基于状态反馈的主动转向控制

通过对前轮主动转向结构形式的分析和简化,建立了状态空间形式的主动前轮转向动力学模型。并以转向盘转角、横摆角速度和侧偏角为优化目标,设计了线性二次型调节器控制。通过横摆角速度和质心侧偏角的共同反馈,控制电动机助力转角,实现主动转向。控制过程中,设计状态观测器对难以直接测量的质心侧偏角信号进行估计,满足系统对反馈信号的需求。利用Matlab对转向路径跟踪过程及遭遇侧向风作用工况的仿真分析表明,通过横摆角速度和侧偏角的反馈控制,将横摆角速度控制在理想的范围,质心侧偏角被限制在车轮的线性范围内,有效地改善整车的转向特性,提高汽车的操纵稳定性。     

基于状态观测器的主动前轮转向研究

应用拉格朗日方程建立汽车主动前轮转向的动力学模型,并以转向盘转角、横摆角速度和侧偏角为优化目标,设计线性二次型调节器（LQR）。调节器中,通过横摆角速度和侧偏角的共同反馈控制助力电机的转角。由于质心侧偏角信号难以直接测量,设计了状态观测器对该信号进行估计。通过MATLAB进行仿真计算,结果表明, LQR优化控制能有效地改善整车的转向特性,提高汽车的操纵稳定性。     

基于降阶观测器的四轮转向车辆随动操纵瞬态稳定性分析

对复杂的四轮转向车辆控制系统数学模型进行分析，考虑在实际车辆中质心侧偏角等量难以直接测量，提出一种基于降阶观测器的四轮转向车辆随动操纵最优控制策略，以车辆转向时的质心侧偏角和横摆角速度等为被控制量，应用最优控制理论设计反馈控制系统进行高速行驶下的瞬态操纵动态仿真，结果表明，基于降阶观测器的系统状态向量能很好地跟踪驾驶员发出的操纵指令，车辆瞬态操纵稳定性和安全性得到有效提高。     

基于状态观测器的电动助力转向系统研究

通过对电动助力转向系统机构的分析和简化,建立了状态方程形式的电动助力转向系统动力学模型。由于现实中质心侧偏角难于测量,所以对系统的状态方程进行了重构,通过状态观测器对侧偏角进行估计。通过对横摆角速度和质心侧偏角进行反馈控制,并运用最优控制理论设计了EPS控制器。通过仿真,对比分析了最优状态反馈控制策略与常规控制对车辆操纵稳定性的影响。通过试验,将仿真结果与试验结果对比,验证了该方法的正确性。     

基于降阶观测器的四轮转向车辆扰动操纵稳定性控制

考虑在实际中车辆受到不确定情形的外扰及车辆质心侧偏角和侧倾角难以直接测量,建立四轮转向(Four-wheel steering , 4WS)车辆控制系统数学模型,提出一种基于降阶观测器的前轮和四轮转向车辆扰动操纵控制策略,应用最优控制理论设计反馈控制系统,进行高速动态仿真。结果表明该降阶观测器跟踪性能良好、速度快且估计误差小;系统具有良好的动态特性和鲁棒性,4WS车辆更能有效地提高车辆扰动操纵稳定性和安全性。     

多桥转向全路面起重机操纵稳定性研究

根据汽车起重机多桥转向系统的动力学方程普适公式，建立了MATLAB／Simulink仿真模型，分析了多桥转向各桥的转向比关系，并以三桥转向为例，对前轮转向和多桥转向在时域比较分析，其中多桥转向采用零侧偏角比例控制策略。分析结果表明，采用零侧偏角比例控制多桥转向，可以使系统在任意速度下的侧偏角稳态值为零，转向过程更平稳；并且使横摆角速度的稳态值变化范围减小，驾驶员操作更舒适，显著改善了系统的操纵稳定性。     

基于状态观测器的4WS车辆最优随动操纵研究

建立了包含车身侧倾特性、转向系统特性和制动特性的四轮转向车辆动力学随动操纵控制模型。考虑到作为车辆状态量之一的车辆质心侧偏角难以测量,设计了用于重构车辆状态的状态观测器。最后,基于重构的车辆状态,运用最优控制理论设计了四轮转向车辆随动操纵控制器,实现了所谓的线传操纵(Steer by wire)。仿真表明,反映车辆操纵性能的车辆状态量能很好地跟踪驾驶员发出的操纵指令,车辆具有独特、良好的机动性能。     

Estimation of vehicle sideslip angle based on steering torque

Vehicle sideslip angle is one of the important indicators to determine whether vehicles are stable and is also a significant parameter for vehicle stability control. However, it is almost impossible to be measured directly without complex and expensive sensors or devices. Soft measurements are therefore generally adopted to estimate vehicle sideslip angle on the basis of easily observed physical quantities. This paper proposes an estimation method of sideslip angle based on steering torque instead of steering angle, for the fact that steering torque signal has more rapid and direct response compared with that obtained from steering angle. The frequency is analyzed between steering torque-sideslip angle and steering angle-sideslip angle transfer functions, and the extended Kalman filter (EKF) for vehicle sideslip angle based on steering torque is proposed. Both simulation results and vehicle tests prove the validity of our estimating method, indicating that the proposed method based on steering torque exhibits better accuracy and more rapid response in extreme region than the one based on steering angle.     

基于多刚体动力学的主动转向系统建模与仿真

首先对前轮主动转向系统结构形式进行分析和简化,确定了双行星齿轮机构的拓扑关系;其次,基于多体动力学仿真软件ADAMS完成了主动转向系统建模和运动学仿真,并建立带主动转向子系统的整车模型;接着,讨论了转向系变传动比控制原理,研究了传动比随车速和转角变化的关系;最后,对传统转向汽车和实施主动转向汽车的操纵稳定性进行了对比分析。结果表明,主动转向系统可提高汽车的操纵稳定性。所建立的主动转向系统多刚体模型为深入研究主动转向控制提供了依据。     

车辆稳定性系统与四轮转向系统集成控制研究

通过ADAMS/Car软件建立了车辆虚拟样机模型,车辆模型具有四轮独立制动和四轮转向的能力。在车辆稳定性系统和四轮转向系统的基础上,基于MATLAB设计了一种分层式集成控制系统,由上层控制器和下层子系统控制器组成。下层子系统控制器包括车辆稳定性控制子系统(以目标横摆角速度为控制目标)和四轮转向控制子系统(以车身质心零侧偏角为控制目标)。上层控制器为基于规则的系统管理控制器,考虑子系统间的相互耦合因素,协调子系统间的工作关系。理论分析和仿真结果表明,构建的分层式集成控制系统是一个行之有效的综合仿真和优化控制的系统,其性能优于单独控制和叠加控制,使车辆的操纵稳定性和安全性得到显著提高,所得结果为集成控制在车辆工程中的实际应用提供了参考。     

基于控制分配的主动前轮独立转向车辆转角分配算法

针对新近提出的主动前轮独立转向(AIFS)系统基于规则的转角分配方法自适应性差、无法实现最优分配的问题,提出了一种基于控制分配的转角分配算法。指出了传统主动前轮转向(AFS)存在的问题,阐述了主动前轮独立转向系统的结构和工作原理;在MATLAB/Simulink中建立了整车四自由度数学模型,设计了AIFS滑模控制器和转角分配模块;通过阶跃转向工况对所提出的转角分配算法进行了仿真验证。结果表明：该分配算法可以使AIFS自适应内外轮载荷转移变化,自动调整内外轮转角大小,较AFS可以更好地跟踪理想横摆角速度和理想运动轨迹,实现了“能力越大的轮胎贡献越大”的控制目标,提高了车辆极限转弯时的侧向稳定性。       

Side slip angle based control threshold of vehicle stability control system

Vehicle Stability Control (VSC) system prevents vehicle from spinning or drifting out mainly by braking intervention. Although a control threshold of conventional VSC is designed by vehicle characteristics and centered on average drivers, it can be a redundancy to expert drivers in critical driving conditions. In this study, a manual adaptation of VSC is investigated by changing the control threshold. A control threshold can be determined by phase plane analysis of side slip angle and angular velocity which is established with various vehicle speeds and steering angles. Since vehicle side slip angle is impossible to be obtained by commercially available sensors, a side slip angle is designed and evaluated with test results. By using the estimated value, phase plane analysis is applied to determine control threshold. To evaluate an effect of control threshold, we applied a 23-DOF vehicle nonlinear model with a vehicle planar motion model based sliding controller. Controller gains are tuned as the control threshold changed. A VSC with various control thresholds makes VSC more flexible with respect to individual driver characteristics.     

基于阿克曼定理的四轮独立转向模糊控制算法研究

基于阿克曼转向定理,研究电动汽车四轮独立转向系统。利用轮胎"魔术公式"建立二自由度非线性模型,并提出一种基于模糊策略的方法对其质心侧偏角进行控制。整车系统仿真的输入为左前轮车轮转角,其余3个车轮转角由模糊控制决定。质心侧偏角作为模糊控制器的输入,满足阿克曼定理的3个车轮转角作为其输出,由此实现四轮独立转向的控制。仿真研究结果表明所提出算法的有效性。     

Multi-axle dynamic steering system of truck-howitzer

A two-degree-of-freedom (2-DOF) steering model of multi-axle vehicle was established. The steering center position, the relationship between the steering angle and the vehicle velocity, and the minimum turn radius were deduced on the basis of the proportional control with a zero sideslip angle. Results indicate that the system stability is decided by the vehicle barycenter position and the lateral stiffness of a tire. Under this control, the steady value of the lateral acceleration is obviously diminished and the yaw angular velocity changes little under any vehicle velocity. The system rapidly responds, the vehicle smoothly steers, and its handling stability is prominently improved. __________ Translated from Journal of Jilin University, 2006, 36(3): 321–326 [译自: 吉林大学学报]     

线控转向系统的前轮转角跟踪策略研究

研究通过对线控转向系统进行主动控制,可靠并准确地得到期望的前轮转角。基于建立的线控转向系统数学模型,使用非线性自回归模型确定其系统参数,设计内模控制器跟踪车辆的期望运动状态。通过开环和闭环试验,对控制器在典型的驾驶工况下的有效性进行了验证。通过与PID控制器的结果对比,证明所设计的内模控制器能提供更好的控制性能。为减少驾驶员的操纵负担并确保车辆在不同行驶条件下的稳定性,根据不同工况下的测试结果提出基于增益不变的变角传动比控制策略,并设计了滑模控制器跟踪期望横摆角以实现主动转向。通过对内模和滑模控制器的联合仿真结果表明,所设计的控制器可实现期望横摆角度的精确跟踪,显著提高车辆的操纵灵活性和稳定性。     

汽车EPS和AFS衰减路面冲击集成控制

为衰减车辆行驶时受到的路面冲击,建立了人-车-路闭环系统数学模型,设计了电动助力转向(EPS)和主动前轮转向(AFS)集成控制算法,运用阻尼补偿控制和最优控制分别设计了电动助力转向和主动前轮转向子系统。在MATLAB/Simulink中的仿真结果表明,单独主动前轮转向控制不能衰减驾驶员把持力矩振动,单独电动助力转向阻尼控制对转向盘角速度振动和车辆横摆角速度振动衰减效果不佳,而集成系统可以很好地同时抑制驾驶员把持力矩振动、转向盘角速度振动和车辆横摆角速度振动,提高了驾驶舒适性、操纵稳定性和行驶安全性。     

Direct yaw moment control for distributed drive electric vehicle handling performance improvement

For a distributed drive electric vehicle (DDEV) driven by four in-wheel motors, advanced vehicle dynamic control methods can be realized easily because motors can be controlled independently, quickly and precisely. And direct yaw-moment control (DYC) has been widely studied and applied to vehicle stability control. Good vehicle handling performance: quick yaw rate transient response, small overshoot, high steady yaw rate gain, etc, is required by drivers under normal conditions, which is less concerned, however. Based on the hierarchical control methodology, a novel control system using direct yaw moment control for improving handling performance of a distributed drive electric vehicle especially under normal driving conditions has been proposed. The upper-loop control system consists of two parts: a state feedback controller, which aims to realize the ideal transient response of yaw rate, with a vehicle sideslip angle observer; and a steering wheel angle feedforward controller designed to achieve a desired yaw rate steady gain. Under the restriction of the effect of poles and zeros in the closed-loop transfer function on the system response and the capacity of in-wheel motors, the integrated time and absolute error (ITAE) function is utilized as the cost function in the optimal control to calculate the ideal eigen frequency and damper coefficient of the system and obtain optimal feedback matrix and feedforward matrix. Simulations and experiments with a DDEV under multiple maneuvers are carried out and show the effectiveness of the proposed method: yaw rate rising time is reduced, steady yaw rate gain is increased, vehicle steering characteristic is close to neutral steer and drivers burdens are also reduced. The control system improves vehicle handling performance under normal conditions in both transient and steady response. State feedback control instead of model following control is introduced in the control system so that the sense of control intervention to drivers is relieved.     

Variable structure controller design for steer-by-wire system of a passenger car

The electric power steering (EPS) system was developed and the steer-by-wire (SBW) system achieves the purposes of EPS. The advantages of SBW are packaging flexibility, advanced vehicle control system, and superior performance. No mechanical linkage exists between the steering gear and steering column in the SBW system. The steering wheel and front-wheel steering can be controlled independently. The SBW system consists of two motors controlled by an electronic control unit (ECU). One motor is in the steering wheel and develops the steering feel of the driver and the other motor is in the steering linkage and improves vehicle maneuverability and stability. Moreover, the active front steering (AFS) system can be added to the SBW system. AFS reduces the difference between actual and estimated vehicle yaw rate. Up-to-date information from the steering wheel enables drivers to identify road conditions through the tire force, which should be fed back to the steering wheel. Furthermore, several control algorithms related to the vehicle and motor can be used together through the self-aligning torque, which is fed back to the steering wheel. This study proposes a method to control the vehicle yaw rate through an SBW system. This control method is based on a PID control method for the steering-wheel-motor controller, as well as on a sliding mode control (SMC) method for the front-wheel-motor controller and yaw stability controller. The SBW system is modeled using a bond graph method. Results imply that the controllers are robust enough when in contact with nonlinear properties of tire and road conditions. This study is expected to guide further research on the SBW system.     

基于模糊逻辑的AFS／DYC集成控制策略研究

文中所研究的汽车动态控制系统是基于模糊逻辑控制的主动前轮转向（AFS）和直接横摆力矩控制（DYC）的集成。控制系统采用分层控制。上层使用模糊逻辑控制器（横摆角速度控制器）,输入为横摆角速度偏差及其变化率,其输出为直接横摆力矩控制信号和前轮修正转向角;下层（模糊集成控制器）设计了基于轮胎侧向力工作区的模糊逻辑控制器,通过调整前轮侧向力的方向,激活切换函数来调节模糊逻辑控制器的比例因子。仿真结果表明,使用非线性七自由度车辆模型,与单独的AFS或DYC控制器相比较,使用集成AFS／DYC控制系统,汽车操纵稳定性得到了很大的改善。     

[分布式驱动电动汽车动力学控制]基于转矩协调分配的分布式驱动电动汽车稳定性控制

A hierarchical vehicle-stability-control method was presented based on the longitudinal force distribution optimization for the handling and stability control of the distributed-driven electric vehicles. The eight-degree-freedom vehicle models and the three-layer control systems were developed. By selecting the sideslip angle and the yaw rate as the state variables and introducting the virtual control to decouple two control variables,  the integral 2-DOF vehicle models were adopted to calculate the equivalent yaw moments for the vehicle stability in upper controllers. The linear quadratic regulator （LQR） method was utilized to optimize the distribution of the front and rear steering angles and the tire longitudinal forces in middle controllers. The sliding-mode-based slip controller in the lower layer was also designed to reallocate the wheel torques. Simulation results show that the control system may make full use of the adhesion potential of the tire under high speed and extreme conditions, realize the coordinated distribution of wheel torques and improve the steering stability of the vehicles. When the actuators fail, the system may reconstruct effectively and realize the reallocation of control inputs to improve the safety of the vehicles.