治疗PTSD的VR设备交互设计研究

目的以VR技术在PTSD症状的应用为出发点,研究相应的VR设备在治疗过程中的交互设计方法和流程,旨在促进VR设备治疗PTSD的交互创新,以及在满足患者需求的前提下提高PTSD患者的治愈机率。方法首先在剖析PTSD症状及患者特性的基础上,归纳VRET治疗PTSD的优势;其次在选取合适的VR设备后,定义与治疗PTSD相关的实际环境、患者及医护人员、设备情境四要素,建立交互设计模型,并以此为原型引导后续设计,从多通道感官入手,提炼治疗过程中的人机交互方式;再以简洁易操作为原则,设计手势交互过程和内容;并考虑治疗空间氛围和患者情感表现,确定界面色彩;最后落脚于PTSD的治疗过程,制定出治疗交互流程。结论通过研究治疗PTSD的VR设备的交互设计,提高患者治疗体验,相对于传统的PTSD治疗方法,有效的VR应用治疗和人机交互能大大提高治疗效果,对医学界研究治疗PTSD的方法具有一定参考价值。     

驾驶风格研究现状与展望

驾驶风格指驾驶员在日常生活中习惯性的驾驶方式.本文对这一领域的研究进行了回顾和归纳,指出了驾驶风格的概念、影响因素及主要测量方法（多维度驾驶风格量表和驾驶风格问卷）;并针对当前研究的不足,提出了未来研究的3个方向：（1）拓展驾驶风格研究的广度和深度;（2）重视驾驶风格测量的应用;（3）加快驾驶风格的本土化研究.     

驾驶员换道执行持续时间研究

换道行为的研究对于交通流分析和驾驶安全具有重要的意义.本研究采用三种方法收集换道时间数据:实路高空观测、实路车内观测和驾驶模拟器测量.数据分析表明在一定速度区间内,换道时间不受车辆行驶速度的影响,而当在驾驶模拟器中速度区间继续扩大时,速度的影响变得显著,尤其是低速时换道时间显著延长.此外,数据比较结果表明从换道执行开始到该换道被其他驾驶员发现至少存在0.75s延迟.     

基于OBD技术的驾驶习惯的参数化指标研究

目的驾驶员行为习惯的参数化研究对于评价驾驶员的驾驶水平有很重要的意义。本文根据驾驶习惯具有长期稳定的特点,基于车载诊断系统(OBD)技术分析驾驶参数并获得可靠的驾驶习惯评价指标。方法通过对各驾驶相关的参数进行时序稳定性检验,表明OBD提供的一些指标能作为驾驶习惯的参数化评估指标。结果通过OBD技术提取的一些参数具有时序稳定性,可以作为驾驶习惯的参数化指标。结论驾驶参数的稳定性是很多驾驶行为因果分析的隐含前提,本研究结论不仅能在一定程度上表征驾驶行为习惯,也为驾驶行为的因果研究提供了理论依据。     

不安全驾驶行为及其影响因素

不安全驾驶行为是道路交通事故的主要原因.在道路交通环境中,驾驶行为会受到多种因素的影响.本文首先概括了不安全驾驶行为的分类,接着介绍了个体及环境因素对不安全驾驶行为影响的研究进展.在总结已有实证研究结果的基础上提出了今后的研究趋势及展望.     

智能汽车中基于信任的接管系统交互设计

目的 以Level 3级别自动驾驶汽车的接管系统作为主要研究对象,探究HMI设计对驾驶员在典型接管场景下的驾驶信任度的影响.方法 采取了文献查阅、案例研究、理论分析、用户研究、系统设计、实验评估等研究方法,基于驾驶信任度的理论模型,设计典型驾驶场景下的人机交互界面,增加驾驶员对接管系统的信任度,提高使用Level 3自动驾驶的安全性和舒适性.对HMI设计方案制作了关键原型和效果图,并在模拟驾驶器上进行了设计验证.结果 对方向盘进行灯带变化设计和中控信息基于信任的透明度设计,有效提高了接管场景下人对自动化系统的信任度,并提高了接管效率和用户满意度.结论 信任度是在用户与产品交互的过程中不断发展变化的,HMI设计应该考虑在交互过程中人机信任的因素.     

阿尔茨海默病大脑皮层的磁共振影像分析

阿尔茨海默病是一种进行性神经退化痴呆症,其特征是大脑皮层厚度萎缩和认知功能逐步下降。通过分析阿尔茨海默病患者及其早期症状轻度认知障碍患者的大脑皮层厚度变化,我们可以了解该疾病的发生发展机理,为临床早期诊断和预防提供帮助。核磁共振成像技术的出现为我们对该疾病大脑皮层变化模式的研究提供了很好的手段。本文工作是从图像处理的角度分析了阿尔茨海默病和轻度认知障碍患者大脑皮层磁共振影像结构。     

舒适驾驶姿势试验及模糊评价

座椅是影响整车舒适性的关键因素,其中人体驾驶舒适角度又是座椅舒适性设计的参考基础.本研究面向我国人体尺寸特征,召集了20个试验者,针对PASSAT和POLO两种不同级别的车型各进行了20组试验.统计计算出试验车型的人体驾驶舒适角度(包括靠背角、躯干大腿角、膝角)的均值和范围及其相关关系,并通过与国外文献参考角度之间的对比分析明确了我国人体驾驶舒适角度与国外人体驾驶舒适角度之间的差异.在试验结果基础上,应用模糊理论建立了不同驾驶姿势与舒适度指标之间的模糊评价模型,并通过实例分析验证了该模型方法的实用性.本文的研究结果对我国汽车座椅舒适性设计及其改进具有较大的参考价值.     

驾驶愤怒对驾驶安全影响的研究方法

驾驶愤怒对驾驶安全的影响已引起广泛关注。本文回顾了国内外驾驶愤怒对驾驶安全的影响的相关研究,重点总结和分析了实验室模拟、问卷测验和生理测量三种驾驶愤怒研究方法及其优缺点,并提出了未来此领域的研究方向。     

基于驾驶模拟实验的驾驶员气质与驾驶行为关系研究

目的本文研究驾驶员气质差异与驾驶行为之间的关系。方法随机抽取21名驾驶员参与驾驶模拟实验,获取受试者的气质与驾驶行为数据,再利用统计分析软件对实验数据进行统计分析。结果不同气质类型驾驶员的驾驶行为存在着明显的差异,胆汁质驾驶员的操纵行为安全性较差,有事故倾向性特征;粘液质驾驶员的操纵行为安全性较好,是四类驾驶员中最适合做驾驶员的气质类型。结论通过驾驶员气质测评可以预测驾驶员的驾驶操纵行为,评价驾驶员的安全驾驶水平,可为驾驶员的甄选、培训提供一定的依据。     

Cross-cultural differences in driver self-assessment

This study investigated differences in driver self-assessment among U.S., Spanish, and West German drivers. Subjects responded to 14 questions that used five-point semantic scales dealing with driver performance and abilities. Pairs of questions, concerning the same driving-related aspects, differed by requesting a self-assessment on an absolute basis and in relation to the average driver. The subjects in all three countries included younger, middle-aged, and older drivers of both sexes. The following are the main findings: (1) a majority of drivers in each country rated themselves positively on all driving-related scales studied; (2) significant effects of country, age group, and sex of the subjects were present for several of the scales; (3) some of these effects remained significant even after controlling for the differential driving experience. For example, U.S. drivers assessed themselves as safer than did West German and Spanish subjects, younger subjects less wise than middle-aged and older subjects, and males more relaxed than females.     

Associations between age,gender, psychosocial and health characteristics in the Candrive II study cohort

The relations among driving-related psychosocial measures (e.g., driving comfort, attitudes toward driving) and measures of self-reported health were examined in the context of driver characteristics (i.e., age and gender) within the Canadian Driving Research Initiative for Vehicular Safety in the Elderly (Candrive II) baseline data, available for the cohort of 928 drivers, 70 years of age and older. Older members of the cohort had lower comfort scores and poorer perceptions of their driving abilities. Men reported significantly higher levels of driving comfort than women. When analyses including health were controlled for age and gender, significant relations with health status were evident for most of the psychosocial measures. These findings extend previous research and suggest that attitudes, beliefs, and perceptions about driving may be influenced by health status and act as mediators in the self-regulation process.     

Effects of remote and in-person verbal interactions on verbalization rates and attention to dynamic spatial scenes

This study focused on how teams allocated attention between a driving-related spatial task and a verbal task, and how different kinds of verbal interactions affected performance of the driving-related task. In Experiment 1, 29 two-person teams performed an interactive verbal task while one team member also performed a simulated driving task. Of the team members performing only the verbal task, half could see their partner’s spatial situation, as a car passenger can (in-person condition), and half were remotely located, similar to someone speaking to a driver using a cell-phone. Teams interacted verbally at an overall slower rate during remote than in-person interactions, suggesting that remote verbal interactions are more difficult than in-person interactions. Verbal interactions degraded situation awareness for driving-related information while performing the spatial task; and this degradation was not greater during remote than in-person interactions. Experiment 2 used a faster-paced verbal task and found greater degradation of situation awareness due to the verbal task. These findings are potentially relevant to the issue of how passenger and cell-phone conversations affect driving performance.     

Cognitive impairment and driving safety

As the populations of many countries continue to age, cognitive impairment will likely become more common. Individuals with cognitive impairment pose special challenges for families, health professionals, driving safety professionals, and the larger community, particularly if these older adults depend on driving as their primary means of community mobility. It is vital that we continue to extend our knowledge about the driving behavior of individuals’ with cognitive impairment, as well as try to develop effective means of screening and assessing these individuals for fitness to drive and help facilitate their transition to non-driving when appropriate. This special issue is intended to provide researchers and practitioners an opportunity to present the most recent research findings on driving-related issues among older adults with cognitive impairment. The issue contains 11 original contributions from seven countries. The topics covered by these papers are: crash risks; screening, assessment, and fitness to drive; driving performance using a driving simulator; and driving behaviors and driving-related decisions of people with cognitive impairments.     

Assessment of driving-related performance in chronic whiplash using an advanced driving simulator

Driving is often nominated as problematic by individuals with chronic whiplash associated disorders (WAD), yet driving-related performance has not been evaluated objectively. The purpose of this study was to test driving-related performance in persons with chronic WAD against healthy controls of similar age, gender and driving experience to determine if driving-related performance in the WAD group was sufficiently impaired to recommend fitness to drive assessment. Driving-related performance was assessed using an advanced driving simulator during three driving scenarios; freeway, residential and a central business district (CBD). Total driving duration was approximately 15 min. Five driving tasks which could cause a collision (critical events) were included in the scenarios. In addition, the effect of divided attention (identify red dots projected onto side or rear view mirrors) was assessed three times in each scenario. Driving performance was measured using the simulator performance index (SPI) which is calculated from 12 measures. z-Scores for all SPI measures were calculated for each WAD subject based on mean values of the control subjects. The z-scores were then averaged for the WAD group. A z-score of ≤−2 indicated a driving failing grade in the simulator. The number of collisions over the five critical events was compared between the WAD and control groups as was reaction time and missed response ratio in identifying the red dots.     

Hyperactive children as young adults: driving abilities, safe driving behavior, and adverse driving outcomes

ADHD has been linked to poorer driving abilities and greater adverse outcomes (crashes, citations) in clinic-referred cases of teens and adults with ADHD. No study, however, has focused systematically on ADHD children followed into adulthood. The present paper does so while measuring driving-related cognitive abilities, driving behavior, and history of adverse driving outcomes. A multi-method, multi-source battery of driving measures was collected at the young adult follow-up on hyperactive (H; N=147; mean age=21.1) and community control children (CC; N=71; mean age=20.5) followed for more than 13 years. More of the H than CC groups had been ticketed for reckless driving, driving without a license, hit-and-run crashes, and had their licenses suspended or revoked. Official driving records found more of the H group having received traffic citations and a greater frequency of license suspensions. The cost of damage in their initial crashes was also significantly greater in the H than CC group. Both self-report and other ratings of actual driving behavior revealed less safe driving practices being used by the H group. Observations by driving instructors during a behind-the-wheel road test indicated significantly more impulsive errors. Performance on a simulator further revealed slower and more variable reaction times, greater errors of impulsiveness (false alarms, poor rule following), more steering variability, and more scrapes and crashes of the simulated vehicle against road boundaries in the H than in the CC group. These findings suggest that children growing up with ADHD may either have fewer driving risks or possibly under-report those risks relative to clinic-referred adults with this disorder. Deficits in simulator performance and safe driving behavior, however, are consistent with clinic-referred adults with ADHD suggesting ongoing risks for such adverse driving outcomes in children growing up with ADHD.     

Role of primary personality factors in the perception of traffic signs and driver violations and accidents

The paper stressed the study not only of the relationships involving personality dimensions with driver behavior and performance in driving-related tasks, but also of the need to study these relationships in terms of primary personality dimensions or factors. The roles of the primary dimensions of impulsivity, sensation seeking and decision time from Eysenck's extroversion dimension were examined in relation to driver behavior and to the ability to perceive traffic signs. Similarly, the role of decision time in relation to field dependence was examined.     

Cognitive problems,self-rated changes in driving skills,driving-related discomfort and self-regulation of driving in old drivers

Ageing in general is associated with functional decline that may have an adverse effect on driving. Nevertheless, older drivers have been found to show good judgement and to self-regulate their driving, which may enable them to continue driving safely despite functional decline. The process of the self-monitoring of driving ability and the awareness of functional decline, and its association with the self-regulation of driving is, however, not fully understood. The aim of the present study was to examine the perceived changes in driving skills, the discomfort experienced in driving, and the self-regulation of driving as measured by the avoidance of certain driving situations by older drivers with different levels of self-rated cognitive problems. Eight hundred and forty Danish drivers aged 75–95 completed a structured telephone interview. The results showed that the recognition of cognitive problems was associated with an experience of improvement in higher level driving skills but also of a decline in lower level driving skills. Moreover, cognitive problems recognised by drivers were associated with discomfort in, and avoidance of, driving situations. Finally, a linear relationship between discomfort in driving and avoidance was found and this tended to be stronger for drivers recognising cognitive problems. The results indicate that older drivers who recognise problems with cognitive functions display good self-assessment of changes in their driving skills. In addition, the results suggest that driving-related discomfort is an important factor affecting the self-regulation of driving. Finally, the findings indicate that driving-related discomfort functions as an indirect self-monitoring of driving ability and may contribute to the safe driving performance of Danish older drivers.     

The multidimensional driving style inventory a decade later: Review of the literature and re-evaluation of the scale

The Multidimensional Driving Style Inventory (MDSI; Taubman - Ben-Ari, Mikulincer, & Gillath, 2004a), a self-report questionnaire assessing four broad driving styles, has been in use for the last ten years. During that time, numerous studies have explored the associations between the MDSI factors and sociodemographic and driving-related variables. The current paper employs two large data sets to summarize the accumulated knowledge, examining MDSI factors in samples of young drivers aged 17–21 (Study 1, n = 1436) and older drivers aged 22–84 (Study 2, n = 3409). Findings indicate that driving-related indicators are coherently and systematically related to the four driving styles in the expected directions, revalidating the structure of the MDSI. The results also help clarify the relationships between the driving styles and variables such as gender, ethnicity, car ownership, age, and experience, and suggest that driving styles are largely unaffected by sociodemographic characteristics, except for gender and ethnicity, and appear to represent a relatively stable and universal trait. The two studies highlight the validity and reliability of the MDSI, attesting to its practical value as a tool for purposes of research, evaluation, and intervention.