关于在广州新建小区取消化粪池的探讨

分析了现有化粪池污染的情况，通过资料收集和调查，从取消化粪池的条件、范围、投资比较、对污水厂的影响、应采取的措施等方面探讨了广州新建小区取消化粪池的必要性，以减少环境污染。     

取消化粪池与温室气体减排

在城镇污水处理厂正在普及的地区,化粪池的继续使用导致了温室气体的大量产生和影响污水处理厂运行等问题,我国已有部分地区在试点取消化粪池的工作。从温室气体减排的环境效益和经济效益角度,强调了污水处理厂服务地区取消化粪池的必要性。     

取消化粪池可行性函调结果与分析

为了更好地了解省内外给排水从业人员对化粪池设置的不同见解,并为编制《福建省化粪池设置技术管理暂行规定》提供依据,进行了化粪池设置调查问卷的分发与回收,通过函调反馈信息,对函调结果进行了整理分析并探讨了取消化粪池的可行性。     

关于重庆市取消生化池的探讨

本文通过分析化粪池和生化池在实际使用中的一些问题,结合重庆市实际情况,对在城市污水厂服务区域内取消化粪池和生化池进行了探讨。     

对城市化粪池相关问题的探讨

随着城市化进程的加快和经济的高速发展，使得城市市政基础的配套设施逐步完善。在此，分析市政建设中取消化粪池后所带来的利与弊，并探讨杭州市取消化粪池的相关措施。     

建议在城市污水处理系统完善的情况下取消化粪池

介绍了化粪池的原始作用,目前存在的问题及弊端,探讨了化粪池的设置对污水处理厂中的脱氮除磷工艺不利影响,建议在城市污水系统完善的情况下取消化粪池。     

广州新城区取消化粪池的可行性探讨

本文介绍广州市城市生活污水的处理现况,分析目前普遍采用化粪池所存在的弊病,探讨在广州市新城区取消化粪池的可行性。     

建筑室外排水系统取消化粪池综述

关于建筑室外排水系统化粪池的设置原则,国家有关标准并没有做出明确的规定,行业人员对化粪池设置必要性仍持有不同观点,本文在国内已有相关研究成果的基础上,结合部分城市取消化粪池的工程实践经验进行总结,以供同行交流参考。     

试论化粪池设置的必要性

本文分析了传统化粪池存在的隐患及其原因，并建议在全国大中城市已建成在建城市污水处理厂服务范围内的建筑物取消化粪池。[编者按]     

广州市取消化粪池试点工作探析

国外发达城市无论合流制还是分流制地区,都很少使用化粪池。完善城市的排水系统已经成为现代文明的重要标志。广州市作为向国际化大都市方向发展的城市,为保护珠江,城市生活污水必然要走集中处理的道路。以广州市取消化粪池试点工作为背景,对化粪池功效及污水管道运行状况进行研究,供同行参考。     

生物强化技术在化粪池中的应用及效益分析

简述了化粪池的使用现状及在应用中存在的问题,介绍了生物强化技术在处理化粪池中残积物的应用,分析得出利用微生物菌剂处理化粪池污泥具有良好的社会、经济、环境效益。     

Mathematical model for predicting sludge accumulation in septic tanks based on operational parameters: effect of hydraulic mixing

Reporting sludge accumulation in septic tanks as a constant rate is no longer accepted, and there is a need for a model that predicts sludge accumulation in septic tanks taking into consideration the continuous consumption of sewage solids by microorganisms. This study presents the development of mathematical model that predicts sludge accumulation in septic tanks and to investigate the effect of mixing on solids digestion. The mathematical model takes into consideration the effect of different operational parameters (influent and effluent) as well as the bacterial kinetics in predicting the sludge accumulation in septic tanks. The model predicts with R² > 0.88 the sludge accumulation rate in standard septic tank calculated by empirical models developed by Weibel in 1955, and by Bounds in 1995. The model was also used to estimate the typical pump‐out interval for different tank volumes and the sludge accumulation inside septic tanks at different operational parameters.     

Assessing nutrient flows in septic tanks by eliciting expert judgement: a promising method in the context of developing countries

Simple models based on the physical and biochemical processes occurring in septic tanks, pit and urine diversion latrines were developed to determine the nutrient flows in these systems. Nitrogen and phosphorus separation in different output materials from these on-site sanitation installations were thus determined. Moreover, nutrient separation in septic tanks was also assessed through literature values and by eliciting expert judgement. Use of formal expert elicitation technique proved to be effective, particularly in the context of developing countries where data is often scarce but expert judgement readily available. In Vietnam, only 5-14% and 11-27% of the nitrogen and phosphorus input, respectively, are removed from septic tanks with the faecal sludge. The remaining fraction leaves the tank via the liquid effluent. Unlike septic tanks, urine diversion latrines allow to immobilize most of the nutrients either in form of stored urine or dehydrated faecal matter. These latrines thus contribute to reducing the nutrient load in the environment and lowering consumption of energy and non-renewable resources for fertiliser production.     

NATURAL SEWAGE TREATMENT IN THE UK: SELECTION GUIDELINES

The design of septic tanks, constructed wetlands, waste-stabilisation ponds and rock filters is detailed, and their applicability in the UK is discussed. Septic tanks are a suitable primary treatment system for villages with a population of less than 500. Constructed wetlands, which are secondary or tertiary treatment units, have the disadvantage that their plants do not play any significant role in their performance, except for nitrogen removal. Secondary facultative waste-stabilisation ponds, with pre-treatment in septic tanks and post-treatment in rock filters, provide primary, secondary and tertiary treatment and can produce high-quality effluents. The costs of these processes for small rural communities in the UK are compared.     

Natural attenuation of nitrogen loading from septic effluents: Spatial and environmental controls

We assess the role of septic systems as potential nitrogen (N) sources to coastal open water bodies. To quantify the potential role of septic tanks, we document the distribution pattern and functionality of septic tanks in McIntosh County in Georgia, USA, and examine factors governing the mitigation of septic N loading in coastal groundwater. Employing a field calibrated 2D variable-density reaction-transport model, we focus on the role of setback distance of a leaky septic source from the receiving surface waters, on transport and biogeochemical characteristics of the subsurface environment, and on leachate composition and reactivity. We conclude that the removal of bioavailable nitrogen via denitrification may be increased by increasing the septic system setback distance, in particular in brackish and saline coastal settings where sulfide produced in sulfate reduction can limit N₂ production.     

Simple deterministic model of the hydraulic buffer effect in septic tanks

Septic tanks are widely used in on‐site wastewater treatment systems. In addition to anaerobic pretreatment, hydraulic buffering is one of the roles attributed to septic tanks. However, there is still no tool for assessing it, especially in dynamic conditions. For gravity fed‐system, it could help both researchers and system designers. This technical note reports a simple mechanistic model based on the assumption of flow transition between the septic tank and the outflow pipe. The only parameter of this model was calibrated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling for a wide range of discharge rates. The resulting model highlights that a septic tank plays a hydraulic buffer role when faced with sudden and large discharge flow, but this role tends to disappear when input hydrographs are smoother. In those cases, there is an observable lag between the input hydrograph and outflow hydrograph.     

Laboratory septic tank performance response to electrolytic stimulation

This research investigated the effects of electrolytic stimulation on the performance of two laboratory-scale septic tanks. The tanks were fed a synthetic solution that included cellulose, peptone trypticase, beef extract, and urea. After a baseline period with no passed current, currents ranging from 100 to 500 mA were passed through the electrodes. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency from the tanks improved when a current was passed, with higher removal efficiencies observed at higher levels of passed current. Hydrolytic reactions resulted in ammonia and phosphate levels in the tanks that were higher than the influent. At currents > 300 mA, these hydrolytic reactions were suppressed, resulting in phosphate levels similar to the influent and ammonia levels lower than the influent because of the settling of ammonia-containing components of the feed solution. A slight increase in nitrate levels was observed when a current was passed, indicating minimal stimulation of nitrification activity. Abiotic studies confirmed that the COD can be removed via electrolysis and the removal was proportional to the passed current. Under the conditions of this study, the primary benefit of electrolytic stimulation of the septic tank is enhanced COD removal.     

Pollution in the water supply wells of Khartoum, Sudan

 The supply of water to Khartoum, Sudan, is from wells tapping aquifers in the Nubian Sandstone Formation. The boreholes are located in residential areas where sewage disposal is by means of a siphon septic tank system draining into the water table in the upper alluvial deposits. The aquifers are leaky to unconfined in nature and as the lower groundwater moves from the Nile towards the residential areas, it is susceptible to pollution from the septic tanks. Evidence that such pollution is occurring was found in three production wells where the presence of E. coli bacteria was identified. Received: 9 July 1998 · Accepted: 20 May 1999     

西南农村污水系统源头构筑物及管网布置设计探讨

结合西南农村典型地形环境,分选川贵两省截流式合流制和分流制排水体制实际工程,探讨管线设计过程中针对农村特殊情况所采用的工程措施。自居民接户管处,根据污水来源、排放方式,分别采用化粪池、隔渣井、水槽以及截流槽等不同源头构筑物收集污水,并利用构筑物降低水中油脂和SS含量,以避免堵塞管道,构筑物分户对应,促使居民自发维护管理;分析农村巷道、野外、跨河等特殊环境条件下污水管道走线设计,科学合理布置管线;管道沿线可适当布置沉泥井、压力检修井等管网附属设施,以利于管道运维管理。