俄罗斯出口天然气管道建设规划及对中国引进天然气资源的影响

为避免俄罗斯与乌克兰之间的冲突对俄罗斯出口天然气的影响,俄罗斯开始规划新的天然气出口管道,包括向欧洲供气的北流管道和南流管道,以及面向亚太地区的东部天然气管道。俄罗斯国内陆续出台的天然气发展规划对中国引进俄罗斯天然气资源有重要影响,萨哈林项目和恰扬金气田成为向中国供气的主要资源基地,东线供气方案实施的可能性越来越大。中国石油公司应时刻关注俄罗斯在东部地区的能源政策与发展动向,以推动引进俄罗斯天然气项目的进展。     

EU worries (again) about Russian energy supplies

The issue of energy security has been thrust back on Europe's agenda with the interruption to Russian oil exports to central and eastern Europe. The Russians raised their prices to Belarus at the start of the year by imposing an export duty on their crude oil. Belarus retaliated by charging the Russians more to transport their oil through Belarus to countries further west, prompting the Russians to stop supplying Belarus altogether. The whole episode aroused fears across the EU of a repeat of the argument between Russia and Ukraine that led to a shortfall in gas deliveries to western Europe at the beginning of last year ( see 'Focus', January 2006 ).     

Russia pushes ahead with new pipelines

The start of the construction of an oil export pipeline from Eastern Siberia to the Pacific Ocean marks an important new phase in Russia's policy of diversifying its exports away from Europe. Sales to the former Comecon nations of Eastern Europe have been eroded over the last decade-and-a-half since the countries there have tried to import crude oil from the North Sea and elsewhere, following the collapse of the Soviet economic bloc with its barter system of trade in oil and major commodities. Recently, Western Europeans have expressed concerns about the share of Russian supplies in their energy balances, particularly since the argument between Russia and Ukraine over gas supplies at the beginning of 2006 ( see 'Gas and Power', February 2006 ). Since then, the European Commission has been warning of the danger of the European Union's becoming over-reliant on Russian energy.     

Ukraine gas crisis rumbles on as west again affected

Russian disagreements with Ukraine have continued despite the earlier settlement of a dispute over gas pricing ( see 'Focus', January 2006 ). Deliveries of Russian gas to the west have again been disrupted amid accusations from Moscow that Ukraine has been abstracting more gas from Russia's export pipeline than it is contractually entitled to. The problem, however, appears to originate in Russia, where cold weather has caused domestic demand for gas to soar, leaving less available for export.     

Gazprom's domestic agenda takes second place to exports

Russia's Gazprom has announced plans to spend $1.2 bn on extending its gas distribution network across the country. Many areas are without natural gas despite the fact that Russia is by far the world's largest producer of gas ( see Table 5.2c ). Low domestic prices nevertheless mean that Gazprom's priority remains the export market. The company has just agreed to spend $5 bn on an export pipeline to Germany.     

Russia pre-empts Iranian and Caspian pipeline plans

Gazprom and ENI have signed a memorandum of understanding to study the feasibility of a gas pipeline from southern Russia to Western Europe. The line could deliver gas from both Russia and the Caspian states to markets across Europe and appears as a direct challenge to an EU-sponsored plan to pipe gas from the Caspian, Iran and elsewhere to Western Europe via another proposed pipeline, known as Nabucco.     

Ukraine and Russia again at odds

Ukraine and Russia are having their by now annual dispute over gas deliveries. In recent years, the two countries have argued over the price charged to Ukraine for gas supplied by Russia and about the tariff imposed by Ukraine for the transit of Russian gas through Ukraine to Western Europe ( see 'Focus', January 2006 ).     

The oil and gas resource base of the Caspian region

The Caspian Sea region's oil and gas potential has attracted the attention of the international oil and gas industry since the late 1980s and early 1990s with the breakup of the Soviet Union when investment in the region became possible. The nations in the Caspian Sea region—Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan—are already major energy producers. Production is expected to increase with additional investment, introduction of international technology, and the development of new export outlets. The Caspian Sea is sizeable (700 miles north to south). Six geologically discernable hydrocarbon basins underlie its waters (the Caspian Sea countries also have additional onshore basins). Uzbekistan does not directly border the Caspian Sea, but is considered to be in the Caspian region because it shares several of the region's hydrocarbon basins, and because its proposed oil and gas export routes are also shared with the other Caspian countries.     

Energy and the Environment: A Fractured Europe Debates Fracking

The United States is not the only country with shale gas reserves. According to a 2011 report prepared by the US Energy Information Administration (EIA), 1 Europe, most of which is beholden to Russia for its natural gas supplies, has perhaps 600 trillion cubic feet of technically recoverable shale gas reserves. In comparison, that same report estimated US shale gas reserves at 862 trillion cubic feet. Of the 14 countries the EIA report evaluated, Poland and France have the largest estimated reserves by far, at 187 trillion cubic feet and 180 trillion cubic feet, respectively.     

Caspian: Plenty of pipelines,but where is the gas?

Governments and oil companies continue to produce proposals for pipelines to export gas from the Caspian to Western Europe. Large volumes are forecast to begin arriving early in the next decade, but there are correspondingly few indications where the gas is going to come from. Production plans by Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan are modest in comparison with some of the outside export forecasts for these countries. There is also mounting competition for Europe's gas from the countries' own markets and from an energy-hungry China.     

俄罗斯天然气工业近况及发展趋势

俄罗斯是世界最大的天然气生产国和出口国之一，在世界天然气工业占有举足轻重的地位。针对俄罗斯所处的地缘政治和资源争夺日益趋紧的背景，简要介绍了俄罗斯天然气工业的生产、需求和消费、进出口、价格等近况，以及发展趋势和面临的问题。     

俄罗斯-前苏联石油产区的战略接替及其启示

单独油气田的生命周期是有限的,而油气生产的持续发展要靠两个接替:一是战术接替,即老油气田(区)内的潜力挖掘与增储上产;二是战略接替,即新领域、新类型、新层系,特别是新油气产区的开拓等。沙俄-前苏联-俄罗斯石油产区经历了从第一、第二到第三巴库的紧凑接替,为我国产区战略接替研究提供了实际案例。对前苏联解体之前和之后产量起伏的分析表明:为解国内政治-经济之困和扩充军备之需而剥夺了石油工业进行战术战略接替所必须的投资是影响其持续发展的首要原因。如果不改变俄罗斯目前的政策,实行改革开放,从国内国外两方面大力筹集资金就难以保障其石油工业的持续发展,难以保障出口增长,也就难以实现其"油气富国"的初衷。石油生产的客观规律要求我们增强进行战术和战略接替的自觉性和主动性,以不断开拓的"进攻"去实现石油工业的持续发展。基于上述分析,最后提出实现战略接替的必备条件: 从实际情况出发提出的战略性开拓新思路,与目标艰难条件相适应的勘探开发新技术,投资的保障和一定的时间周期。     

Russia flexes muscles over oil and gas

A new militancy is emerging from Moscow in dealings with foreign companies operating in Russia. The government has severely criticized a number of international oil companies engaged in major oil and gas developments, including Shell, ExxonMobil, BP and Total. In several cases, the companies have been told that their environmental plans covering the development of new fields are unsatisfactory. The latest arguments concern two large oil and gas developments on the Pacific island of Sakhalin. The environmental criticisms, however, are simply the outward sign of a growing sentiment inside Russia that foreign companies have been granted lucrative upstream opportunities on terms that are much too favourable to them.     

International Trade

Values of net oil imports(-)/exports for Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Japan, Canada, the United States and Australia. Updated on a monthly basis. Number of imports for Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Republic of Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and Other EU-15 (EU-15), Norway, Poland, Switzerland, Turkey, and Other Europe (OECD Europe), Canada, Chile, Mexico, and the United States (OECD Western Hemisphere), and Australia, Japan, Republic of Korea, New Zealand, (OECD Asia-Pacific), and Total OECED. Current data for Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Other EU-15 (EU-15), Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Turkey, and Other Europe (OECD Europe), Canada, Mexico, and the United States (OECD Western Hemisphere), Australia, Japan, Republic of Korea, and New Zealand (OECD Asia-Pacific). Updated on a monthly basis. Current data for principal importers of natural gas and the amount in which they import from United States, Republic of Korea, United Kingdom, France, Japan, Italy, Germany and Spain (Table 19.1). Current data for principal exporters of natural gas and the amount they export to Canada, Trinidad and Tobago, the United States, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Turkmenistan, Qatar, Algeria, Nigeria, Indonesia, Malaysia and Australia (Table 19.2). Updated on a monthly basis.     

International Trade

Values of net oil imports(-)/exports for Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Japan, Canada, the United States and Australia. Updated on a monthly basis. Number of imports for Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Republic of Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and Other EU-15 (EU-15), Norway, Poland, Switzerland, Turkey, and Other Europe (OECD Europe), Canada, Chile, Mexico, and the United States (OECD Western Hemisphere), and Australia, Japan, Republic of Korea, New Zealand, (OECD Asia-Pacific), and Total OECED. Current data for Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Other EU-15 (EU-15), Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Turkey, and Other Europe (OECD Europe), Canada, Mexico, and the United States (OECD Western Hemisphere), Australia, Japan, Republic of Korea, and New Zealand (OECD Asia-Pacific). Updated on a monthly basis. Current data for principal importers of natural gas and the amount in which they import from United States, Republic of Korea, United Kingdom, France, Japan, Italy, Germany and Spain (Table 19.1). Current data for principal exporters of natural gas and the amount they export to Canada, Trinidad and Tobago, the United States, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Turkmenistan, Qatar, Algeria, Nigeria, Indonesia, Malaysia and Australia (Table 19.2). Updated on a monthly basis.     

International Trade

Values of net oil imports(-)/exports for Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Japan, Canada, the United States and Australia. Updated on a monthly basis. Number of imports for Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Republic of Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and Other EU-15 (EU-15), Norway, Poland, Switzerland, Turkey, and Other Europe (OECD Europe), Canada, Chile, Mexico, and the United States (OECD Western Hemisphere), and Australia, Japan, Republic of Korea, New Zealand, (OECD Asia-Pacific), and Total OECED. Current data for Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Other EU-15 (EU-15), Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Turkey, and Other Europe (OECD Europe), Canada, Mexico, and the United States (OECD Western Hemisphere), Australia, Japan, Republic of Korea, and New Zealand (OECD Asia-Pacific). Updated on a monthly basis. Current data for principal importers of natural gas and the amount in which they import from United States, Republic of Korea, United Kingdom, France, Japan, Italy, Germany and Spain (Table 19.1). Current data for principal exporters of natural gas and the amount they export to Canada, Trinidad and Tobago, the United States, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Turkmenistan, Qatar, Algeria, Nigeria, Indonesia, Malaysia and Australia (Table 19.2). Updated on a monthly basis.     

International Trade

Values of net oil imports(-)/exports for Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Japan, Canada, the United States and Australia. Updated on a monthly basis. Number of imports for Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Republic of Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and Other EU-15 (EU-15), Norway, Poland, Switzerland, Turkey, and Other Europe (OECD Europe), Canada, Chile, Mexico, and the United States (OECD Western Hemisphere), and Australia, Japan, Republic of Korea, New Zealand, (OECD Asia-Pacific), and Total OECED. Current data for Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Other EU-15 (EU-15), Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Turkey, and Other Europe (OECD Europe), Canada, Mexico, and the United States (OECD Western Hemisphere), Australia, Japan, Republic of Korea, and New Zealand (OECD Asia-Pacific). Updated on a monthly basis. Current data for principal importers of natural gas and the amount in which they import from United States, Republic of Korea, United Kingdom, France, Japan, Italy, Germany and Spain (Table 19.1). Current data for principal exporters of natural gas and the amount they export to Canada, Trinidad and Tobago, the United States, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Turkmenistan, Qatar, Algeria, Nigeria, Indonesia, Malaysia and Australia (Table 19.2). Updated on a monthly basis.     

International Trade

Values of net oil imports(-)/exports for Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Japan, Canada, the United States and Australia. Updated on a monthly basis. Number of imports for Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Republic of Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and Other EU-15 (EU-15), Norway, Poland, Switzerland, Turkey, and Other Europe (OECD Europe), Canada, Chile, Mexico, and the United States (OECD Western Hemisphere), and Australia, Japan, Republic of Korea, New Zealand, (OECD Asia-Pacific), and Total OECED. Current data for Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Other EU-15 (EU-15), Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Turkey, and Other Europe (OECD Europe), Canada, Mexico, and the United States (OECD Western Hemisphere), Australia, Japan, Republic of Korea, and New Zealand (OECD Asia-Pacific). Updated on a monthly basis. Current data for principal importers of natural gas and the amount in which they import from United States, Republic of Korea, United Kingdom, France, Japan, Italy, Germany and Spain (Table 19.1). Current data for principal exporters of natural gas and the amount they export to Canada, Trinidad and Tobago, the United States, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Turkmenistan, Qatar, Algeria, Nigeria, Indonesia, Malaysia and Australia (Table 19.2). Updated on a monthly basis.     

International Trade

Values of net oil imports(-)/exports for Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Japan, Canada, the United States and Australia. Updated on a monthly basis. Number of imports for Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Republic of Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and Other EU-15 (EU-15), Norway, Poland, Switzerland, Turkey, and Other Europe (OECD Europe), Canada, Chile, Mexico, and the United States (OECD Western Hemisphere), and Australia, Japan, Republic of Korea, New Zealand, (OECD Asia-Pacific), and Total OECED. Current data for Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Other EU-15 (EU-15), Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Turkey, and Other Europe (OECD Europe), Canada, Mexico, and the United States (OECD Western Hemisphere), Australia, Japan, Republic of Korea, and New Zealand (OECD Asia-Pacific). Updated on a monthly basis. Current data for principal importers of natural gas and the amount in which they import from United States, Republic of Korea, United Kingdom, France, Japan, Italy, Germany and Spain (Table 19.1). Current data for principal exporters of natural gas and the amount they export to Canada, Trinidad and Tobago, the United States, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Turkmenistan, Qatar, Algeria, Nigeria, Indonesia, Malaysia and Australia (Table 19.2). Updated on a monthly basis.     

International Trade

Values of net oil imports(-)/exports for Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Japan, Canada, the United States and Australia. Updated on a monthly basis. Number of imports for Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Republic of Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and Other EU-15 (EU-15), Norway, Poland, Switzerland, Turkey, and Other Europe (OECD Europe), Canada, Chile, Mexico, and the United States (OECD Western Hemisphere), and Australia, Japan, Republic of Korea, New Zealand, (OECD Asia-Pacific), and Total OECED. Current data for Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Other EU-15 (EU-15), Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Turkey, and Other Europe (OECD Europe), Canada, Mexico, and the United States (OECD Western Hemisphere), Australia, Japan, Republic of Korea, and New Zealand (OECD Asia-Pacific). Updated on a monthly basis. Current data for principal importers of natural gas and the amount in which they import from United States, Republic of Korea, United Kingdom, France, Japan, Italy, Germany and Spain (Table 19.1). Current data for principal exporters of natural gas and the amount they export to Canada, Trinidad and Tobago, the United States, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Turkmenistan, Qatar, Algeria, Nigeria, Indonesia, Malaysia and Australia (Table 19.2). Updated on a monthly basis.