人机系统可靠性设计研究进展

目的 研究人机系统可靠性设计理论。方法 通过对可靠性概念的描述,进而对机械可靠性、人的可靠性、人机系统可靠性的研究现状、主要分析方法及应用等方面的文献进行梳理与综合分析。初步构建了人机系统可靠性设计研究框架。结论 指出人机系统可靠性设计的未来发展趋势,为该领域进一步的研究提供参考。     

人因可靠性仿真

为了改进人因可靠性分析中时间接口、误差传播等方面的不足,进行了人因可靠性仿真方法研究.对仿真中的关键问题如仿真模型建立、仿真流程设计、仿真误差分析和仿真规模确定等进行了深入的理论分析并给出了合理的解决方案.并以核电工程中广为应用的THERP+ HCR方法为原型,给出了人因可靠性仿真的实现实例.仿真结果表明,前述理论分析...     

载人潜水器密闭舱室工业设计研究综述

目的 为改进载人潜水器密闭舱室工业设计,提升设计可靠性与人机舒适性提供理论支撑。方法 文中基于Scopus数据库与中国知网数据库下载并整理相关文献,采用Citespace软件对文献作者、机构、关键词等构建可视化图谱,分析得出结论。结论 通过精读文献划分出目前载人潜水器密闭舱室工业设计的3个主要研究方向,包含造型结构设计、人因可靠性分析与布局优化设计;提取各研究方向中所采用的研究方法,涵盖智能算法、实验研究方法和三代人因可靠性分析方法等。对这些内容进行总结归纳,分析载人潜水器密闭舱室工业设计研究现状,为未来载人潜水器密闭舱室的工业设计提供参考和依据。     

核电厂系统人因工程学的应用研究

文章阐述了核电厂人因工程学应用现状，并介绍了应用在核电厂的人的可靠性分析的方法，提出了应用人因工程学改进核电厂可靠性与安全性的一些建议。     

电气设备维修技术

通过对目前钢钵企业电气设备可靠性分析。讨论了日常维修方法,以事例说明在钢铁企业电气设备开展可靠性诊断和维修的可行性和维修管理方式,并对下一步工作提出展望。     

以可靠性为中心的维修方法及其在隧道中的应用

本文针对目前隧道监控维修状况及存在的问题,提出以可靠性为中心的维修(RCM)作为维修理念,并将其引入到隧道管理中,对隧道设备的故障模式及可靠性进行分析,并对RCM方法在隧道监控维修中的应用做了初步研究。最后通过案例说明,隧道采用RCM方法可有效降低维修费用,具有一定的经济效益和社会效益。     

基于离散事件仿真的装置运行可靠性评估与优化

针对流程型企业装置连续运行的可靠性评估与优化问题,提出了基于离散事件仿真的可靠性评估优化方法。该方法将装置的长周期连续运行视为离散事件系统,借助选定的Plant Simulation平台构建了装置连续运行的流程模型,以装置的历史数据为依据通过参数估计明确所建模型的关键运行参数,以模型的长周期仿真运行结果评估所研究装置的运行可靠性,并通过维护资源的优化配置与改进提升其可靠性。该方法在石化企业的成功应用验证了其可行性和有效性。     

中小型制造类企业的可靠性管理研究

以IEC 60 300 <可信性管理>系列标准为依据,分析了国内中小型制造类企业的实际特点,并在此基础上对其可靠性管理工作进行了研究.探讨了建立健全中小型制造类企业可靠性管理的组织机构,包括阐述可靠性保证组织机构的设置原则和机构设置与机构职能;对可靠性管理工作的各个环节包括可靠性计划、可靠性设计、可靠性数据资料管理、可靠性设计评审及可靠性监督和保证等各方面的工作内容及程序逐一进行了描述.在科学的基础上对中小型制造类企业可靠性管理的具体应用进行了探索.     

空中交通管制员人因可靠性定量分析研究

空中交通管制员职责是为飞行的航空器提供间隔保障,他们的不安全行为有可能导致航空器空中相撞,而对管制员行为可靠性进行有效评估是一个未解决的难题。论文首次将CREAM方法应用于空中交通管制员人因可靠性定量分析,并基于灰色系统理论,将改进的三角白化权函数用于确定CPC各因子的水平等级,以减少主观性影响。结果表明,该方法不仅能对管制员的行为可靠性进行定量预测,而且能够发现影响CPC因子中的薄弱环节,以便决策部门有针对性地制定改进措施,这对防止航空事故、保证飞行安全有着重要的意义。     

配气机构仿真分析及其可靠性研究

以某型发动机配气机构为研究对象,应用现代设计方法实现该机构的运动学仿真分析和多体动力学仿真计算以及可靠性计算,旨在探索各因素对配气机构性能影响的不同程度,以提出相应的优化改进措施。首先,对其进行运动学仿真和动力学仿真分析,并以此为基础引入概率故樟树方法,然后选取自适应重要抽样法对其进行了可靠性分析和灵敏度计算。利用仿真分析与可靠性计算相结合的方法,为发动机各机构的可靠性分析提供了一种通用且有效的工程分析方法。     

Identification and Assessment of Factors Influencing Human Reliability in Maintenance Using Fuzzy Cognitive Maps

Human element forms an inevitable part of maintenance activity and gets affected by a variety of interacting factors, ranging from environmental, organizational, job factors, and so on to personal characteristics, which bring in inherent variability in its reliability. Assessment of impact of these factors is, therefore, critical for human reliability estimation in maintenance. In every probabilistic risk, safety or maintenance analysis, human reliability does act as an effective aspect to assess implications of various aspects of the human performance. But the main constraint with various human reliability analysis methods is in judging the important human performance influencing factors. Because of high degree of uncertainty and variability that characterizes the plant maintenance environment, it is proposed to use the soft computing technique of fuzzy cognitive maps in exploring the importance of performance shaping factors in maintenance scenario. For this purpose, the maintenance environment is modeled in terms of factors affecting human reliability using cognitive maps. The causal relationships among these factors are explored and simulations performed to quantify its effect on the human reliability. The applicability of the methodology is demonstrated through an example. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Reliability‐based Optimal Maintenance Scheduling by Considering Maintenance Effect to Reduce Cost

A new reliability‐based optimal maintenance scheduling method is presented that considers the effect of maintenance in reducing costs. An ordering list of element maintenance effects with various maintenance‐interval types is constructed. By means of this ordering list, reliability‐based optimal maintenance scheduling for simple reliability structures and composite reliability systems is then carried out. The properties of the proposed method, such as the evaluation of maintenance cost reduction, the simplicity of the proposed method by sacrificing system availability within the allowance method, the operation decision based on the optimal maintenance schedule, etc., are discussed. With simulations, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Optimization of maintenance policy using the proportional hazard model

The evolution of system reliability depends on its structure as well as on the evolution of its components reliability. The latter is a function of component age during a system's operating life. Component aging is strongly affected by maintenance activities performed on the system. In this work, we consider two categories of maintenance activities: corrective maintenance (CM) and preventive maintenance (PM). Maintenance actions are characterized by their ability to reduce this age. PM consists of actions applied on components while they are operating, whereas CM actions occur when the component breaks down. In this paper, we expound a new method to integrate the effect of CM while planning for the PM policy. The proportional hazard function was used as a modeling tool for that purpose. Interesting results were obtained when comparison between policies that take into consideration the CM effect and those that do not is established.     

A framework for reliability and risk centered maintenance

Reliability centered maintenance (RCM) is a well-established analysis method for preventive maintenance planning. As its name indicates, reliability is the main point of reference for the planning, but consequences of failures are also assessed. However, uncertainties and risk are to a limited extent addressed by the RCM method, and in this paper we suggest an extension of the RCM to reliability and risk centered maintenance (RRCM) by also considering risk as the reference for the analysis in addition to reliability. A broad perspective on risk is adopted where uncertainties are the main component of risk in addition to possible events and associated consequences. A case from the offshore oil and gas industry is presented to illustrate and discuss the suggested approach.     

Man-machine interaction in work systems

Computer Aided Design systems are in common use particularly in the fields of architecture and engineering design, but such systems generally ignore an important component of man-machine systems, Man himself. However, all products, simple or complex, consumer or capital, involve human intervention in their manufacture, use, or maintenance. Human factors should be considered early in the design process, but this often proves to be time consuming or expensive by traditional methods.

This paper describes the SAMMIE (System of Aiding Man-Machine Interaction Evaluation) Computer Aided Design system, which provides the designer with a wide range of aids including the evaluation of certain ergonomic criteria. Three-dimensional views of workplaces may be displayed on the screen of a graphics terminal linked to a minicomputer. To this workplace model, a Man model of variable anthropometry can be added, enabling the workplace to be evaluated against criteria such as the human operator's reach, vision, and fit capabilities.

The system can be used for a wide range of applications, a small sample of which are described in the paper. Particularly successful have been the evaluation of workplace geometry and vision assessments for materials handling, driver's views in mirrors, and machine simulation.     

A bi-objective optimization approach for the maintenance planning of networked systems

Networked systems, such as telecommunications, transportation, and power transmission, are critical for the economic development and social well-being of a society and are required to keep the prescribed demand continuously satisfied. Therefore, when planning maintenance actions for such a system, the adverse influence on its reliability caused by the unavailability of the components in the process of being maintained needs to be taken into account. To deal with this problem, we propose a new bi-objective optimization approach to determine the Pareto optimal maintenance plans for a networked system, simultaneously maximizing its reliability within the concerned planning horizon and minimizing the total maintenance cost. Both perfect and imperfect maintenance actions are considered. The proposed approach can well balance the influence of maintenance actions on a networked system's reliability during their implementation and after being completed and, thus, can help ensure its reliability of continuously satisfying the prescribed demand.     

基于结构可靠度的劣化桥梁维护方案成本优化研究

在桥梁管理系统中劣化桥梁结构的现有状态的评估和将来状态的预测是非常重要的内容.在预测过程中一方面应计算时变荷载和抗力,另一方面需考虑维持桥梁安全和服务水平的维护策略,这使得桥梁将来状态的预测变的十分复杂和困难.在劣化结构寿命评估和预测过程中要考虑各种参数的不确定性.在改进的结构劣化模型基础上,推导了在各种维护策略下的可靠指标评估公式,研究了维护方案与结构可靠指标的相互关系.提出了在分析寿命周期内的总成本中各单项成本的计算公式.根据寿命周期内成本现值最小的原则,在满足结构性能要求和预算限制约束下,决策出在分析周期内成本和性能都满足要求的维护方案.最后,以劣化的水泥混凝土桥面铺装为数值算例,证明了该方法的可靠性.     

Optimization of imperfect preventive maintenance for multi-state systems

The paper generalizes a preventive maintenance optimization problem to multi-state systems, which have a range of performance levels. Multi-state system reliability is defined as the ability to satisfy given demand. The reliability of system elements is characterized by their hazard functions. The possible preventive maintenance actions are characterized by their ability to affect the effective age of equipment. An algorithm is developed which obtains the sequence of maintenance actions providing system functioning with the desired level of reliability during its lifetime by minimum maintenance cost.To evaluate multi-state system reliability, a universal generating function technique is applied. A genetic algorithm (GA) is used as an optimization technique. Basic GA procedures adapted to the given problem are presented. Examples of the determination of optimal preventive maintenance plans are demonstrated.     

Human Factors Effects and Analysis in Maintenance: A Power Plant Case Study

This paper proposes a methodical approach for identifying and reducing human error in maintenance activities, the human factors effect and analysis. Human factors effect and analysis presents a roadmap for selecting significant human factors affecting maintenance management as well as the most effective solutions using cost–benefit analysis. Safety and operational consequences of each human factor are compared to preventive and recovery risk controls to select the preferred risk control method. Because human factor programs are not implemented in many maintenance departments, quantitative data are rare. Thus, expert judgment may help to compare potential solutions. In order to show the applicability of the proposed approach a power plant in Kenya is selected as a case study. Procedure usage, fatigue, knowledge and experience, and time pressure are identified as the most important human factors. Training, task planning /shift management, knowledge management, scheduling as well as incident report programs are the most cost‐effective solutions for performing human factors program. The proposed approach would improve system reliability by recognizing human related failures. Furthermore, unexpected incident and accident may be reduced having knowledge about potential risk factors. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Estimating and ranking the impact of human error roots on power grid maintenance group based on a combination of mathematical expectation,Shannon entropy,and TOPSIS

Due to the importance of electrical grid reliability, analysis and evaluation of human error in the maintenance of electrical networks should be also considered seriously. The root causes of these errors must be identified and prioritized to plan for human error reduction. One of the objectives of the present study is to identify and predict these roots for power transmission maintenance groups from organizational, job position, communication, individual, and supervision aspects along with the relationships between these factors. In particular, this paper demonstrates that supervisor behavior as an external factor has a significant effect on maintenance personnel error. For this reason, special attention has been paid to identifying and controlling human factors from a supervisory point of view in this study. This paper also provides a method for detecting the extent of the expected influence of these roots on each personnel, since human error has a random nature. This is done based on the law of mathematical expectation. Finally, a method is suggested to rank roots based on greater effectiveness and evaluate personnel with higher error expectations. The proposed method is a combination of intermediate methods, Shannon entropy, and technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS). The origins of the four human errors between 2014 and 2018 related to the two experts of Fars Electricity Maintenance Contractor Company are compared by the proposed method.