0Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢表面渗锆合金层的耐腐蚀性能及抗高温氧化性能

采用双辉等离子渗金属技术在0Cr18Ni9Ti奥氏体不锈钢表面制备渗锆合金层,然后将其分别置于在0.5mol·L-1 HCl溶液、3.5%NaCl溶液、0.5mol·L-1 NaOH溶液中进行电化学腐蚀试验,另在静态空气中进行了1 000~1 150℃的高温氧化试验,研究了渗锆合金层的耐腐蚀性能及抗高温氧化性能,并与不锈钢基体进行了对比。结果表明:在三种溶液中,不锈钢基体的相对腐蚀速率分别为渗锆合金层的24.43倍、2.44倍、1.90倍,不锈钢基体表面发生了较为严重的腐蚀,而渗锆合金层只出现了局部腐蚀坑,这是因为在腐蚀过程中其表面形成了一层致密的ZrO2钝化膜;不锈钢基体和渗锆合金层的氧化质量增加曲线都基本遵从抛物线规律;在1 150℃氧化20h后,不锈钢基体表面氧化严重,而渗锆合金层的表面形貌较好,存在少量孔洞,组织相对致密。     

碳素工具钢表面低温双辉等离子渗铬硬化的研究

用双辉等离子渗铬技术，进行了880-900℃温度下的碳素工具钢表面渗铬硬化研究，分析了渗铬硬化层的显微组织和相结构，测量了渗铬硬化层的厚度、硬度及铬浓度分布，并对渗铬硬化层进行了划痕检验。结果表明，在880-900℃温度下，对碳素工具钢进行双辉等离子渗铬也可得到良好的渗铬硬化层；渗铬硬化层由沉积层、碳化物层和固溶体层构成。     

T10钢表面中温双辉等离子渗铬强化的研究

用双辉等离子渗金属技术,对T10钢进行了880～900℃温度下的表面渗铬强化研究;检测和分析了渗铬强化层的显微组织、渗层厚度、硬度及铬浓度分布,并对渗铬强化层进行了抗磨损试验.结果表明,在880～900℃温度下,对T10钢进行双辉等离子渗铬,可得到良好的渗铬强化层.经双辉等离子渗铬强化的T10钢比常规热处理后的耐磨性提高了5～6倍.     

TC11钛合金表面渗锆层组织及其摩擦学性能

为提高TC11钛合金的摩擦磨损性能,对合金表面进行双层辉光等离子渗锆处理,对渗锆层进行了物相分析、组织观察和微区成分分析,并在不同温度下进行了摩擦磨损试验。结果表明：TC11钛合金表面获得了组织致密、厚度为25μm、主要由α-Ti相组成的渗层,锆元素主要固溶在α-Ti相中;在室温和450℃时,渗锆层的摩擦因数均远小于T...     

碳钢表面高铬耐磨合金层的制备及其组织与性能

采用双层辉光等离子渗金属技术先在Q235钢和45钢表面渗入元素铬,形成高铬合金层;然后进行等离子渗碳,得到高铬耐磨合金层;对渗铬、渗碳层的组织和性能进行研究。结果表明：表面层铬含量达到40％以上,且呈梯度分布;渗层所形成的含铬碳化物弥散、细小和均匀,表面含碳量达2．8％以上,没有共晶莱氏体组织;经淬火及回火处理后,表面硬度达到1800HV以上;与淬火GCr15钢相比,其耐磨性能提高7倍以上。     

采用双层辉光等离子技术在420不锈钢表面制备ZrO_2改性层

采用双层辉光等离子技术,在420不锈钢表面渗锆后再氧化制备出ZrO_2改性层,用光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪分析了改性层的显微组织,并测试了其高温抗氧化性能与耐磨性能。结果表明:在950℃下保温3h得到的渗锆层经随后的1000℃氧化100h处理,可以形成以ZrO_2为主的改性层;改性层与基体结合牢固,并可以明显改善基体的高温抗氧化性能和耐磨性能。     

TC4钛合金表面渗锆层的显微组织与摩擦磨损性能

采用双层辉光等离子渗金属技术在TC4钛合金表面制备渗锆层,研究了渗锆层的显微组织、相组成以及摩擦磨损性能,并与TC4钛合金基体的摩擦磨损性能进行了对比。结果表明:TC4钛合金表面的渗锆层厚度约为10μm;渗锆层的组织连续、均匀、致密,与基体结合良好,锆含量由表层向基体内部呈梯度分布;渗锆层的摩擦因数和比磨损率约为TC4钛合金基体的45.9%和13.6%,摩擦磨损性能明显提高。     

纯钛表面等离子渗镍合金层的显微组织及摩擦学性能

采用等离子表面合金化技术对纯钛进行表面渗镍处理,对渗镍后形成的合金层显微组织、物相组成及硬度进行了分析,并对其摩擦学性能进行了研究。结果表明:渗镍后在纯钛表面形成了与基体结合良好的钛-镍合金层,合金层主要由Ti2Ni、TiNi及钛相组成,厚约30μm,显微硬度约为570HV,合金层的干滑动摩擦磨损性能较纯钛基体的有很大提高。     

等离子表面渗铬渗碳耐磨合金层

利用铬是碳化物形成元素且与α-Fe无限互溶的条件,在廉价低碳钢或中碳钢表面进行等离子渗铬,形成表面高铬合金层,当表面含铬量达到40%以上并在一定范围内渗层成分呈平缓的梯度分布时,再进行等离子渗碳,形成高铬高碳合金层。合金层中的含铬碳化物在固体状态下形成,属于二次碳化物。由于渗碳温度低,合金层的含铬量高,所形成的铬碳化物弥散、细小、均匀,当表面含碳量达2.8%以上时没有共晶莱氏体碳化物组织,表面高铬高碳合金层经淬火及回火处理后表面硬度达到HV1800。磨损试验表明,与淬火GCr15材料相比其耐磨性能提高8倍以上。     

γ-TiAl合金表面双层辉光等离子铬钨共渗层的高温氧化行为

采用双层辉光等离子表面技术在γ-TiAl合金表面制备铬钨共渗层,用SEM、EDS和XRD分析等方法结合高温氧化试验,研究了该共渗层在高温下的氧化(共100h)行为。结果表明:γ-TiAl合金经双层辉光等离子铬钨共渗后,共渗层表面形貌完好,组织均匀,与基体连接紧密,结合处无孔洞及裂纹等缺陷存在;铬钨共渗层在高温下可形成保护性氧化膜,有效降低了氧化速率,与γ-TiAl合金基体相比,氧化增重降低,抗氧化能力明显提高;随氧化温度升高,铬钨共渗层的氧化增重明显增大,但氧化机制不变;在氧化过程中,除了铬、钨发生内扩散外,基体中的钛、铝元素均发生了显著的外扩散。     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

Limits of topographic measurement by the scanning tunnelling and atomic force microscopes

Parameters describing the topographic character of a surface (height, surface wavelength, slope and curvature) can be derived from equivalent sinusoidal profiles. The response of a surface-measuring instrument may be modelled in terms of instrument parameters such as stylus radius, and scanning range and resolution. The performance of the instrument may then be mapped as a zone in amplitude-wavelength (AW) space to show the sinusoidal profiles it is capable of measuring. In a first-order analysis the STM and AFM are considered as equivalent to contact-stylus instruments with a notional stylus radius equal to the tip radius plus the gap. Comparisons between different instruments and types of instrument are readily made by mapping in AW space. The error arising from convolution of the sinusoidal profile with that of the finite tip may be quantified and plotted as contours in AW space.     

Fractional order nonsingular terminal sliding mode control for flexible spacecraft attitude tracking

This paper investigates a fractional terminal sliding mode control for flexible spacecraft attitude tracking in the presence of inertia uncertainties and extern...     

气化炉三维扫描测量与数据处理

以德士古气化炉耐火砖的内壁蚀损检测设备为基础,对采集到的点云数据做了进一步处理.通过对数据的筛选和剔除,实现了数据点的平滑降噪细化和精简.然后利用点云对整、网格划分和分色显示等方法,最终完成了内壁腐蚀情况的三维建模.重点讨论了点云数据的预处理及后处理的方法,并根据内壁耐火砖的腐蚀阈值,提出了一种气化炉内壁腐蚀区域的识别与分割方法.对耐火砖的腐蚀分析、气化炉的生产与维修提供了可靠依据,并在工程应用中获得了一致认可.     

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH AND DESIGN ON HEAT TRANSFER OF EVAPORATOR USED IN THE LARGE QUICK FREEZE PLANT

The evaporator is the main part of a quick-freeze equipment. There are many factors influencing the heat transfer coefficient of an evaporator. The most important factors among them are the fin shape, tube diameter, distance of fin space, frost, and velocity of air flow etc. They mainly influence the thermal efficiency of an evaporator, and therefore its thermal efficiency has direct relationship with the whole efficiency of the quick freeze plant. Evaporators with different structural types have different heat transfer efficiency. In order to obtain high efficiency structure of evaporator, 8 evaporator models with different fin shape, tube diameter and tube arrangement are analyzed and compared. The calculation results show that the integral waved fins, equilateral-triangle arranged small diameter tubes and varying fin-spacing has the highest heat transfer coefficient. The experimental result also shows that the evaporator with this type of structure has better thermal efficiency. The experimental result is in good agreement with the calculation result. It can instruct engineering design for usual designer. A real quick-freeze equipment is designed and put into production. The result shows that, compared with traditional domestic quick-freeze equipments, this equipment decreases by 40% in size and by 20% in energy consumption.