

江苏油田B1断块原油降凝剂研究

江苏油田B1断块原油属于高含蜡、高胶质、高沥青质原油,具有高凝、高黏特点,平均凝固点41.5℃、析蜡点59～60℃,温度敏感性强。针对该区块原油特性,开展井筒降凝、降黏工艺和配方研究,进行了降凝降黏剂的评价和配比,优选了合成的复配型降凝剂KD-50（Ⅳ）,确定合理添加浓度,考察在不同温度下对B1断块原油的降黏效果。室内实验结果表明：添加降凝降黏剂后,低温流动性明显改善,凝点、反常点和低温表观黏度均有较大幅度降低,在40℃加剂后的降凝降黏率达80%以上,具有较好的推广应用价值。     

W/O型含蜡原油乳状液胶凝体系的屈服特性

在恒定剪切应力和剪切应力线性增加2种加载模式下,研究了油包水（W/O）型含蜡原油乳状液胶凝体系在凝点温度附近的屈服行为。以原油乳状液胶凝体系的屈服应变、屈服剪切速率为特征量,分析了剪切应力加载条件、加载量和胶凝体系含水率对含蜡原油乳状液胶凝体系屈服特性的影响规律。引用屈服应变比例系数的概念,分析了不同恒温静置时间后含蜡原油乳状液胶凝体系结构恢复程度及其影响因素。研究发现：屈服应变可作为W/O型含蜡原油乳状液胶凝体系屈服的判据;增大原油乳状液胶凝体系含水体积分数,屈服应变增大,屈服剪切速率减小,体系恢复度增加。增大剪切应力加载量或剪切应力增加速率,原油乳状液胶凝体系屈服剪切速率增大,该体系的结构恢复程度变差。     

挂壁胶凝原油冲洗效果分析

为推广胶凝原油水力悬浮输送技术,搭建了挂壁原油冲洗实验系统,通过实验数据分析胶凝原油是否均匀挂壁、冲洗水量及冲洗时间等对冲洗效果的影响。实验结果表明,少数胶凝原油颗粒挂在管壁上用冷水冲洗效果为100%;胶凝原油大面积挂壁时,均匀挂壁冲洗效果较差,非均匀挂壁的冲洗效果有所改善。对于挂壁5 mm的油管,实验条件下,均匀挂壁油管冲洗效果在2.8%~5.9%之间,非均匀挂壁油管冲洗效果在9.5%~23.3%之间。     

酸化压裂液对原油破乳脱水影响研究

研究讨论了含酸原油性质,并考察了变黏酸、胶凝酸以及残酸返排速度对原油破乳脱水的影响。结果表明,含酸原油胶质、沥青质、机械杂质含量越高,油水界面膜越稳定;酸化压裂液和盐酸质量分数分别达到7.5%和1.5%时,含酸原油在实验条件下基本不能脱水;残酸返排速度越大,乳化越严重,含酸原油破乳脱水越难。     

胶凝原油管道恒流量启动过程中的启动波速

胶凝原油管道在恒流量启动的过程中同时存在着启动波速和水击波速,其中启动波速是主导管道再启动时压力推进过程的关键因素,对管道启动压力的计算有直接影响。在阐述启动波速与水击波速之间区别的基础上,推导出了胶凝原油管道恒流量启动波速的数值计算公式,并通过管流实验验证了其可靠性。在胶凝原油管道恒流量启动过程中,启动波速明显小于水击波速,且随着传播距离或传播时间的增长而呈衰减规律,但由于衰减速率会逐渐降低,因而启动波速有趋于稳定的趋势。此外,启动波速还随胶凝结构强度的增加而减小,随启动流量和凝油体积弹性系数的增加而增加。     

Effects of stress and oscillatory frequency on the structural properties of Daqing gelled crude oil at different temperatures

The structural properties of Daqing gelled waxy crude oil were studied with a controlled-stress rheometer under oscillatory shear mode. Our results demonstrate that the gelled waxy crude oil shows viscoelastic properties. The linear viscoelastic region and yielding of crude oil can be determined not only by the critical linear shear stress (τ_cl) and yield stress (τ_y), but also by the critical linear shear strain (γ_cl) and yield strain (γ_y) respectively. With the decrease of test temperature, τ_cl and τ_y increased greatly while γ_cl and γ_y decreased gradually. The crude oil showed more elastic at lower temperatures. The frequency had little effect on the structure of crude oils in the measured range.     

高含水、高粘、高凝点原油低温管输粘壁现象研究

一些高含水原油在低于凝点输送时,水包油乳状液中的水滴会以凝胶的形式粘在管道内壁,称“粘壁现象”,原油输送过程中粘壁现象会造成管道局部或全部堵塞,造成能源浪费。通过室内环道实验,研究了高含水、高粘、高凝点原油在管道内低温输送时的粘壁规律。发现含水率、剪切率是影响原油粘壁速率和粘壁温度的主要因素,水包油乳状液的含水率越低、剪切率越小粘壁现象越严重。提出粘壁温度判别式,建立粘壁速率模型,据此建立高含水时压降计算软件。     

粘弹性表面活性剂（VES）压裂液

粘弹性表面活性剂（VES）压裂液是Schlumberger Dowell公司开发的新型无聚合物压裂液,商品名ClearFrac,由表面活性剂长链脂肪酸的季铵盐溶解在盐水中而成。长链季铵盐分子在盐水中形成高度缠结的蚯吲状成刚性长棒状胶束,使压裂液具有了一定的粘度和弹性,压裂液冻胶遇到烃类（原油、天然气）便会破胶。VES压裂液不需要破胶剂、交联剂、杀菌剂等,用量少,对地层伤害小。本综述分章介绍VES压裂液的开发简史,组成及结构;流变性;滤失性;导流能力;国外国内应用概况。     

四川盆地下寒武统龙王庙组气藏转向酸酸化模拟及其应用

四川盆地下寒武统龙王庙组气藏白云岩储层溶蚀孔洞、天然微裂缝均发育,储层较强的非均质性和严重的钻完井液伤害导致均匀布酸困难,特别是对于长井段大斜度井和水平井酸化改造则更加困难。为此,从黏弹性表面活性剂转向酸转向变黏机理和流变行为研究入手,优选转向性能好且二次伤害低的转向酸作为主体酸液,根据流变行为实验结果拟合有效黏度经验模型,耦合双尺度蚓孔扩展模型,建立自转向酸酸化数学模型,模拟长井段大斜度井非均匀伤害下转向酸酸化的pH值、Ca~(2+)浓度、有效黏度和蚓孔形态等,并对比了胶凝酸和5%VES转向酸酸化的蚓孔形态、流量分配和吸酸剖面。结果表明:转向酸可明显地改善强非均质性储层的吸酸剖面,增强对低渗透储层的改造力度。针对该盆地龙王庙组白云岩储层强非均质性和钻完井液伤害复杂性,形成了长井段割缝衬管完成大斜度井和水平井变VES浓度转向酸酸液置放技术,现场应用8井次,累计获井口测试天然气产量1 233.46×10~4m~3/d,平均单井增产倍比达到1.95,该技术有力地支撑了对龙王庙组特大型气藏的高效开发。     

An Optimization Model for Shanbei Crude Oil Blending

The basic properties of the Shanbei crude oils and its mixed were studied first. Then, a hybrid coefficient function for the viscosity of the mixed oils was introduced. With these, an optimization model of the proportion for the crude oils blending was established and solved. An applicable proportion for six Shanbei crude oils’ blending was given. With the proportion, one mixed oil was prepared and distilled. Fouling and coking are discussed with the simulation in the distillation to assist the optimization. The experiment results showed that the model was valid for the oils blending.     

Characteristic Temperatures of Waxy Crude Oils

Gel point or pour point is widely used to evaluate the low temperature flowability of crude oil. However, it is not adequate to describe the gelling properties of waxy crude oils under flow conditions with gel point or pour point, since the rheological behavior of crude oils is dependent on shear history. Waxy crude oils tend to gel at a low temperature. Based on gelation theory, the characteristic temperature of waxy crude oil was determined by analyzing viscosity-temperature data. Two mathematical models were developed for calculating characteristic temperatures of virgin crude oils and pour point depressants (PPD) beneficiated crude oils, respectively. By using these two models, the characteristic temperatures of crude oils that have experienced shearing and thermal histories can be predicted. The model for predicting the characteristic temperature of virgin crude oils has an average relative deviation of 4.5%, and all predicted values have a deviation within 2 ℃. Tested by 42 sets of data, the prediction model for crude oil treated with PPD has a high accuracy, with an average relative deviation of 4.2%, and 95.2 percent of predicted values have a deviation within 2 ℃. These two models provide useful ways for predicting the flowability of crude oils in pipelines when only wax content, wax appearance point and gel point are available.     

Rheology of Doped Nigerian Niger-Delta Waxy Crude Oil

Abstract

Precipitation and deposition of wax, which usually results from temperature lowering, has detrimental effects on petroleum industry operations. To appreciate and understand the physicochemical mechanics of wax precipitation, rheological experiments were carried out on three doped and undoped Nigerian waxy crude oils. The characteristic shear stress straining rate shows an initial constant shear stress below 50 sec^?1 shear rate, followed by a gradual increase above 50 sec^?1 which is indicative of energy consumption in the partial break-up of wax matrix bonds. Doping greatly ameliorates the rheological properties and pour points of the crude oils. The Bingham plastic model excellently fit the experimental data, with a correlation coefficient ≥ 0.97721.     

An empirical correlation for estimating the viscosity of non-Newtonian waxy crude oils

Non-Newtonian fluids are the most complex ones when it comes to predicting their flow behavior. In the pre-existing models, rheological behavior in waxy crude oils is mainly affected by shear rate and thermal history of crude oils. In the present work, rheological characteristics of four different crude oils were studied by coaxial cylindrical rheometer at three different temperatures (40°C, 50°C, and 60°C) and a model was proposed keeping into consideration wax content for the first time. This model is prepared to predict the viscosity of four different crude oils with different wax content and at different temperature. The proposed model can efficiently estimate the viscosity as compared to other established models.     

Viscoelastic fatigue resistance of asphalt binders modified with crumb rubber and styrene butadiene polymer

In the present research study, the fatigue behavior of modified asphalt with crumb rubber (CR) and styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) are investigated. Each of these additives was mixed with a 85–100 neat bitumen at two different dosages. The time sweep test was used to investigate the viscoelastic fatigue properties of asphalt binders in terms of energy dissipation. Linear amplitude sweep tests were conducted to study the fatigue life of asphalt binders under varying loads based on the concepts of viscoelastic continuum damage mechanics. Results showed that adding CR and SBS can enhance the fatigue resistance of modified asphalts based on the energy approach and viscoelastic continuum damage analysis.