Powder metallurgy T15 tool steel: Part I. Characterization of powder and hot isostatically pressed material

The microstructure and constitution of T15 tool steel processed from gas-atomized powder have been characterized. From the atomized powder, four particle size ranges (≤840, 250 to 840, 44 to 100, and ≤44 Μm) were consolidated to full density by hot isostatic pressing (“hipping”) at 1130 ‡C or 1195 ‡C. Both atomized powder and consolidated material were examined by means of optical and electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, chemical analysis, and micro-hardness. A segregated structure exists in the gas-atomized powder, independent of particle size; MC and M₂C carbides are present, primarily at cell boundaries. The matrix of the powders is a mix of martensite and retained austenite. Weight fraction and overall composition of the carbides are insensitive to particle size, but the proportion of MC carbides increases with decreasing particle size. After consolidation, MC, M₆C, and M₂₃C₆ carbides are present in a ferrite matrix. The carbide size distribution is skewed to larger carbide sizes at the higher consolidation temperature, independent of the prior particle size fraction, but there is no significant change in carbide volume fraction. For a given consolidation temperature, the size distribution of the MC and M₆C carbides is broader for the coarser particle size fractions.     

粉末冶金马氏体-奥氏体复合钢的组织与性能研究

近年来，汽车、建筑等领域对高强度-高塑性金属材料的需求日益增长，为了获得高强度-高塑性的金属材料，粉末冶金技术发挥着越来越重要的作用。通过放电等离子烧结技术（SPS）烧结质量比为2:1的马氏体钢和奥氏体钢混合金属粉末，复合钢的奥氏体相均匀分布于马氏体相当中，试样致密度高达95.5%，并通过后续的热轧处理，提高复合钢的烧结质量，致密度提高至98.9%。热轧后复合钢的屈服强度、抗拉强度、均匀伸长率和总伸长率分别为960 MPa、1 529 MPa、6.7%和6.7%。在热轧的基础上引入冷轧+短时间高温回火处理，粉末冶金复合钢性能进一步提高。其中冷轧30%/500℃回火5 min的复合钢，屈服强度、抗拉强度、均匀伸长率和总伸长率分别为1 899 MPa、1 964 MPa、9.2%和10.0%。     

Research on the heat treatment of tool steel 5Cr15MoV

Tempered tool steel 5Cr15MoV was normalized at different temperatures followed by air-cooling.It is found that the hardness increases with the increment of a normalizing temperature from 950℃ to 1 150℃,and it then decreases with the temperature getting higher.The Thermo-calc calculation reveales that the mole fraction of carbides decreases when the normalizing temperature increases,which indicates that more carbon dissolved in the matrix enhances the hardness of the steel.However,the existence of retained austenite causes hardness reduction when the normalizing temperature is over 1 150℃.The salt spray test shows that the steel possesses poor corrosion resistance when it is normalized at a temperature above 1 100℃.The precipitation of the carbides in the cooling process creates a number of chromium-depleted zones,making the steel vulnerable to corrosives.In the present work,an appropriate normalizing temperature is suggested.     

Microstructure of stainless steel after heat treatment: Data from atomic-force microscopy

The micro- and nanostructure of 40Kh13 stainless steel is studied by optical, scanning electron, and atomic-force microscopy. The images of the steel’s structure and phase composition in three different states (after annealing, quenching, and high-temperature tempering) are compared. The optical images of the ferrite–pearlite structure with considerable content of (Cr, Fe)₂₃C₆ globular carbides obtained after annealing are compared with the results of scanning electron and atomic-force microscopy. It is found that the qualitative conclusions regarding the microstructure of the steel obtained by atomic-force and scanning electron microscopy not only agree with the results of optical microscopy but also provide greater detail. Data from the scanning electron microscope indicate that large carbides are located at the boundaries of ferrite grains. Some quantity of carbides may be found within the small ferrite grains. The size of the inclusions may be determined. The structure formed after quenching consists of coarse acicular martensite. Images from the atomic-force microscope show the acicular structure with greater clarity; three-dimensional images may be constructed. The undissolved carbides are also globular. The size of the martensite plates may be determined. The structure of the steel after high-temperature tempering (tempering sorbite) is formed as a result of the decomposition of martensite to ferrite–carbide mixture, with the deposition of regular rounded carbides. As confirmed by spectral analysis, the individual and row carbides (Cr, Fe)₂₃C₆ that appear contain chromium, which rapidly forms carbides. This structure is stronger than martensite. Data from uniaxial tensile tests are presented for all the states; the hardness HB is determined.     

TMCP工艺下Ti-Mg氧化物冶金钢轧态组织性能

摘要：为研究轧制过程中氧化物粒子对母材组织性能的影响,提出了一种只在再结晶区进行轧制的新工艺路线,利用常规冶炼及氧化物冶炼的实验钢分析其轧态显微组织、力学性能及相变过程。结果表明：在新轧制工艺下,氧化物冶金钢母材显微组织由常规的贝氏体板条束变为针状铁素体,其基体具有良好的力学性能,-80℃冲击韧性达149J;热轧工艺下的组织转变分两阶段进行,初期是针状铁素体的形核和晶粒细化,之后贝氏体相变被限制在针状铁素体板条间构成的区域内。     

Liquid phase sintering and heat treatment of T15 grade PM high speed steel

T15 grade high speed steel (HSS) was processed by powder metallurgy (PM) using water atomized powder. Liquid phase sintering was carried out in the temperature range 1250–1280°C for a fixed period of 1.5 hours. A suitable heat treatment schedule for transformation annealing, hardening and tempering of the fully dense alloys was established using hardness and metallographic studies. Quantitative metallography revealed the types of carbides and their proportions at every processing stage. Room temperature transverse rupture strength (TRS) and hot compressive yield strengths were also determined.     

深冷处理对AHPT15M粉末高速钢回火转变的影响

对退火态AHP T15M粉末高速钢进行盐浴淬火处理,然后对退火态样品与淬火态样品进行深冷处理、回火处理和同步热磁分析,研究深冷处理对AHP T15M粉末高速钢回火转变的影响。结果表明,退火态粉末高速钢中的铁素体含量(体积分数)约为71.5%;淬火态钢中的马氏体含量(体积分数,下同)约为45.2%,在经过1、2、3次823 K/1 h连续回火处理后,马氏体含量分别约为68.5%、71.0%和71.3%;回火前增加143 K深冷处理工序,在深冷后和1、2、3次回火后,钢中马氏体含量分别约为59.8%、69.9%、70.9%和71.3%。深冷处理可提前残留奥氏体向马氏体的转变进程、抑制残留奥氏体中的碳化物析出,并促进马氏体中更大量(约2.3%)的微细碳化物析出,使钢的硬度提高52 HV0.1。     

Microstructure and properties evolution of Nb-bearing medium Cr wear-resistant cast steel during heat treatment

The effect of quenching temperature and cooling conditions on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a 0.2％Nb medium chromium wear-resistant cast steel...     

TiAl合金建筑材料焊后热处理组织及性能研究

对建筑用TiAl合金电子束焊接接头进行了两种热处理试验研究,借助金相显微镜(OM)分析了接头不同区域的显微组织,并对焊接接头进行显微硬度测试,分析了两种热处理方式对建筑TiAl合金焊接接头组织及硬度带来的变化.研究表明,TiAl合金电子束焊接后焊缝组织主要为α2相,B相与O相.焊接接头局部热处理后接头硬度较高的区域有所...     

Structural features and properties of the laser-deposited nickel alloy layer on a KhV4F tool steel after heat treatment

The study and application of the materials that are stable in the temperature range up to 1000°C are necessary to repair forming dies operating in this range. Nickel-based alloys can be used for this purpose. The structural state of a nickel alloy layer deposited onto a KhV4F tool steel and then heat treated is investigated. KhV4F tool steel (RF GOST) samples are subjected to laser deposition using a pulsed Nd:YAG laser. A nickel-based material (0.02C–73.8Ni–2.5Nb–19.5Cr–1.9Fe–2.8Mn) is employed for laser deposition. After laser deposition, the samples are subjected to heat treatment at 400°C for 5 h, 600°C for 1 h, 800°C for 1 h, and 1000°C for 1 h. The microstructure, the phase composition, and the microhardness of the deposited layer are studied. The structure of the initial deposited layer has relatively large grains (20–40 μm in size). The morphology is characterized by a cellular–dendritic structure in the transition zone. The following two structural constituents with a characteristic dendritic structure are revealed: a supersaturated nickel-based γ solid solution and a chromium-based bcc α solid solution. In the initial state and after heat treatment, the hardness of the deposited material (210–240 HV_0.1) is lower than the hardness of the base material (400–440 HV_0.1). Only after heat treatment at 600°C for 1 h, the hardness increases to 240–250 HV0.1. Structure heredity in the form of a dendritic morphology is observed at temperatures of 400, 600, and 800°C. The following sharp change in the structural state is detected upon heat treatment at 1000°C for 1 h: the dendritic morphology changes into a typical α + γ crystalline structure. The hardness of the base material decreases significantly to 160–180 HV_0.1. The low hardness of the deposited layer implies the use of the layer material in limited volume to repair the forming surfaces of dies and molds for die casting. However, the high ductility of the deposited layer of the nickel-based material is a prerequisite for a high stability under thermocycling loading conditions.     

High strength low carbon sheet steel by thermomechanical treatment:II. Microstructure

In a previous paper, the thermomechanical treatment concept for producing high strength stamped parts from a thermal-mechanically treated low carbon steel was described. In this paper, the microstructural changes occurring during both the processing and forming operations are detailed and the relation between properties and microstructure is discussed. Formerly with the Physics Department, General Motors Research Laboratories     

Distortions and tensile properties of 15-5PH steel cylinders with EBW and heat treatment

15-5PH steel is one of the martensitic precipitation-hardened stainless steels, which is extensively applied in the aero shafts, and electron beam welding is a significant procedure to manufacture the parts. To verify the dimension accuracies and properties, EBW with oscillation was employed on the cylinders of 15-5PH steel. The welding distortions were measured, and the microstructures and tensile properties of the joints were investigated. The weld appearances of the cylinders were smooth, and the morphology was parallel. After EBW, the shrinkages of the cylinders were above ?0.22?mm, and the welding distortions were ?0.66 to ?1.1‰, and the straightnesses were less than 1‰ due to the distortions. The martensites and a few austenites were in the welds of the cylinders after heat treatment, and the microhardnesses in the welds were 445 HV0.2, which were bigger and more homogeneous than those of the as-welded. The tensile strength and yield strength of the joints were respectively 1300 and 1150?MPa, which were higher than those of the as-welded joints, and the elongation rate of the joints was 10%. The microstructures and properties of the cylinders conformed to the aero shafts, which was attributed to the microstructure transformation with oscillation EBW and heat treatment.     

M3与T15高速钢的SPS烧结与热处理

为了开发新的工艺并提高粉末高速钢的综合性能,对真空熔炼氮气雾化制备的M3与T15高速钢粉末进行了放电等离子烧结(SPS)与热处理,探讨了SPS与热处理的工艺参数对材料性能的影响规律,测定了烧结粉末高速钢的密度、抗弯强度与硬度等力学性能,观察了材料的显微组织与断口形貌。结果表明,M3高速钢最佳SPS参数为930℃、40MPa、10min,最佳热处理工艺参数为860℃×2h-750℃×4h退火、830℃×1h-1210℃×0.5h油淬、540℃×1h四次回火,力学性能为抗弯强度5368MPa、硬度63.70HRC;T15高速钢的SPS工艺参数为930℃、40MPa、5min,与M3采用相同热处理工艺后最高抗弯强度3342MPa、硬度65.1HRC,均获得了优于普通粉末冶金高速钢的良好性能。     

6Cr15Mo4VN��иֵ���΢��֯������

Combined with the calculation of Jmatpro software and a large number of trial production, the new type of high temperature resistant stainless bearing steel 6Cr15Mo4VN was developed. DSC analyzer, optical microscope and EPMA were used to study the microstructure and properties of 6Cr15Mo4VN nitrogen- containing bearing steel. The results show that the microstructure of quenched- tempered sample is tempered martensite + carbide + residual austenite, which primary carbide is zonal distribution with an acceptable size, fine carbide is uniformly distributed in martensite matrix. The steel gets lower hardness after annealing and becomes very hard after quenching- tempering, which shows excellent properties for bearing. In 40 mass% nitric acid solution, almost no corrosion occurs. In 10 mass% hydrochloric acid solution, the corrosion resistance property is superior to 9Cr18Mo and 7Cr14MoN.     

包套热挤压M32粉末冶金高速钢的组织性能研究

提出了一种解决粉末冶金高速钢制备工艺繁琐、性价比低等问题的包套热挤压工艺,采用该工艺制备了M32粉末冶金高速钢,研究了不同挤压温度和热处理对M32粉末高速钢的显微组织与性能的影响。结果表明:未热处理时,随挤压温度的升高,试样相对密度及硬度变化趋势一致,均是先升高后降低,在挤压温度为1 240℃时达到峰值,分别为98.04%和45.6HRC;在淬火温度1 180℃以及回火温度560℃热处理后,M32高速钢的晶粒及碳化物颗粒尺寸较小且分布均匀,力学性能最佳,其抗弯强度及硬度分别为3 721.8 MPa和66.7HRC。     

Cr-Si粉末冶金工艺及其物理-力学性能

粉末冶金制作法主要有热压(HP)、热等静压(HIP)及常压烧结(Sinter)三种.采用热压及热等静压法可以很容易地得到高致密化的高温金属硅化物,但若要进行大尺寸的产品烧结,必须提升生产设备的规格和能力,例如加大热压机力吨位、扩大热压炉腔体等,致使设备投资及生产成本相对昂贵.所以大部分厂商宁可采用常压烧结法,虽然该法的高致密化工艺条件不易控制,却因可以制作大尺寸金属硅化物,加上设备投资及生产成本相对降低,使许多大厂已投入相当大的人力和物力在开发此工艺.该文作者试用不同真空烧结温度,造成Cr-Si合金粉末烧结性质的差异,探讨稳定而可大量生产的可行性;并通过对温度的控制,来改善Cr-Si的物理性质与力学性质.结果表明,提高烧结温度会使Cr-Si合金产生部分液相烧结的现象,从而使孔隙率显著下降;但显微结构也随之有偏析与晶粒粗化的现象.     

Modeling of gas-liquid reactions in ladle metallurgy: Part II. Numerical simulation

A combined three-dimensional, Lagrangian-Eulerian model for gas-liquid flow in a ladle was developed. The model compared very well with available experimental results in Wood’s metal in terms of void fraction, liquid velocity, and plume bending. From the model, it was clear that the lateral lift force is responsible for plume spreading, whereas lateral drag forces bend the plume. The model was extended to include mass transfer to rising bubbles and at the free surface. The rate of reaction compared very well with the results of part I on the desorption of carbon dioxide from sodium hydroxide solutions.     

Laser melting and heat treatment of m2 tool steel: A microstructural characterization

Microstructural characterization and electron diffraction crystal structure determinations have been carried out on the tool steel M2. Detailed examination using optical microscopy and thin-film and replica transmission electron microscopy substantiate preliminary findings.^2,3 Namely, that laser melted material has a two-phase σ-ferrite/austenite matrix containing a dispersion of fine M₂C carbides together with a smaller amount of M₂₃C₆ carbides. Subsequent heat treatment at 560 and 1230°C increases the hardness (to a maximum value of ∼1100 VHN) by carbide precipitation. In material heat treated at 560°C there is a preponderance of M₂₃C₆ carbides together with a small amount of M₂C carbides. In contrast, the effect of heat treatment at 1230°C is to produce material containing only MC₁-x type carbides with diameters in the range from 20 nm to ∼1 μm. formerly with the Metallurgy Department, University of Connecticut     

粉末热锻双层材料凸轮的显微组织与力学性能

以Fe–2Cu–1C基粉为凸轮内层材料,并以此基粉为原料加入Cr、Mo、Si等合金元素,作为凸轮外层材料,采用粉末锻造工艺制备双层材料凸轮,研究合金元素和锻造工艺对凸轮显微组织和力学性能的影响。实验结果表明:以Fe–2Cu–1C–1.5Cr–0.85Mo粉体作为外层材料,采用1050℃热锻的凸轮在密度7.56 g·cm–3时,抗弯强度、硬度和摩擦系数分别为1400 MPa、HRB 100和0.35;锻态组织为马氏体、贝氏体、屈氏体、合金块的混合组织。