基于PCR多物种鉴定技术及其在肉类 鉴定中的应用

国内外的肉类掺假由来已久,法律上监管部门对此采取了严格监管措施,技术上应用了感官、显微检测和免疫学等相应的检测技术。近几年来,PCR及其衍生技术的快速发展大大推动了肉类鉴定技术的快速发展,尤其在多物种鉴定技术领域建立了如多重PCR、通用单引物多重PCR、通用引物特异性PCR和PCR-RFLP等多项技术。这些技术的发展为肉类及其制品的检测提供了重要手段,代表了检测技术领域发展的方向,但其也各有其优缺点。本文介绍了上述4种多物种鉴定技术及其在肉类鉴定中的应用,并分析了其优缺点,旨在为物种鉴定方法选择及其研究提供参考。     

浅述肉类新鲜度的检测方法

主要叙述了肉类新鲜度的各种检测方法,从感官检测,理化检测,微生物检测三个方面进行了阐述。     

肉类品质快速无损分析技术的研究进展

随着消费者对肉品质量和安全要求的日益提高,一系列应用于肉类品质的快速无损检测技术应运而生,这些技术的诞生也极大地促进了肉类工业的发展。该文概述了近年来出现的肉类快速分级、鉴别及品质研究技术,并重点对计算机视觉技术、近红外光谱技术和拉曼光谱技术在肉类品质研究中的成果进行了对比分析,以期对肉类自动分级技术的科学研究及在产业中的应用提供指导。     

肉类掺假鉴别技术研究进展

随着现代分析检测技术的发展,肉类掺假鉴别技术也得到了长足的发展,主要包括感官鉴定技术、酶联免疫吸附(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)技术、聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)技术及生物质谱技术等。在这些技术中,感官鉴定技术操作简单,但准确度还有待改进。ELISA技术已有商品化试剂盒,由于受蛋白活性的影响,使其应用范围受到限制。PCR技术具有检测灵敏度高、结果重复性好等优势,但操作繁琐耗时。生物质谱技术通过多肽鉴定肉类掺假成为了一个新的发展方向。本文综述了现阶段常见肉类成分的检测技术,并对各种肉类掺假鉴别技术进行总结与分析,期望为肉类食品安全监测提供理论参考。     

肉类新鲜度的保持和检测

本文系统介绍了国内外肉类新鲜度检验的方法动态介绍和讨论了对新鲜肉所采用的各种保鲜处理方法比如热剔骨、电刺激处理、屠宰后各种处理方式、不同包装方法等措施,对肉类的新鲜程度的影响.对当前国内外仍然普遍使用着的肉类上市前感官检测方法、仪器检测方法对肉类新鲜度和安全性影响的研究动态加以讨论.     

智能感官分析技术在肉类品质分析中的应用

本文介绍了常用的智能感官分析技术及其原理,概述了计算机视觉技术、电子鼻技术、电子舌技术和质构分析技术在肉类品质分析中的应用现状,提出了智能感官分析技术发展需解决的关键问题。     

基于计算机视觉技术的肉类色泽评价

近年来运用计算机视觉对肉类进行感官质量评价一直是热点的研究领域。本文主要综述了最近的一些应用研究成果,其中主要包括计算机视觉技术在肉类表征质量属性中一个重要指标——色泽上的感官评价上的应用。     

基于高光谱成像技术的红肉品质评定研究进展

红肉品质的传统检测方法会对样品造成污染,影响其理化指标的测定结果,在检测某些标量指标的同时还会具有一定的破坏性。因此,准确、无损、快速的检测评价对推动肉制品企业的发展具有十分重要的意义。近些年,高光谱成像技术在肉品品质检测和评价中的应用已成为研究热点,该技术已被广泛应用于食品安全与农产品质量检测中,并且取得了较好的研究成果。本文主要综述了近年来高光谱成像技术在红肉品质检测中的应用研究,分别从肉类品质评定的感官指标、内在指标2 个方面进行阐述。最后,对高光谱成像技术现存的一些不足和其在肉制品检测中的发展前景进行概述。     

电子鼻及其在食品感官分析中的应用

电子鼻是以模拟人的嗅觉为基本原理,用来对食品中复杂嗅味和挥发性成分进行分析、识别和检测仪器,由气体传感器、信号处理和模式识别系统等组成。介绍了电子鼻的基本组成和原理,综述了电子鼻技术在茶叶、葡萄酒、肉类等食品中的感官评价方面的应用现状与发展趋势。     

肉制品掺假鉴别技术研究进展

肉制品在食品消费中占很大比例,近年来,肉制品掺假问题日益严重,肉制品掺假鉴别和溯源分析成为研究热点。传统的通过感官及形态的肉类鉴别方法已经不能满足肉类掺假鉴别的需要。随着现代分析仪器和生物技术的发展,多种蛋白质分析法、DNA分析法和无损检测方法日趋成熟。基于蛋白质的检测方法,如免疫分析法和色谱分析法均可定量检测,但不适用于加工肉制品。基于样品特征光谱的无损检测方法操作简单,检测时间短,具有独特的优势。基于DNA的检测方法,特别是荧光定量PCR方法具有检测灵敏度高,结果重复性好等优势,将成为未来肉类物种鉴别的发展方向,具有很好的应用前景。     

Consumers’ associations,perceptions and acceptance of meat and plant-based meat alternatives

The consumption of meat contributes significantly to undesirable effects on the environment. In order to reduce the impact of animal husbandry, one approach is to decrease meat consumption by substituting plant-based meat alternatives. Because the consumption of such meat alternatives is currently rather low, the aim of this research was to identify the barriers that keep people from consuming meat alternatives and increase the probability of future consumption. This was accomplished by exploring free associations people have towards meat and meat alternatives, comparing selected meat products with their respective meat alternatives using the semantic differential, and studying the perceived appropriateness of eating meat alternatives in different consumption situations. To achieve these objectives, we carried out an online survey with participants from Germany (N = 1039). Our results suggest that while meat is being associated with positive terms, meat alternatives were viewed more negatively. The previous findings that meat alternatives should be similar to meat with regard to taste, texture, and ease of preparation were confirmed. Results from the direct comparison of meat with corresponding meat alternatives indicate that meat alternatives are similarly perceived to their processed meat counterparts. Regarding different consumption situations, our results show that eating meat alternatives is perceived to be more appropriate in situations where one eats alone or with family and friends. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that meat alternatives have the best chance of successfully replacing meat when they closely resemble highly processed meat products in taste and texture and are offered at competitive prices. The recommendation for producers of meat alternatives is thus to focus on replicating processed meat products instead of trying to imitate meat cuts such as steak or escalope.     

Stuck in the middle with you: The role of similarity information on categorizing cultured meat

Cultured meat is a potentially successful future alternative to conventional meat if consumers perceive it as similar enough to conventional meat. This paper aimed to investigate how consumers categorize cultured meat after receiving information about it being similar to meat or meat substitutes.The first study (N = 130) showed that similarity information between cultured meat and meat resulted in the categorization of cultured meat as meat. This effect was not found for similarity information between cultured meat and meat substitutes. The second study (N = 200) ruled out that the name cultured meat influenced categorization. In contrast with study 1 similarity information between cultured meat and meat did not result in categorization, where similarity information between cultured meat and meat substitutes did. The third study (N = 152) suggested cultured meat was categorized as meat substitute, however, no evidence was found that providing similarity information between cultured meat and meat or meat substitutes influenced either categorization. Subsequent interviews within study 3 (N = 10) suggested that cultured meat overlaps substantially with the categories meat and meat substitutes and suggested that participants had difficulty to consistently categorize cultured meat. This may explain the apparently inconsistent results.The findings of this paper thus suggest that cultured meat does not effortlessly fit into the meat or meat substitute category.     

热鲜肉与冷却肉品质差异之管见

我国肉与肉制品中生鲜肉占比约80%,生鲜肉中热鲜肉占比约60%,而冷却肉占比不足30%。近年来研究表明,僵直前的热鲜肉更适合炖煮、炒制、涮制等传统烹饪方法,而解僵成熟后的冷却肉则更适合烘烤、烧烤等西式烹饪方法。基于热鲜肉和冷却肉各自不同的加工特性和优劣势,本文在综述热鲜肉与冷却肉品质研究最新进展的基础上,提出了建立适合我国消费者饮食习惯、个性化消费需求和精细化烹饪方式的生鲜肉加工理论、技术、标准与管理体系,以期为生鲜肉生产“定制化”新业态提供技术和理论支撑。     

鲜肉包装技术的发展及运用

随着生鲜肉的需求越来越大,肉品的安全问题受到重视,怎样在保证肉品质量安全的同时,又延长货价期,成为迫切需要解决的问题。而我国现有的鲜肉运输、销售方式上存在很大的不足,本文针对以上问题综述了不同的包装在肉品保鲜上的具体运用。     

Effect of age and gender on the processing characteristics of buffalo meat

Comparison of processing characteristics of meat from young male, spent male and spent female buffaloes was made to find the suitability of the meat for developing ready to eat meat products. Intensively reared young male buffalo meat showed higher moisture, collagen solubility, sarcomere length, myofibrillar fragmentation index and water holding capacity than meat from the other animals. A higher pH, total meat pigments, salt soluble protein, emulsifying capacity and lower collagen solubility were observed in spent male buffalo meat. Spent female buffalo meat had higher fat, total collagen, muscle fibre diameter and shear force value. Sensory evaluation of pressure cooked meat chunks indicated a marked toughness in spent male and female buffalo meat samples. These results suggest that young male buffalo meat is more suitable for processing in chunks and spent male and female buffalo meat is more suitable for processing in smaller particles.     

Authentication of meat and meat products

In recent years, interest in meat authenticity has increased. Many consumers are concerned about the meat they eat and accurate labelling is important to inform consumer choice. Authentication methods can be categorised into the areas where fraud is most likely to occur: meat origin, meat substitution, meat processing treatment and non-meat ingredient addition. Within each area the possibilities for fraud can be subcategorised as follows: meat origin—sex, meat cuts, breed, feed intake, slaughter age, wild versus farmed meat, organic versus conventional meat, and geographic origin; meat substitution—meat species, fat, and protein; meat processing treatment—irradiation, fresh versus thawed meat and meat preparation; non-meat ingredient addition—additives and water. Analytical methods used in authentication are as diverse as the authentication problems, and include a diverse range of equipment and techniques. This review is intended to provide an overview of the possible analytical methods available for meat and meat products authentication. In areas where no authentication methods have been published, possible strategies are suggested.     

9274份肉及肉制品食源性致病菌监测结果分析

目的 了解吉林省9274份肉及肉制品食源性致病菌污染情况,为防控食源性疾病提供科学依据。方法从吉林省9个地市级行政区采集市售6类肉及肉制品样品共9274份,包括生畜肉、生禽肉、熟肉制品、调理肉制品、冷冻肉糜制品和动物血液及制品。按照国家标准方法检测10种食源性致病菌。结果 全部9274份样本食源性致病菌总阳性检出率为3.9%(366/9274)。检出率最高为调理肉制品 (13.0%,63/483),其次是生禽肉(5.6%,107/1900)和生畜肉(5.0%,71/1428)。检出的主要致病菌为单核细胞增生李斯特菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门菌。生禽肉中弯曲菌检出率(7.5%,31/411)和产气荚膜梭菌检出率(3.9%,7/180)均高于沙门菌检出率(3.5%,8/231)。生禽肉、生畜肉中未检出小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌。动物血液及制品未检出单细胞增生李斯特菌、弯曲菌和小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌。冷冻肉糜制品未检出沙门菌。熟肉制品未检出大肠埃希氏菌O157、志贺菌和蜡样芽胞杆菌。熟肉制品各年度检出率范围为1.3%-4.4%。结论 吉林省市售的肉及肉制品较长时间受到不同程度的食源性致病菌污染,存在食源性疾病发生的风险。     

Situational appropriateness of meat products,meat substitutes and meat alternatives as perceived by Dutch consumers

The development of meat substitutes could contribute to a more sustainable food production system. Although the consumption of meat substitutes in the Netherlands has grown over the last decades, meat consumption stayed roughly the same. This led to the question of whether meat substitutes fit in the same usage situations as meat products do. Perceived situational appropriateness of meat, meat substitutes and other meat alternatives in different usage situations was studied using an item-by-use appropriateness survey. Products were presented via photographs and for each combination of product and situation, the appropriateness was rated on a 7-point scale. Personal information included the consumption of meat and meat substitutes and Food Neophobia. An exploratory survey was conducted in 2004 and an online survey in 2019.Overall, meat products were perceived as more appropriate than their vegetarian equivalents (e.g. hamburger vs. vegetarian hamburger) in almost all situations. Meat alternatives (chickpeas, nuts) scored generally higher than meat substitutes on situational appropriateness. Age and gender affected appropriateness ratings: women and younger respondents gave higher ratings to meat substitutes and meat alternatives. Food Neophobia showed a small effect. Meat substitute consumption frequency was a predictor of overall appropriateness in 2019, where it was not in 2004. Results underpin that situational appropriateness and consumer characteristics should be taken into account in new product development of meat substitutes. Furthermore, meat alternatives like chickpeas and nuts could also contribute to the reduction of meat consumption.     

低温NMR研究肉与肉制品中水的状态中的应用

水分是肉中含量最多的组成成分,尽管它不是肉与肉制品的营养物质,但是肉与肉制品水分含量、持水性及水的状态直接关系到肉与肉制品的组织状态、品质,甚至风味。本文综述了氢谱核磁共振的基本原理,肉与肉制品中水的状态研究进展。     

肉及肉制品中磷酸盐含量分析

目的探究生鲜肉中磷酸盐本底含量。方法以不同品种肉及肉制品为研究对象,采用国家标准食品中磷酸盐的测定斱法对其迚行磷酸盐含量测定,比较分析肉及肉制品不同品种间磷酸盐含量差别。结果肉制品中磷酸盐含量在0.46～10.32g/kg,超限量比率为26.67%,生鲜肉中磷酸盐含量在1.37～6.65g/kg,参考GB 2760-2014肉制品中磷酸盐限量5.0 g/kg计算,超限量比率为34.00%。结论生鲜肉中磷酸盐本身含量较高,对熟肉制品的磷酸盐含量会存在一定影响,继而导致熟肉制品的超限量比率较高。