“瘦肉精”分析与检测——提高服务认识 加强政府监管 强化企业自律：多管齐下 从根本上解决“瘦肉精”等食品安全问题

被禁止近十年的＂瘦肉精＂近期再次重返江湖,引起业界不小轰动。此次事件之后,人们对瘦肉精的概念有了新的认识,对瘦肉精检测也有了大的改进,新的检测方法具有快速、检测限低、一次性多样检测等特点,为广大检测工作者提供了更为方便的检测途径。     

瘦肉精在肉类食品中的残留问题及检测

正随着人们生活水平的不断提升,人们对食品也提出了更高的要求。而在肉类食品中,人们普遍偏爱瘦肉食品,许多养殖企业为了谋取更多的经济利益往往会在饲料里面添加许多瘦肉精。瘦肉精属于一种不合法的饲料添加剂,倘若人食用的肉制品中含有超标的瘦肉精,会出现严重的不良反应。本文对瘦肉精的药理作用和理化性质进行了介绍,同时对瘦肉精残留于肉类食品中的危害进行了分析,另外还对检测瘦肉精的办法进行了探讨。     

免疫分析技术在“新型瘦肉精”残留检测中的应用

近年来,一些"新型瘦肉精"药物被非法用于畜禽养殖,如苯乙醇胺A、赛庚啶、可乐定等,该类药物添加在饲料和动物饮水中能有效促进禽畜生长,提高瘦肉率,降低养殖成本,但其在肉制品中的残留会对人体产生蓄积毒性。免疫分析技术利用高亲和力抗体对抗原进行特异识别,灵敏度高,是目前快速检测方法研究的热点之一,已在"传统瘦肉精"的快速检测中成熟应用,但其在"新型瘦肉精"快速检测中的应用仍处于起步阶段。该文对免疫分析技术在"新型瘦肉精"残留检测中的应用进行综述,并对其未来发展方向进行展望。     

“瘦肉精”分析与检测

被禁止近十年的瘦肉精近期再次重返江湖,引起业界不小轰动。此次事件之后,人们对瘦肉精的概念有了新的认识,对瘦肉精检测也有了大的改进,新的检测方法具有快速、检测限低、一次性多样检测等特点,为广大检测工作者提供了更为方便的检测途径。为了使广大读者对瘦肉精的相关情况有更进一步地了解     

瘦肉精对运动员生理功能的影响及其检测方法的研究进展

近年来,关于"瘦肉精"的安全事件频频发生,严重威胁着人们的身体健康,造成了极其恶劣的影响;一些运动员有意或无意的服用,影响了竞技体育的公平原则,引起了人们的高度警惕与重视。本文对瘦肉精的特性、药理作用及残留危害(特别对运动员)进行了介绍,并综述了各种检测方法,包括用于确证的大型仪器分析方法与现场快速检测的免疫分析方法等,分析其各自优缺点,以期人们对"瘦肉精"有更全面的认识。     

百姓餐桌失守为哪般？——第三只眼看食品安全

奶粉、豆芽、猪肉、馒头——食品安全问题时刻威胁着公众的健康。央视3.15行动曝光的＂健美猪＂——＂瘦肉精＂猪肉通过层层监管,最终流入市场,甚至成为某知名企业的产品,着实令人震惊。＂瘦肉精＂事件继续发酵,一场食品行业的＂安全升级＂刻不容缓。     

动物性食品中残留盐酸克伦特罗的研究进展

介绍了盐酸克伦特罗(瘦肉精)的理化特性,分析了它在动物性食品中残留对人体和国民经济所造成的危害,同时又综述了动物肌肉组织中残留盐酸克伦特罗(瘦肉精)的各种分析检测方法并作了展望。     

动物性食品中盐酸克伦特罗(瘦肉精)残留危害及其检测方法研究进展

介绍了盐酸克伦特罗 (瘦肉精 )的理化特性 ,分析了它在动物性食品中残留对人体和国民经济所造成的危害 ,同时又综述了动物肌肉组织中残留盐酸克伦特罗 (瘦肉精 )的各种分析检测方法并作了展望     

通过尿样抽检检测瘦肉精及三聚氰胺的注意事项

近几年来,"瘦肉精"和三聚氰胺中毒事件在全球中频繁发生,严重威胁着人民的身体健康。本文重点从"瘦肉精"和三聚氰胺的成分及其对人体的危害和尿样抽检快速检测方法中的注意事项等方面进行了介绍,以使广大消费者了解"瘦肉精"和三聚氰胺的危害以及食品药品检测局高度重视。     

我国食品安全环境下瘦肉精的监管及检测方法

近年来国内食品安全问题频发,引起了广大人民群众的担忧。为使广大生产者、加工企业和消费者对瘦肉精有所了解,本文提出了监管瘦肉精的建议,并综述了各种分析检测方法。     

Evaluation of commercial immunoassays for cross-reactivity to clenbuterol stereoisomers and bovine metabolites

Several commercially available immunoassay kits have been developed to detect the beta-adrenergic agonist clenbuterol HCl. Technical materials supplied with the kits do not generally report cross-reactivity with clenbuterol metabolites. Use of such kits to quantitate clenbuterol might lead to an overestimation of parent drug if metabolites were present. The objective of this study was to measure the cross-reactivity of clenbuterol metabolites with several commercially available clenbuterol immunoassays. Three clenbuterol-glucuronide conjugates, clenbuterol-sulphamate, 4-amino-3,5-dichloro-hippuric acid (clenbuterol-hippurate), and purified clenbuterol-stereoisomers were tested for cross-reactivity. The clenbuterol-sulphamate metabolite showed significant cross-reactivity (42-77%), but clenbuterol-hippurate showed very little competition (< 0.2%) towards clenbuterol. Clenbuterol-glucuronides had little (0.1-1.6%) cross-reactivity. In addition, (R)-, (S)-, and racemic clenbuterol were used to determine the stereospecificity of the kits. Both (R)- and (S)-clenbuterol competed for binding in two of the kits, however, in one kit the (S)-clenbuterol stereoisomer had an affinity 100 times greater than the (R)-stereoisomer. The presence of significant quantities of the sulphamate metabolite of clenbuterol in a biological matrix would cause an overestimation of the amount of parent clenbuterol. This study illustrates the inherent problems of using unvalidated immunoassays for quantitation purposes.     

Detection of clenbuterol in beef meat,liver and kidney by mid‐infrared spectroscopy (FT‐Mid IR) and multivariate analysis

Mid‐infrared spectroscopy (FT‐Mid IR) coupled with multivariate analysis was used to predict clenbuterol in beef meat, liver and kidney. A SIMCA model was also developed to discriminate between pure (beef meat, liver and kidney) and spiked with clenbuterol samples (beef meat‐clenbuterol, liver‐clenbuterol and kidney‐clenbuterol). The best models to predict clenbuterol concentrations were obtained using the partial least squares algorithm (PLS) with a R² > 0.9 and SEC and standard error of prediction <0.296 and 0.324, respectively. The SIMCA model used to discriminate pure and spiked with clenbuterol samples showed 100% correct classification rate. Methods detection limit was 2 μg kg^?1. FT‐Mid IR coupled with chemometrics could be a simple and rapid screening tool for monitoring clenbuterol in beef meat, liver and kidney implicated in food poisoning. This method could be use for screening purposes.     

氨基化聚苯乙烯微球的制备及在克伦特罗抗体纯化中的应用

进行氨基聚苯乙烯微球制备方法及其应用于克伦特罗抗体纯化的研究。通过分散聚合法制备聚苯乙烯微球,硝基反应成硝基化聚苯乙烯微球,再还原成氨基化微球。并利用电子显微镜及红外光谱仪对微球形态及结构进行表征。成功制备氨基聚苯乙烯微球后,将微球与盐酸克伦特罗分子发生重氮化反应,得到连接克伦特罗分子的微球。将这种微球免疫亲和吸附分离盐酸克伦特罗的抗体。最后将纯化后的抗体通过紫外检测,电泳检测等方法证明所制备的微球用于抗体的纯化可行。     

Development of a specific radioimmunoassay for the detection of clenbuterol residues in treated cattle

A radioimmunoassay for clenbuterol detection in cattle has been validated and used to monitor treated cattle. The tracer used was 4-amino-3,5-dichloro-alpha(tert-butylamino-methyl) benzyl alcohol (benzyl-3H)(clenbuterol) prepared by catalytic tritiation with tritium gas of 4-amino-3,5-dibromo-alpha-(tert-butylamino)-acetophenone, followed by chlorination at positions 3 and 5 in the aromatic ring. The rabbit antiserum was raised against a diazotized clenbuterol/human serum albumin conjugate. The assay described was sensitive (7.8 pg/tube) and reproducible. The intra- and inter-assay variability, which was assessed by measuring known quantities of clenbuterol in plasma, urine and faeces, was satisfactory for RIA. When this assay was used to monitor treated cattle the concentrations of clenbuterol in plasma, urine and faeces were directly related to the administered dose. The absorption and elimination of clenbuterol in cattle was rapid. Data obtained were consistent with results obtained in other species where a rapid clearance rate was also demonstrated.     

Evaluation of the illegal use of clenbuterol in Portuguese cattle farms from drinking water,urine, hair and feed samples

The recent discovery of clenbuterol contamination in Portuguese food led to the specific inspection of 16 cattle farms for β-agonists, involving the analysis of a total of 486 samples (78 feed, 106 drinking water, 168 urine and 134 hair). The samples were screened for the β-agonists: bromobuterol, cimaterol, clenbuterol, clenpenterol, clenproperol, hydroxymethylclenbuterol, mapenterol, salbutamol and terbutaline. Only clenbuterol was found in all analyzed matrices and the most likely method of illegal administration to animals was through drinking water. Of all samples analysed, 14.15% of drinking water were found positive in the range 0.03–3.80 mg l^?1 clenbuterol. Inclusion of hair samples in the Portuguese plan for clenbuterol residue control in live animals is discussed.     

应用超高效液相色谱-四级杆-飞行时间质谱 鉴定克伦特罗在猪尿中的主要代谢产物

目的 应用超高效液相色谱/四级杆-飞行时间质谱技术分析鉴定了克伦特罗在猪尿中的代谢产物,并推测克伦特罗在猪体内的主要代谢途径。方法 按10 mg/kg bw的剂量,给猪口服灌食克伦特罗,分别采集给药前及给药后的尿液样品。应用超高效液相色谱/四级杆-飞行时间质谱技术对样品进行分析,采用MetaboLynx XS软件进行数据处理,共检测到6 种克伦特罗的代谢产物,并根据碎片离子信息进行了结构鉴定。结果 猪尿中克伦特罗的代谢产物包括4-N-羟基克伦特罗（4-N-OH-CLE）、4-硝基克伦特罗（4-NO2-CLE）、克伦特罗及4-N-OH-CLE的葡萄糖醛酸结合物（GLU-CLE和GLU-OH-CLE）等。结论 根据所检测到的代谢产物,克伦特罗在猪体内的代谢途径包括4-N-氧化和葡萄糖醛酸结合等。     

Effects of frozen storage on the recovery of clenbuterol from urine samples for official control.

The effects of storage under frozen conditions on clenbuterol recovery from spiked calf urine samples were studied. Urine samples contaminated with 10 micro g l(-1) clenbuterol and frozen at -15 degrees C were analysed every 15 days over 6 months. A single frozen contaminated urine sample was also thawed every 15 days over 3 months for the analysis of 10-ml aliquots, after which the remaining portion was frozen again (-15 degrees C). The presence of clenbuterol was determined by GC-MS. A gradual decline in clenbuterol recovery was observed from the first to the 180th day. It was only possible to recover 1.74 +/- 0.06 micro g l(-1) (17%) clenbuterol on the 180th day in samples stored at -15 degrees C. Likewise, clenbuterol totally disappeared from spiked urine samples that had been successively frozen and thawed over 3 months. The results were confirmed in a study performed on 2704 calf urine samples collected on farms and analysed by HPTLC and GC-MS. Of 73 positive samples, 61 had been frozen for <10 days.     

Flow injection chemiluminescent determination of clenbuterol using GoldMag particles as carrier

A novel flow injection chemiluminescent (CL) enzyme immunoassay for clenbuterol analysis based on GoldMag particles is described. GoldMag is a new type of super-paramagnetic Fe₃O₄/Au composite particle used as a carrier in a flow injection CL system. Clenbuterol conjugated with ovalbumin (OVA) was immobilized onto GoldMag particles and the particles fixed in a micro-channel by an external electromagnetic field. The clenbuterol test sample and clenbuterol polyclonal antibody (Ab) were injected into the channel and incubated with GoldMag particles. Clenbuterol, immobilized on the magnetic particle surfaces, competes for polyclonal antibodies with clenbuterol in the test sample. The free Ab or Ab combined with the clenbuterol sample was washed away and the magnetic particles conjugated with Ag-Ab left in the micro-channel. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labelled goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG) was added and reacted with clenbuterol polyclonal antibodies; excess goat anti-rabbit-HRP was then washed off. When chemiluminescent reagents were injected into the channel, emitted light from the magnetic particle surface was measured and recorded using a photomultiplier-based apparatus. The linear range of this novel method was 0.01-0.1 ng g^-1 and recovery of clenbuterol was 85-105% with a RSD of 3.2% (n = 11).     

荧光分光光度法测定猪肉中的盐酸克伦特罗的含量

利用荧光胺与盐酸克伦特罗（瘦肉精）生成高度荧光衍生物,检测猪肉中盐酸克伦特罗的含量.实验表明,荧光胺与盐酸克伦特罗反应生成的强荧光物质的最大激发波长和最大发射波长分别为500 nm、490 nm,利用L934）正交试验确定最佳衍生条件为衍生温度37℃,衍生时间40 min,衍生剂荧光胺（1μg/mL）加入量0.3 mL.荧光信号与盐酸克伦特罗的质量浓度变化呈良好的线性关系,线性方程为y=82 492x＋957.96,相关系数为0.993 3,此法可用于检测猪肉中瘦肉精的含量.     

Determination of clenbuterol in UHT milk in Turkey

Clenbuterol use is linked to its ability to induce weight gain and a greater proportion of muscle to fat. Clenbuterol residues can affect lung and heart function in persons who have eaten liver or meat of animals which were given the drug. Any residue of clenbuterol is regarded unacceptable in the EU. The purpose of the study was to determine the occurrence of clenbuterol in UHT milk samples in Turkey. The occurrence of hormone residues in Ultra Heat Treatment (UHT) milk samples was investigated by semi‐quantitative enzyme‐linked immunoassay technique. There was a high incidence rate of clenbuterol, with forty‐one (68.3%) milk samples being contaminated. 21.7% of the samples were over the permissible level for clenbuterol as accepted by the EU. Clenbuterol levels in the samples purchased in Central Anatolia Region appear to be serious public health problem at the moment.