静叶摆动辅助轴流压气机退出旋转失速过程的数值模拟

采用数值模拟的方法,对轴流压气机进入旋转失速、退出旋转失速过程以及加入叶片摆动耦合使压气机退出旋转失速的过程进行了三维数值模拟.对比了加入与未加入叶片摆动对压气机退出旋转失速状态过程中的流量影响.数值计算表明,在加入合适的叶片摆动耦合后,可以使得压气机退出旋转失速状态的流量减小1.6％,压比上升1.7％.结合两种退出方...     

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF ROTATING STALL FOR A LOW-SPEED CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR

Unsteady flows and rotating stall of a low-speed centrifugal compressor are investigated by measuring vaneless diffuser wall static pressure fluctuation and internal flow fields at different small flow fluxes. During the experiment, firstly the real time static pressure fluctuations on the vaneless diffuser shroud at different circumferential and radial position were acquired by high-frequency dynamic pressure transducers. Discrete Fourier transformation analysis and cross-correlation analysis were applied to the experimental results to ascertain the rotating stall beginning operation conditions and stall cells numbers and rotating speed. Secondly, the vaneless diffuser inlet flow angle distribution along diffuser width direction was acquired by single hotwire, which was compared with SENOO＇s analysis results. At last, the internal flow fields of the centrifugal compressor were investigated with a particle image velocimetry （PIV） system at different small flow fluxes. The flow field development of vaneless diffuser and blade flow passage are given at rotating stall conditions. The experiments enrich the understanding of rotating stall flow phenomenon of the low-speed centrifugal compressor and provide full experiment data for designing high performance centrifugal compressor.     

一种新的叶片反问题优化设计方法在压缩机设计中的应用

应用一种新的透平机械叶片反问题优化设计方法设计出某一型号离心压缩机叶片。并将以该方法设计出的叶片与用目前国际上流行的方法设计出的叶片作了细致的比较，从中发现它们除形状有一定区别外，还得知，用新方法设计出的叶片的工作性能远高于以国际流行方法设计出的叶片的工作性能。     

大型混流式水轮机转轮叶片结构动力特性分析

转轮是水轮机结构中重要部件之一。比较不同单元类型对转轮叶片振动计算精度的影响，从推导的转轮叶片液固耦合运动方程出发，分别计算混流式水轮机转轮叶片在空气中和在工作流道中振动的主频与主振型。结果表明，叶片在水中的频率较空气中的频率有所降低，而且不同阶的频率降低值不同。     

The vibration behavior of impeller blades in the five-axis CNC flank milling process

Today, in most cases, impellers of centrifugal compressors are produced by flank milling on five-axis CNC milling machines. The complex three-dimensional geometry of the very thin blades consists of ruled surfaces. The flank milling process allows a fast production of the impellers and the surface of the blades is of high quality. The limited strength of the very thin blades and also the thin outer radial part of the disk lead to a high sensitivity to static and especially dynamic forces that are caused by the instationary flow in the impeller. The dynamic forces of rotating stall and surge are the most dangerous excitations of the bladed disk. Coupled vibrations may occur and damage the impeller. The highest static load is caused by the centrifugal forces. Therefore, most of the high-loaded impellers are manufactured from aluminum alloy or titanium because of the low density of this light metals and the relatively high strength. Most of the interests and the investigations in the last years are paid to the vibration behavior and the dynamic loads of the impeller during operation. But sometimes, the highest stress may occur during the production process and damage the impeller or weaken the strength and so cause later problems. Especially, excitations from the dynamic forces during the flank milling process have to be taken under consideration. The vibration behavior of the impeller is very complex and is affected by the vibration behavior of the cutter and the milling machine. In this paper, the change of the vibration behavior of centrifugal compressor impeller blades during the manufacturing process is investigated. During the finishing of the thin blades, the blade thickness is continuously changing and also the strength and the corresponding eigenfrequencies of the blade. The dynamic forces acting on the blades are caused by the cutter, the milling machine, and the cutting process. The quantity of the forces and the frequency of the excitation are determined by the rotational speed of the cutter, the feed, the number of edges, and the chip thickness. The results described in this paper give useful information about the change of the vibration behavior of the centrifugal impeller blades during the flank milling process and possible interaction with the cutter and the machine.     

动态气动载荷和构件振动对风力机气弹特性的影响分析

通过建立气弹耦合分析模型,研究叶片、塔架等构件的耦合振动对叶根气弹载荷的影响以及在静、动态气动模型下的叶根和塔底气弹载荷的差异。采用"超级单元"模型,将叶片、塔架和主轴离散为通过转动铰和弹簧、阻尼器连接的刚体系统,以反映这类构件较大的弹性变形和非线性振动。在叶素动量理论(Blade element momentum,BEM)基础上,引入Beddoes-Lesihman动态失速模型,以反映气动载荷的动态特性。应用计算多体动力学理论和风力机气动模型,建立受约束的风力机系统气弹耦合方程。算例以某5 MW风力机为研究对象,通过施加不同的约束条件,研究风轮以外其他构件振动对叶根气弹载荷的影响;通过静、动态气动分析模型,考察叶根和塔底气弹载荷的动态耦合效应。分析表明,塔架、主轴等构件的运动会显著影响叶根的气弹载荷;叶片的动态失速特性也对叶根的气弹载荷和疲劳载荷谱有较明显的影响。研究工作对于保证风力机安全稳定运行和疲劳寿命设计有重要的作用。     

叶片断裂破坏与气动非定常脉动的关联分析

在离心压气机实际的工况运行中,流量通常在一个区间内变化,如果流量超出稳定工作范围,在叶轮流道中可能会引起旋转失速甚至喘振等非稳定性流动现象,极易引发叶片的疲劳断裂[1].本文基于某型压气机在实际运行中发生叶片叶顶断裂事故,利用CFD软件NUMECA进行数值计算分析,主要从气动方面分析其在各个流量下的流动情况.从非定常流动特征方面深入分析其破坏机理.结果表明在一定的流量下,流场中的压力脉动非常强烈,极有可能引发叶片的疲劳破坏.本研究为压缩机叶片的疲劳破坏机理力学分析提供了可靠的理论依据和坚实的数据基础.     

Time-dependent vibration frequency reliability analysis of blade vibration of compressor wheel of turbocharger for vehicle application

Blade vibration failure is one of the main failure modes of compressor wheel of turbocharger for vehicle application. The existing models for evaluating the reliability of blade vibration of compressor wheel are static, and can not reflect the relationship between the reliability of compressor wheel with blade vibration failure mode and the life parameter. For the blade vibration failure mode of compressor wheel of turbocharger, the reliability evaluation method is studied. Taking a compressor wheel of turbocharger for vehicle application as an example, the blade vibration characteristics and how they change with the operating parameters of turbocharger are analyzed. The failure criterion for blade vibration mode of compressor wheel is built with the Campbell diagram, and taking the effect of the dispersity of blade natural vibration frequency and randomness of turbocharger operating speed into account, time-dependent reliability models of compressor wheel with blade vibration failure mode are derived, which embody the parameters of blade natural vibration frequency, turbocharger operating speed, the blade number of compressor wheel, life index and minimum number of resonance, etc. Finally, the rule governing the reliability and failure rate of compressor wheel and the method for determining the reliable life of compressor with blade vibration is presented. A method is proposed to evaluate the reliability of compressor wheel with blade vibration failure mode time-dependently.     

大型风力发电机叶片在三维旋转状态下的气动特性分析

为了更准确地研究风力发电机在三维旋转状态下的动态失速特性,分析其气动性能,建立风力机叶片和轮毂的三维气动模型,采用计算流体力学方法,对叶片在三维旋转状态下的气动特性进行了模拟,得到叶片周围流场分布状况。分析结果表明相对于无旋转状态,三维旋转状态下,叶片表面气流有沿叶展方向的运动,改变了叶片表面压力分布,致使气流流动分离延迟,导致叶片出现失速延迟的现象,提高了叶片从风中获得能量的能力。     

Stall inception and warning in a single-stage transonic axial compressor with axial skewed slot casing treatment

Characteristic changes in the stall inception in a single-stage transonic axial compressor with an axial skewed slot casing treatment were investigated experimentally. A rotating stall occurred intermittently in a compressor with an axial skewed slot, whereas spike-type rotating stalls occurred in the case of smooth casing. The axial skewed slot suppressed stall cell growth and increased the operating range. A mild surge, the frequency of which is the Helmholtz frequency of the compressor system, occurred with the rotating stall. The irregularity in the pressure signals at the slot bottom increased decreasing flow rate. An autocorrelation-based stall warning method was applied to the measured pressure signals. Results estimate and warn against the stall margin in a compressor with an axial skewed slot.     

叶尖定时信号趋势项自适应拟合

叶尖定时测量是航空发动机叶片振动监测关键技术,趋势项拟合作为定时信号预处理中的重要研究内容,是高精度叶片振动参数辨识的基础与前提。在航空发动机连续变工况运行条件下,当前趋势项拟合方法无法自适应调整拟合窗宽度,导致消除趋势项效果差,严重影响后续叶片振动分析。针对变工况条件下定时信号趋势项拟合难题,以相关系数作为趋势项拟合效果评价指标,提出趋势项自适应调节窗宽度拟合方法。采用航空发动机高压压气机叶尖定时试验数据进行验证,结果表明,所提方法由于能够自适应调节拟合窗宽度,可保证趋势项拟合效果最优,在满足有效去除趋势项的前提下能够完全保留原始振动信息,对实现高精度叶片振动参数辨识具有重要意义。     

打磨修理对跨声速压气机性能的影响研究

为了控制航空发动机压气机叶片损伤继续发展,通常采用孔探打磨进行修理。为研究其带来的影响,选取跨声速压气机Rotor37为研究对象,构建了不同叶高的叶片前缘打磨修理模型,采用数值模拟方法,研究了打磨修理对跨声速压气机气动性能的影响,结果表明:叶片前缘打磨修理使压气机整体性能下降,压比减小,效率降低,使堵塞点流量减小,而对失速流量点基本没有影响;不同叶高的打磨修理中心对压气机气动性能影响趋势一致影响幅度相当,但打磨叶高的不同造成压气机内部流场变化;叶片前缘打磨后,打磨处激波前马赫数增加,激波强度增大,影响效果随着叶高的增加而增加;压气机进口因为叶片打磨而造成相对动能在叶片打磨处附近降低。     

叶轮扭振引发离散气动噪声理论计算模型研究

对叶轮振动模态进行分析 ,表明由于叶片刚度远小于轮毂的刚度 ,叶轮振动以叶片振动为主 ,而叶片振动低频表现为扭摆振动 ,高频表现为表面弯曲波振动。低频振动对叶轮气动噪声影响很大 ,本文基于Lowson离散噪声模型对叶片扭振引发离散气动噪声声压的估算公式进行了推导 ,为工程应用提供了方便     

Experimental and Computational Analysis of the Unstable Flow Structure in a Centrifugal Compressor with a Vaneless Diffuse

The unstable flow phenomena in compressors, such as stall and surge, are closely related to the e ciency and the operating region. It is indispensable to capture the unstable flow structure in compressors and understand the mechanism of flow instability at low flow rates. Cooperated with the manufacturer, an industrial centrifugal compressor with a vaneless di user is tested by its performance test rig and our multi-phase dynamic measurement system. Many dynamic pressure transducers are circumferentially mounted on the casing surface at seven radial locations, spanning the impeller region and the di user inlet region. The pressure fields from the design condition to surge are measured in details. Based on the multi-phase dynamic signals, the original location of stall occurring can be determined. Meanwhile, the information of the unstable flow structure is obtained, such as the circumferential mode and the propagating speed of stall cells. To get more details of the vortex structure, an unsteady simulation of this tested compressor is carried out. The computational result is well matched with the experimental result and further illustrates how the unstable flow structure in the impeller region gradually a ects the stability of the total machine at low flow rates. The dynamic mode decomposition(DMD) method is applied to get the specific flow pattern corresponding to the stall frequency. Both experimental and computational analysis show that the flow structure at a particular radial location in the impeller region has a great impact on the stall and surge. Some di erences between the computational and experimental result are also discussed. Through these two main analytical methods, an insight into the unstable flow structure in an industrial compressor is gained. The result also plays a crucial role in the guidance of the compressor stabilization techniques.     

Numerical study on the range enhancement of a centrifugal compressor with a ring groove system

A numerical study of casing treatments on a centrifugal compressor to improve stability and stall margin is presented. High efficiency, high pressure ratio, and a wide operating range are required for a high-performance centrifugal compressor. A ring groove casing treatment is effective for flow range enhancement in centrifugal compressors. Compressor performance was analyzed according to the ring groove location, and the results were compared with the case without a ring groove. The effect of guide vanes in the ring groove was also investigated. Four variants of grooves were modeled and simulated using computational fluid dynamics to optimize the groove location. Numerical analysis was performed using a commercial code ANSYS-CFX program. The simulation results showed that the ring groove increased the operating range of the compressor. The ring groove with guide vanes improved both performance of the compressor at low flow rates and the stall margin of the compressor.     

流固耦合下轴流压气机叶片振动特性数值研究

气流扰动触发的叶片振动是导致叶片疲劳失效的主要原因,针对此问题,首先,建立叶片流固耦合时域计算模型,研究叶片振动特性,并进行叶片失效分析;其次,建立压气机叶片振动分析模型,结合叶片振动试验来验证模型的有效性;然后,考虑气体与叶片的耦合作用,通过数值仿真模拟得到典型工况下的叶片表面气动载荷,并将其引入旋转叶片有限元振动分析模型进行叶片振动响应计算;最后,引入坎贝尔图确定叶片危险工况,得到危险工况下的叶片动应力分布,并进行叶片疲劳失效分析。结果表明:临界工况下叶片振动应力分布与发生共振的模态振型密切相关;临界转速下叶片发生的1阶共振是造成叶片失效的主因。     

A study on an axial-type 2-D turbine blade shape for reducing the blade profile loss

Losses on the turbine consist of the mechanical loss, tip clearance loss, secondary flow loss and blade profile loss etc.,. More than 60 % of total losses on the turbine is generated by the two latter loss mechanisms. These losses are directly related with the reduction of turbine efficiency. In order to provide a new design methodology for reducing losses and increasing turbine efficiency, a two-dimensional axial-type turbine blade shape is modified by the optimization process with two-dimensional compressible flow analysis codes, which are validated by the experimental results on the VKI turbine blade. A turbine blade profile is selected at the mean radius of turbine rotor using on a heavy duty gas turbine, and optimized at the operating condition. Shape parameters, which are employed to change the blade shape, are applied as design variables in the optimization process. Aerodynamic, mechanical and geometric constraints are imposed to ensure that the optimized profile meets all engineering restrict conditions. The objective function is the pitchwise area averaged total pressure at the 30 % axial chord downstream from the trailing edge. 13 design variables are chosen for blade shape modification. A 10.8 % reduction of total pressure loss on the turbine rotor is achieved by this process, which is same as a more than 1 % total-to-total efficiency increase. The computed results are compared with those using 11 design variables, and show that optimized results depend heavily on the accuracy of blade design.     

叶根尺寸误差对叶片固有频率的影响

采用三维有限元模型,考虑叶片变形的几何非线性和叶根接触非线性,研究常用的枞树型叶根尺寸误差对叶片固有频率的影响。分析结果表明叶根误差发生的位置对叶片弯曲振型的固有频率影响较大,对扭转振型影响较小;误差的大小对叶片的各阶固有频率影响均较小,但对叶根接触状态或者说对叶根应力分布有影响;比较发现,在计算固有频率时,将叶片在叶根处简单地处理成固支位移边界是不合理的。     

高速离心压缩机旋转失速的全流场数值模拟

使用商业计算流体动力学(Computational fluid dynamics,CFD)计算软件CFX求解三维雷诺平均的Navier-Stokes方程组,结合出口气腔模型对某带无叶扩压器的离心压缩机的旋转失速现象进行数值模拟。为了准确地模拟小流量下的失速流动现象,在CFD计算中采用包括蜗壳在内的全场网格。首先使用定常计算得到该离心压缩机的稳态性能曲线,并和试验测量值进行比较。然后引入出口气腔模型,模拟离心压缩机内的旋转失速流动。在小流量下模拟得到离心压缩机内部流场的非定常流动现象。分析气腔模型不同参数对失速流动的影响,气腔体积越大,计算得到的失速频率越低。     

Inlet Recirculation Influence to the Flow Structure of Centrifugal Impeller

Inlet recirculation is proved as an effective way for centrifugal compressor surge margin extension,and is successively used in some engineering applications.Unfortunately its working mechanism is still not being well understood,which leads to redesigning of inlet recirculation mostly by experience.Also,most study about inlet recirculation is steady to date.It is necessary to study surge margin extension mechanism about inlet recirculation.To expose the mechanism in detail,steady and unsteady numerical simulations were performed on a centrifugal compressor with and without inlet recirculation.The results showed that,with inlet recirculation,the inlet axial velocity is augmented,relative Mach number around blade tip leading edge area is significantly reduced and so is the flow angle.As the flow angle decreased,the incidence angle reduced which greatly improves the flow field inside the impeller.Moreover,inlet recirculation changes the blade loading around blade tip and restrains the flow separation on the blade suction side at the leading edge area.The unsteady results of static pressure around blade surface,entropy at inlet crossflow section and vorticity distributions at near tip span surface indicated that,at near stall condition,strong fluctuation exists in the vicinity of tip area due to the interaction between tip leakage flow and core flow.By inlet recirculation these strong flow fluctuations are eliminated so the flow stability is greatly enhanced.All these improvements mentioned above are the reason for inlet recirculation delays compressor stall.This research reveals the surge margin extension reason of inlet recirculation from an unsteady flow viewpoint and provides important reference for inlet recirculation structure design.