基于扣除算法的环境氡和氡子体连续测量仪

环境氡和氡子体连续测量是准确计算氡的辐射剂量、客观评价氡危害的前提。介绍了一种使用闪烁室法和滤膜收集法、基于扣除算法的能够同时连续测量氡和氡子体的智能化测量仪器，详细介绍了仪器的测量原理、结构，并给出了在标准氡室和办公室中的部分测量数据。     

标准氡室自动监控系统

建立标准氡室的关键是对测量环境的温度、湿度和风速进行严格控制.本文介绍了某标准氡室自动监控系统的控制原理、软硬件结构和系统设计思想.该监控系统实现了氡室的温湿度自动控制、氡及氡子体浓度的自动检测和实验测量过程的数据全程记录.运行结果表明,该系统使用效果良好,达到了预期的设计目的.     

测氡仪检定校准装置(氡室)性能改进

本文介绍了核工业放射性勘查计量站标准氡室（HD－1型），通过将原来只有一个探头的ZnS闪烁室式标准测氡仪改装成三探头的ZnS闪烁式标准测氡仪和组装高灵敏度氡子体测量仪等措施，提高了仪器的灵敏度，降低了氡室量值的下限，并实现了环境评价中的氡子体测量，使核工业放射性勘查计量站标准氡室可靠给出氡子体的标准浓度变成现实。     

密闭型氡室中放射性平衡变化规律的探讨

针对运用动态稳定技术实现氡室氡浓度稳定的密闭型氡室,推导了氡室氡及其短寿子体浓度的变化规律公式;通过详细分析首次补氡和中途补氡过程中密闭型氡室中放射性平衡变化规律,得出密闭型氡室进入放射性平衡期后,氡箱中的氡及其短寿子体长期处在平衡或近平衡状态,工作在平衡期的氡室可以开展仪器标定、调整结合态份额等实验和工作。该研究方法和成果为进一步开展氡室氡子体潜能浓度控制、放射性气溶胶浓度控制、氡子体动力学行为研究提供了方法和理论基础。     

气溶胶对氡室氡浓度影响的探讨

通过实验测试往氡室中充入气溶胶对氡室氡浓度的影响,及测试在不同氡浓度及气溶胶浓度的条件下气溶胶对氡子体的吸附.实验结果显示:气溶胶对氡室氡浓度的稳定性没有影响,不同气溶胶浓度则会改变氡子体的结合状态,从而影响氡子体的扩散系数,所以会影响总量测量仪的测量结果.     

氡室氡浓度调控系统的研究

为一个2.84m3的氡室研制了一套氡浓度控制系统。采用控制氡室与外界换气量的方法调节氡室中氡浓度。换气量采用短周期开关控制的方法-脉冲宽度控制法(PWM),换气周期为10min。采用了氡快速补充和快速排放装置。氡室中使用一个扩散式固体氡源。系统用计算机自动控制,氡浓度建立时间小于4h,控制平稳,长时间稳定性优于2%。     

基于土壤氡源的湿度可调控的氡室系统

氡是构成天然辐射本底的主要成分,是辐射环境监测的重要内容之一。利用已知标准氡活度浓度的氡室对氡测量仪器进行刻度校正和性能检验,是氡测量中质量保证的重要环节。氡室通常由标准镭源以及氡活度浓度和湿度可以稳定调控的箱体构成,其中放射性镭源的获取及安全管理,常常给氡室的制造和推广使用带来困难。本研究依据地表深层土壤中氡活度浓度高且长时间稳定的特性,研制出了一种基于土壤氡源的湿度可调控的简易氡室系统。该系统利用不同比例的土壤气体和空气混合,调节氡活度浓度;利用电除湿,在一定范围内调节湿度。实验结果表明,该套氡室系统氡活度浓度能够在826～5 852 Bq/m³范围内稳定调节,相对湿度能够在30.8%RH～70.6%RH范围内调节,氡活度浓度和湿度的稳定时间都能超过40小时。该氡室系统摆脱了镭源的限制,简单且易于实现,能够应用于测氡仪标定或检验实验,服务于教学和科研,有望推广应用于测氡仪的比对和质量控制。     

利用静电收集^218Po实现无源连续测氡

介绍了静电收集探测室的性能,利用静电收集探测室对氡衰变的＾２１８Ｐｏ所放出的α粒子脉冲计数进行测量。实验表明：这种静电收集探测室对氡的变化有快的反应,能实现氡的无源连续测量。     

RIUM氡室十年回顾与展望

对核工业第六研究所氡室进行了简要描述，给出有关的性能指标，对氡室建成后十年来在氡及氡子体测量仪的检定、刻度与测试服务方面的工作进行了简要总结，同时展望了氡室的未来。     

DSZ-3型标准氡室的研制及性能测试

报道DSZ-3型标准氡室的研制及性能测试工作。DSZ-3型标准氡室实现了在3个氡浓度区间的独立运行、氡浓度自动控制、氡室内温、湿度自动控制。性能测试结果表明：主要技术参数达到了设计要求,氡室氡浓度空间均匀性、长时间稳定性、密封性能符合国家有关标准要求,系统运行良好。     

Feasibility of underground NPP and its MCDA-based optimization

The underground nuclear power plant(NPP)makes full use of land resources, reduces costs, makes better use of its passive safety, and avoids radioactivity release into the atmosphere in serious nuclear accidents.In this paper, for obtaining comprehensive and integrated analyses on this new NPP design, we introduce four kinds of underground NPP designs, analyze the feasibility of each design from various aspects, and use the multiple criteria decision analysis method to choose the best option.     

射线探伤用192Ir、60Co源的防护管理

介绍了围绕放射性同位素^192Ir、^60Co源的应用开展的防护管理工作。首先是加强放射工作人员的培训，对源的使用执行严格的管理程序和规定；重点说明了在不同应用现场采取的具体防护及管理措施；最后，介绍了射线源的采购、废源处理和运输等相应的管理程序及辐射事故应急计划等。上述一系列的管理体系和规章制度，保证了源的安全使用，并创造了良好的经济效益。     

物质对射线的共振吸收研究及其应用前景

物质对射线的共振吸收在核医学,能源科学,材料科学,环境科学,军事科学,粒子物理学等领域都具有广泛的应用潜力,主要介绍了物质对射线的共振吸收研究的现状及其发展和应用前景。     

The role of probabilistic methods in the development of regulations for nuclear power plant design-assessment and projections in France

The discussion of this panel session deals with the use of probabilistic methods in safety analysis and safety regulations. The author presents her opinion on the status of reliability methods for systems evaluation and on the event tree methodology. The difficulties encountered in the use of these techniques are shown. They explain the slow introduction of the latter in the safety authorization process. The future of the development of probability techniques for use in French regulation are described at the end of the paper.     

Sorption methods of separating barium and radium,aluminum and gallum,and zirconium and hafnium

Chromatographic methods of separating elements with very similar properties have now been developed. However, a number of these methods are difficult to use industrially as their throughput is low. The efficiency of chromatographic separation methods could be increased considerably by using appropriate complex formers, which decrease the effective concentration of the ions being separated, and,in the first approximation, this is equivalent to a decrease in the amount of elements being separated. The difference in the formation constants of the complex compounds increases the separation coefficient. By investigating chromatographic separation with the use of various complex formers, we found the optimal conditions for separating barium and radium, zirconium and hafnium, and aluminum and gallium. The throughput of these methods, with respect to the macroelement was 15–60 kg/hr per m² of column cross section.     

A comparison of PLW and PHW second-generation 232Th233U reactors

The use of irradiated Th rods in ²³²Th²³³U second-generation reactors was studied theoretically. It was found that the use of the heavy-water moderator in such reactors has considerable advantages over the use of the light-water one.     

Application of lead and lead-bismuth in the heat-removal systems of tokamak reactors

The salient features of the use of lead and lead-bismuth in the power-generating loops removing heat from the blanket of a tokamak reactor are set forth. The results of experimental and theoretical investigations and analysis in substantiation of the use of heavy liquid-metal coolants in systems converting the energy of a blanket in a tokamak reactor into electricity are presented.__________Translated from Atomnaya Énergiya, Vol. 98, No. 2, pp. 111–118, February, 2005.     

Seismic analysis and design of hyperbolic cooling towers

The safety of hyperbolic cooling towers is important to the continuous operation of a power plant. Depending upon the site, earthquake may govern the design of the tower. Methods of seismic analysis have been presented. It is concluded that the response spectrum method of analysis is of maximum practical use. A method to construct the design response spectra for various earthquake zones is presented. An earthquake motion consists of three components; however, it is shown that designing for one horizontal component only is adequate. The use of boundary conditions and the effects of inelastic action on analysis and design are discussed.     

手机电磁辐射污染及防护

移动电话使用日益普及，手机电磁辐射污染问题也日益突出。本文简述了手机电磁辐射对人体的危害，并从科研，生产厂商及手机用户三方面提出了防护措施。