聚砚基纤维素填充复合超滤膜材料的研究

以聚砜为原材料,通过向铸膜液中混入纤维素微纳晶体,采用浸没沉淀相转化工艺制备了纤维素填充聚砜基复合超滤膜材料。测定了超滤膜的水通量、截留率、平均孔径、孔隙率等性能,通过单因素影响试验分析了各个工艺因素对产品性能的影响;考察了膜的化学稳定性以及运行压力对性能的影响;通过扫描电镜观察了膜孔的结构;并通过浊点滴定实验得到膜液的三元相图,分析了纤维素的加入对成膜过程的影响。     

聚砜-纤维素复合超滤膜材料的制备与表征

以聚砜为原材料,通过向铸膜液中混入纤维素微纳晶体,采用浸没沉淀相转化工艺制备了纤维素填充聚砜基复合超滤膜材料。通过正交试验分析了各因素对产品性能的影响并得出了制备复合超滤膜的最优条件:当聚砜质量分数为18%,添加剂聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP K30)为0.3%,纤维素微纳晶体加入量为聚砜质量的15%,空气中溶剂蒸发时间为10s,然后在凝胶浴水中凝胶成形。并测定复合超滤膜的水通量、截留率、平均孔径、孔隙率、强度等一系列性能,膜的水通量为152.72L/(m²·h),截留率为93.98%,孔隙率为63.22%,平均孔径为46.03nm,膜具有良好的综合性能。     

微纳纤维素与聚砜共混体系相容性的研究

通过微纳纤维素一聚砜制膜液的水通量、截留率、黏度的测定、相分离结构分析及凝胶特性分析等,研究其共混体系的相容性.研究结果表明,一定共混比例下,微纳纤维素在聚砜制膜液中分散均匀,黏度曲线呈非线性,该共混体系为部分相容体系.当聚砜质量分数18%,添加剂为PVP K30,添加质量分数为0.3%,蒸发时间为10 s,凝胶浴为水的制膜条件下,微纳纤维素质量分数为5.%时,复合超滤膜水通量最高可达235.27 L/(m²·h),截留率达95.35%.随着凝胶浴温度升高,复合超滤膜膜孔的梯度变好.     

铸膜液中水含量对聚砜超滤膜结构和性能的影响

试验在环境温度20℃、相对湿度50%、凝胶浴温度20℃的条件下制膜,在聚砜(PS)铸膜液中添加水为非溶剂添加剂,研究水添加量对铸膜液粘度、膜性能和结构的影响.结果表明,水的添加对铸膜液起到了增粘的作用;30℃ PS的质量分数为14%铸膜液所成膜的纯水通量随铸膜液中水的添加量的增加大体上呈增加的趋势,从59.1增大到126.4 L·m~(-2)·h~(-1);截留率则略有下降;相应的膜表面的孔径增大、孔增多;相同水添加量(质量分数0.05%)PS的质量分数为14%的铸膜液粘度随温度的升高而减小;铸膜液温度的升高,相应的膜的纯水通量随之增加,截留率则略有下降.     

聚偏氟乙烯/纳米纤维素复合超滤膜的研究

以聚偏氟乙烯为原材料,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮( PVP K30)为添加剂,并向聚偏氟乙烯铸膜液中混入纳米纤维素,采用相转化工艺制备了复合超滤膜.通过正交试验分析了各因素对产品性能的影响,并得出了制备复合超滤膜的最优条件:聚偏氟乙烯质量分数为14％,添加剂PVP K30质量分数为0.5％,纳米纤维素加入量为0.7％,空气中溶剂蒸发时间为10s,凝胶浴为水.测定复合超滤膜的水通量、截留率、平均孔径、孔隙率、力学强度等一系列性能,膜的水通量为40.7 L/(m2·h),对牛血清蛋白的截留率为91.8％,孔隙率为52.3％,平均孔径为15.3 nm.     

铸膜液结构对PVC/PMMA合金微滤膜性能的影响

通过高分子合金化,以L-S相转化法制备了PVC/PMMA非对称型合金微滤膜,考察了铸膜液结构对微滤膜结构与性能的影响.结果表明:随聚合物浓度、铸膜液温度升高合金膜水通量降低,平均孔径减小;增大PMMA含量,水通量上升,平均孔径增大;随添加剂量的增加,合金膜水通量上升,平均孔径减小.     

聚砜/纳米TiO2有机-无机复合超滤膜的制备与表征

用阴离子表面活性剂改性的纳米TiO2,加入到聚砜铸膜液中,采用相转化法制备了分散均匀的聚砜/ TiO2复合超滤膜.通过测定纯水通量、对牛血清蛋白的截留率、水接触角、粘度、抗污染性、机械强度等实验,研究了不同TiO2加入量对膜的超滤性能和力学性能的影响.并在扫描电镜下观察了膜的表面与断面形态,测定了膜的孔密度、孔隙率、孔径及其分布,从而考察了添加纳米TiO2对膜微观结构的影响.结果表明,当纳米TiO2的加入量为2%(wt)时,膜的孔隙率增大,平均孔径减小;同时膜的性能得到了明显的改善,纯水通量提高了69%,同时膜的抗压强度和断裂强度也分别提高了50%和26.7%,并且膜的亲水性也明显增强,水接触角由72.1度降低到41.4度,从而使膜的抗污染性明显改善.但进一步增加TiO2的浓度(3%(wt)以上),膜的机械强度、亲水性和超滤性能反而下降.因此在聚砜膜中适量地添加纳米TiO2粒子,可明显改善膜的亲水性和力学性能,提高膜的通量,增强膜的抗污染能力,从而拓宽了膜的应用领域.     

聚偏氟乙烯管式微孔膜的工艺研究

对聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)管式微孔膜生产工艺进行了研究。系统地讨论了相转化法制备管式微孔膜过程中各个因素的影响。研究发现，铸膜液温度对PVDF管式膜截留率和纯水通量影响不明显；铸膜液中加入NH4Cl后，膜的纯水通量增加，截留率减小，孔径增大；不同凝固浴制得的PVDF管式傲孔膜不同，膜的纯水通量和截留中也不同。     

纳米Al2O3粒子对PVDF中空纤维膜的改性研究

文章介绍了在聚偏氟乙烯铸膜液中添加了无机钠米Al2O3粒子,采用相转化法制备了Al2O3/PVDF复合中空纤维膜。使用电镜对膜的微观结构进行了分析,初步研究了无机粒子在膜孔形成的过程中所起的作用和机理。并且对膜的孔隙率、最大孔径、力学性能和截留率进行了分析。结果表明复合膜的性能与纯PVDF膜的相比有显著提高,最大孔径从0.75μm降至0.39μm,水通量和截留率分别从10.09 L/m2.h和19.12%提高到28.25 L/m2.h和71.00%,断裂应力从3.09 MPa提高到3.41 MPa。     

新型纳米纤维素/聚醚砜复合膜的性能研究

通过超声均匀分散纳米纤维素与聚醚砜共混,形成纳米纤维素/聚醚砜共混铸膜液。采用浸入沉淀相转化法制备纳米纤维素/聚醚砜复合膜。利用黏度法与荧光显微镜方法研究了共混铸膜液的性能;探讨了纳米纤维素和聚醚砜添加量对复合膜超滤性能的影响;利用扫描电镜观察了复合膜的截面孔结构。结果表明,共混铸膜液的黏度随纳米纤维素含量的增加,呈非线性增长;其相结构是以纳米纤维素为主的分散相分散在以聚醚砜为主的连续相中的"海岛结构";纳米纤维素的加入使复合膜的水通量显著增加;随着聚醚砜含量的增加,复合膜水通量下降。复合膜为典型的非对称膜孔结构。     

Preparation and properties of poly(Nε,Nε-dicarboxymethyl-l-lysine)

A new ampholytic homopolypeptide, $\text{poly}\text{(N}{}^{\mathrm{\epsilon }}\text{,N}{}^{\mathrm{\epsilon }}\text{-}\text{dicarboxy-methyl-}\text{l}\text{-lysine}\text{)}$, which has one tertiary amino and two carboxyl groups in the side chain has been derived from a hydrochloride salt of poly(L-lysine). The polymer in aqueous solution seems to be in the coil form with locally extended structure (LES) at neutral pH. In both the acidic and alkaline regions, the molar ellipticity of the polymer changes as a result of change in net charge on the side chain. The conformational changes may be from the coil with LES to other coiled forms. 5–7 M NaClO₄ and 80% aqueous methanol induce the α-helix in the polymer at neutral pH. Divalent cations, Cu²⁺ and Ca²⁺, do not induce any remarkably ordered structures such as α-helix or β-structure in the polymer in aqueous solution at any pH. Ultraviolet absorption studies show an absorption peak of the polymer-Cu²⁺ complex near 240 nm. Dependence of the peak intensity on pH at various q values ($\text{q =}\text{[}\text{Cu}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{]}\text{[}\text{residue}\text{]}$) indicates the two steps of the complex formation. At q less than 0.64, the formation is described only with the first step. An average coordination number for Cu²⁺ at the first step was calculated to be about 2 by the method of Mandel and Leyte. The association constant of Cu²⁺ with the residue at the step was determined from the absorption data to be far smaller than that for the Cu²⁺-EDTA complex. The second step of the formation occurs in the case of large q but the absorption data for the second step cannot be obtained exactly due to precipitation.     

Wet Milling of Fe/Al/Al2O3 and Fe2O3/Al/Al2O3 Powder Mixtures

Wet milling of Al₂O₃-aluminide alloy (3A) precursor powders in acetone has been investigated by milling Fe/Al/Al₂O₃ and Fe₂O₃/Al/Al₂O₃ powder mixtures. The influence of the milling process on the physical and chemical properties of the milled powders has been studied. Particle refinement and homogenization were found not to play a dominant role, whereas plastic deformation of the metal particles leads to the formation of dislocations and a highly disarranged polycrystalline structure. Although no chemical reactions among the powder components in Fe₂O₃/Al/Al₂O₃ powder mixtures were observed, the formation of a nanocrystalline, ordered intermetallic FeAl phase in Fe/Al/Al₂O₃ powder mixtures caused by mechanical alloying was detected. Chemical reactions of Fe and Al particle surfaces with the atmosphere and the milling media lead to the formation of highly porous hydroxides on the particle surfaces. Hence the specific surface area of the powders increases, while the powder density decreases during milling. The fraction of Fe oxidized during milling was determined to be 0.13. The fraction of Al oxidized during milling strongly depends on the metal content of the powder mixture. It ranges between 0.4 and 0.8.     

Sintering of Si3N4-Y2O3-Al2O3

Sintering kinetics of the system Si₃N4-Y2O₃-Al₂O3 were determined from measurements of the linear shrinkage of pressed disks sintered isothermally at 1500° to 1700°C. Amorphous and crystalline Si₃N₄ were studied with additions of 4 to 17 wt% Y₂O₃ and 4 wt% A1₂O₃. Sintering occurs by a liquid-phase mechanism in which the kinetics exhibit the three stages predicted by Kingery's model. However, the rates during the second stage of the process are higher for all compositions than predicted by the model. X-ray data show the presence of several transient phases which, with sufficient heating, disappear leaving mixtures of β ' -Si₃N₄ and glass or β '-Si₃N₄, α '-Si₃N₄, and glass. The compositions and amounts of the residual glassy phases are estimated.     

Participation of lewis base on vinyl chloride polymerization with Al(C2H5)3CCl4 catalyst system

The polymerization of vinyl chloride has been investigated using an $\text{Al}\text{(}\text{C}{}_2\text{H}{}_5\text{)}{}_3\text{CCl}{}_4$ catalyst system in the presence of various Lewis bases. Effective Lewis bases are γ-butyrolactone, diglyme and diethylenetriamine which are multidentate. The rate of polymerization is dependent not only on the basicity of the Lewis base used but also on a coordination number of one. The latter is the predominant factor. For the effect of polymeric amines, a tentative hypothesis is discussed.     

Synthesis and Characterization of Ti0.33Ta0.33Nb0.33C and Ti0.33Ta0.33Nb0.33CxN1-x Whiskers

Ta_0.33Ti_0.33Nb_0.33C and Ta_0.33Ti_0.33Nb_0.33C _x N_{1− x} whiskers were synthesized via a carbothermal vapor-liquid-solid growth mechanism in the temperature range 900°-1450°C in Ar or N₂. The optimum temperature was 1250°C. Whiskers were obtained in a yield of 70-90 vol%. The whiskers were 0.5–1 µm in diameter and 10–30 µm in length. The starting materials that produced the highest whisker yield were: TiO₂, Ta₂O₅, Nb₂O₅, C, Ni, and NaCl. C was added to reduce the oxides, and Ni to catalyze whisker growth. NaCl was used as a source of Cl for vapor-phase transportation of Ta and Nb oxochlorides and Ti chlorides to the catalyst. The catalyst metal was recycled several times during the synthesis and was transported as NiCl₂( g ) according to thermodynamic calculations. The rate of formation and the chemical composition of the whiskers depended on the synthesis temperature, the choice of catalyst, and the atmosphere. At low temperatures, the whiskers were enriched in Nb and Ta, whereas the Ti content increased with increased synthesis temperature.