冲击载荷下双预置裂纹三点弯曲梁动态断裂实验

采用数字激光焦散线实验系统,对双预置裂纹三点弯曲梁进行了动态冲击实验,分析了双预置裂纹对试件裂纹尖端扩展速率和动态应力强度因子值的影响。实验结果表明:1双预置裂纹三点弯曲梁在动态冲击实验中,B裂纹作为开裂裂纹,其起裂时间和扩展速率峰值受到冲击载荷加载点与其预置位置之间水平距离值的影响,距离越小,起裂越快,扩展速率峰值越大;2试件开裂后,裂纹的裂纹扩展速度和动态应力强度因子值随时间的变化曲线均具有快速上升然后波动下降的规律;3B裂纹起裂所需能量随着A、B裂纹间距a值减小而增大。     

用圆孔内单边裂纹平台巴西圆盘和实验-数值-解析法确定砂岩的动态起裂和扩展韧度

在I型(张开型)动态断裂实验中,利用大直径(?100 mm)分离式霍普金森压杆径向冲击圆孔内单边裂纹平台巴西圆盘试样。考虑了材料惯性效应和裂纹扩展速度对动态应力强度因子的影响,用实验-数值-解析法确定了高加载率和高裂纹扩展速度情况下,砂岩的动态起裂韧度和动态扩展韧度。由动态实验获取试样的动荷载历程,采用裂纹扩展计(Crack Propagation Gauge,CPG)测定试样断裂时刻和裂纹扩展速度,获得裂纹扩展速度对应的普适函数值。然后将动荷载历程带入到有限元软件中进行动态数值模拟,求出静止裂纹的动态应力强度因子历程,再用普适函数值对其进行近似修正。最后根据试样的起裂时刻和穿过CPG中点的时刻,由相应的动态应力强度因子历程分别确定砂岩的动态起裂和动态扩展韧度,它们分别随动态加载率和裂纹扩展速度的提高而增加。     

含不同张开角度裂纹结构的动态断裂试验研究

不同结构的动态断裂行为受多个因素影响,其中裂纹缺陷对其影响最为显著。张开型裂纹是工程结构中十分常见的缺陷,而且张开角度往往并不固定。为研究结构的运动裂纹与不同预制角度裂纹相互作用的规律,以张开角度为单一变量,采用动态焦散线试验系统,在冲击荷载下对含不同张开角度裂纹的有机玻璃试件进行三点弯试验。研究发现：裂纹扩展经过不同张开角度的预制裂纹时,都会先扩展至预制裂纹夹角尖端,再从预制裂纹其中一端重新蓄能起裂,然后偏向落锤点方向扩展,最终贯穿整个试件;开口向上的预制裂纹会增加运动裂纹的扩展时长,而且预制裂纹的开口角度越大,对裂纹扩展产生的迟滞效应越大,裂纹贯穿试件的总时长越大;与预制裂纹相互作用阶段,动态裂纹都会先减速后增速至峰值,预制裂纹角度越大,裂纹扩展速度峰值越小,且当预制裂纹角度为180°时的峰值与无预制裂缝试件的峰值非常接近;运动裂纹再次从预制裂纹尖端处起裂时裂纹尖端应力强度因子迅速大幅增加后又迅速减小直至试件完全断裂。     

定向断裂双孔爆破含缺陷介质裂纹扩展的动焦散试验

利用爆炸加载数字激光动态焦散线试验系统,进行双孔爆破爆炸应力波作用下缺陷介质裂纹扩展试验。研究了含水平预制裂纹和竖直预制裂纹的介质裂纹扩展路径、速度、加速度和裂尖动态应力强度因子变化规律。试验结果表明:在爆炸应力波作用下,预制裂纹尖端起裂,并扩展。炸药爆炸后,主裂纹的扩展速度迅速达到峰值,之后开始振荡减小,其加速度呈现波浪起伏式的振荡变化。次裂纹起裂后速度增大至峰值,然后开始减小。主裂纹尖端的动态应力强度因子K_Ⅰ从峰值振荡减小,又振荡增加至第二个峰值,之后振荡减小。次裂纹尖端的动态应力强度因子K_Ⅰ达到最大时,次裂纹起裂,之后K_Ⅰ振荡减小。裂纹扩展的过程中K_Ⅱ基本都小于K_Ⅰ。     

相互贯通裂纹动态断裂的试验研究

为了研究动荷载作用下裂纹角度对相互贯通裂纹动态断裂特性的影响,采用动焦散试验系统进行了含预制裂纹的三点弯冲击试验。试验结果表明:两分支裂纹相互贯通,在动荷载作用下翼裂纹只会从与竖直方向夹角较小的分支裂纹尖端起裂扩展,当有一支分支裂纹起裂后,另一分支裂纹动态应力强度因子快速下降,试件内应变能重新分布;起裂的翼裂纹首先沿准竖直方向扩展,当扩展到试件约2/3高度后,翼裂纹扩展速度下降,扩展轨迹弯曲程度加大,I-II复合型断裂明显;分支裂纹起裂瞬间的KdI和KdII随着该裂纹与竖直方向夹角θ的增加而增大,其扩展的平均速度随着夹角θ的增加而减小。     

冲击荷载下深梁动态断裂行为的光弹性实验

采用动态光弹性实验方法,对简支深梁进行冲击实验,研究其冲击动态断裂行为。实验得到了冲击断裂过程中深梁的等差条纹变化图片,分析了冲击荷载下裂纹尖端的动态应力强度因子和裂纹扩展速度的变化规律。研究结果表明:由于应力波的作用,在试件开裂前,预制裂纹尖端应力强度因子KdI始终呈波动上升的趋势,最大值为1.995MPa·m~(1/2);试件起裂后,裂尖动态应力强度因子KdI先迅速下降,然后保持在1.222~1.677 MPa·m~(1/2)内震荡,平均值为1.458 MPa·m~(1/2);裂纹起裂后,扩展速度先迅速增大,后保持在310~380 m/s,动态裂纹基本呈匀速扩展,平均扩展速度为345.703 m/s。     

含缺陷结构的冲击断裂试验研究

利用新型数字激光动态焦散线试验系统和落锤冲击加载平台,以缺陷端部曲率为单一变量,将孔状缺陷和裂纹缺陷纳入同一个试验研究体系。研究了冲击荷载下,含不同端部曲率中央缺陷的PMMA条形试件的三点弯曲动态断裂过程,断裂破坏经历三个阶段:前期为冲击应力波作用下,试件下边界裂纹的起裂与扩展;中期为裂纹在缺陷处的应力释放和停滞;后期为落锤自重作用下,缺陷端部的起裂与试件贯穿。在相同的试验条件下,不同端部曲率的缺陷对前期裂纹起裂与扩展基本没有影响;缺陷端部曲率越大,中期缺陷处停滞时间越短,并得出二者之间的近似函数关系;后期缺陷端部起裂时的应力强度因子随着缺陷端部曲率的增大呈现出先减小后增大的变化趋势。     

冲击作用下静止裂纹与运动裂纹相互作用的试验研究

为了研究静止裂纹与运动裂纹相互作用机制,采用数字激光动焦散系统进行了含不同长度预制裂纹的冲击试验。试验结果表明:竖向主裂纹起裂时的应力强度因子和起裂时间均随水平主裂纹长度增加逐渐减小,水平主裂纹长度越长竖向主裂纹更易起裂;竖向主裂纹朝水平主裂纹扩展阶段,其翼裂纹的应力强度因子均值和扩展速度峰值、均值均随着水平主裂纹长度增加而降低;翼裂纹与水平主裂纹汇聚后,在水平主裂纹停滞的时间和水平主裂纹起裂时的应力强度因子均随着水平主裂纹长度增加呈现先减小后增大趋势。     

单向静压下柱状炮孔端部爆生裂纹的扩展规律

高地应力对岩层地下工程爆破动态断裂过程有重要影响。采用数字激光动态焦散线测试系统,研究了不同单向静压下柱状炮孔端部爆生裂纹动态断裂行为,明确了柱状炮孔端部爆生裂纹的扩展规律。结果表明:单向静压越大,端部裂纹平均扩展长度越短,但单向静压下端部裂纹尖端积聚能量的快速释放会导致裂纹初始扩展速度提升;裂纹尖端应力强度因子基本随单向静压增加而递减,单向静压越大,应力强度因子随时间下降越剧烈,裂纹的止裂韧度越高,止裂时间越早;单向静压作用下的爆生裂纹在整个扩展阶段基本表现为I型裂纹,无静压作用下爆生裂纹在扩展初期表现为I型裂纹,中后期表现为复合型裂纹。研究结果对认识静压作用下的柱状炮孔端部破坏机理具有一定意义。     

裂纹止裂技术及裂纹动态扩展规律研究

为了对动态荷载作用下水泥粉煤灰砂浆的裂缝动态扩展行为进行研究,提出了一种大尺寸带V型底边的半圆边裂纹(SECVB)试件,其V形底部具有止裂功能。SECVB试件的V形底部设计为180°,150°和120°三个角度。采用落锤冲击装置进行了冲击试验,并使用裂纹扩展计(CPG)用于测量裂纹扩展的相关参数。利用有限差分程序AUTODYN对裂纹扩展行为进行了数值模拟,并用有限元程序ABAQUS计算了裂纹的动态应力强度因子(DSIF);根据CPG测量的裂纹萌生时间和扩展时间来确定临界应力强度因子。试验和数值模拟结果表明,SECVB试件适合于研究动态荷载作用下水泥粉煤灰砂浆的裂纹扩展行为和止裂行为。在裂纹扩展过程中,裂纹可能在一段时间内止裂,并且裂纹在起始时刻的断裂韧度高于裂纹扩展时的断裂韧度。     

拉—拉疲劳下15MnMoVN多裂纹扩展研究

为分析单裂纹或多裂纹在裂纹面承受疲劳拉伸载荷作用下尖端应力强度因子变化规律和裂纹形貌变化以及疲劳寿命情况,以含不同初始长深比的半椭圆单裂纹或双裂纹的薄片试样为研究对象,对试样在应力比R=0.1的疲劳拉伸载荷下单裂纹或双裂纹情况进行了仿真分析。建立含裂纹试样的有限元模型,仿真分析了裂纹在扩展过程中尖端应力强度因子的分布情况,并将单裂纹扩展结果与双裂纹相互作用影响下的结果进行了对比研究;进行含裂纹试样的疲劳实验,分析了含单裂纹或双裂纹的试样的断裂面的形成原因,并验证仿真结果正确性。结果表明,裂纹面之间的相互作用会逐渐影响裂纹的扩展方向、扩展速率以及在扩展过程中尖端应力强度因子的变化趋势;而且初始形貌为半椭圆形的双裂纹在相互作用影响下会逐渐过渡到半圆形。     

含圆孔缺陷三点弯曲梁的裂纹扩展特性实验研究

采用动态焦散线实验系统,对含圆孔缺陷的PMMA材料进行冲击断裂力学实验,研究三点弯曲梁中不同直径和位置的圆孔缺陷对扩展裂纹的影响。实验结果表明:扩展裂纹与圆孔缺陷相互作用前,呈现Ⅰ型拉伸断裂,扩展路径平直;与圆孔缺陷相互作用后,贯通萌生的次裂纹沿直线继续扩展,未贯通的裂纹偏移扩展。扩展裂纹与路径上圆孔缺陷贯通过程中,裂纹扩展速度和动态应力强度因子快速降为零,裂纹的扩展受到抑制,且圆孔直径越大、距离越近,抑制作用越显著;贯通萌生次生裂纹的起裂速度和起裂韧度,随着圆孔缺陷直径的增大而变大。扩展裂纹与偏置圆孔缺陷相互作用过程中,当圆孔缺陷直径越大、偏置距离越小,裂纹起偏距离越短,最大偏移量越大,并且扩展裂纹动态应力强度因子和扩展速度局部小幅增大。研究结果为分析动态裂纹扩展特征和材料破坏模式提供借鉴。     

黏聚裂纹阻抗的弯曲梁承载力

在混凝土类软化材料断裂研究中,裂纹端部损伤区被简化为具有黏聚应力分布的非线性裂纹,该黏 聚力对裂纹扩展有阻抗作用。裂纹体的应力强度因子是断裂力学标志载荷作用与几何构型因素的量化表达指标; 黏聚力形成的阻抗强度因子数值,与黏聚裂纹长度和材料极值拉伸应力存在数量关系。通过双K断裂判据,以 带切口的三点弯曲梁为断裂力学模型,分析了裂纹黏聚阻力对断裂过程的影响规律,计算该弯曲梁结构断裂试 样的最大承担载荷;其结果比较符合实验数据。     

Experimental and numerical investigations on fracture process zone of rock–concrete interface

A crack propagation criterion for a rock–concrete interface is employed to investigate the evolution of the fracture process zone (FPZ) in rock–concrete composite beams under three‐point bending (TPB). According to the criterion, cracking initiates along the interface when the difference between the mode I stress intensity factor at the crack tip caused by external loading and the one caused by the cohesive stress acting on the fictitious crack surfaces reaches the initial fracture toughness of a rock–concrete interface. From the experimental results of the composite beams with various initial crack lengths but equal depths under TPB, the interface fracture parameters are determined. In addition, the FPZ evolution in a TPB specimen is investigated by using a digital image correlation technique. Thus, the fracture processes of the rock–concrete composite beams can be simulated by introducing the initial fracture criterion to determine the crack propagation. By comparing the load versus crack mouth opening displacement curves and FPZ evolution, the numerical and experimental results show a reasonable agreement, which verifies the numerical method developed in this study for analysing the crack propagation along the rock–concrete interface. Finally, based on the numerical results, the effect of ligament length on the FPZ evolution and the variations of the fracture model during crack propagation are discussed for the rock–concrete interface fracture under TPB. The results indicate that ligament length significantly affects the FPZ evolution at the rock–concrete interface under TPB and the stress intensity factor ratio of modes II to I is influenced by the specimen size during the propagation of the interfacial crack.     

Stress intensity factor solutions for estimation of fatigue lives of laser welds in lap-shear specimens

Fatigue behavior of laser welds in lap-shear specimens of high strength low alloy (HSLA) steel is investigated based on experimental observations and two fatigue life estimation models. Fatigue experiments of laser welded lap-shear specimens are first reviewed. Analytical stress intensity factor solutions for laser welded lap-shear specimens based on the beam bending theory are derived and compared with the analytical solutions for two semi-infinite solids with connection. Finite element analyses of laser welded lap-shear specimens with different weld widths were also conducted to obtain the stress intensity factor solutions. Approximate closed-form stress intensity factor solutions based on the results of the finite element analyses in combination with the analytical solutions based on the beam bending theory and Westergaard stress function for a full range of the normalized weld widths are developed for future engineering applications. Next, finite element analyses for laser welded lap-shear specimens with three weld widths were conducted to obtain the local stress intensity factor solutions for kinked cracks as functions of the kink length. The computational results indicate that the kinked cracks are under dominant mode I loading conditions and the normalized local stress intensity factor solutions can be used in combination with the global stress intensity factor solutions to estimate fatigue lives of laser welds with the weld width as small as the sheet thickness. The global stress intensity factor solutions and the local stress intensity factor solutions for vanishing and finite kinked cracks are then adopted in a fatigue crack growth model to estimate the fatigue lives of the laser welds. Also, a structural stress model based on the beam bending theory is adopted to estimate the fatigue lives of the welds. The fatigue life estimations based on the kinked fatigue crack growth model agree well with the experimental results whereas the fatigue life estimations based on the structural stress model agree with the experimental results under larger load ranges but are higher than the experimental results under smaller load ranges.     

Irreversible growth of a spherical cavity in rubber-like material: A fracture mechanics description

A procedure is presented for determining stress intensity factors for single and double edge cracks in simply supported undamped Bernoulli–Euler beams under a moving load. The approach is based on using modal analysis to determine the equivalent load on the beam, then linear elastic fracture mechanics is used to calculate stress intensity factors (SIF). The results show that SIF is a function of time, speed of the moving load and crack size and location.     

Research on pavement longitudinal crack propagation under non-uniform vehicle loading

The top-down crack (TDC) has become the major cracking mechanism in thick pavement structure, especially for the perpetual pavement. The heavy-vehicle load condition plays a key role in the fracture characteristics of pavement cracks. A three-dimensional finite element (FE) model of the tire tread rubber-block and the pavement is established to describe the stress–strain field of the pavement with TDC. The three-directional friction condition and non-uniform distribution between tire and pavement are especially considered. Then the orthogonal Design of Experiment method is applied to discuss the effect law of fracture characteristics for the longitudinal crack affected by the multiple loading parameters simultaneously. Based on the statistics and data analysis of the diverse test results, it is found there is a nonlinear relationship between the equivalent stress intensity factor of the pavement and the load parameters.The longitudinal distance (from the load location to the center of the crack port) has a great influence on the equivalent stress intensity factor. The equivalent stress intensity factor of the crack port is more than double the crack tip buried in pavement, which extends in II/III composite type mostly. The simulation results can be used as reference for the further study on the fracture mechanism of pavement cracks and their control technique.     

Growth and coalescence of two collinear indentation cracks in glass

Subcritical growth and coalescence of two collinear cracks of different lengths were investigated using small Knoop indentation cracks in glass. Indentation cracks subjected to bending in water showed anomalous crack growth in terms of the stress intensity factor, K_I. The crack growth velocity, dc/dt, was initially high, decreased and thereafter increased with increasing K_I. The effective stress intensity factor, K_I,eff, was calculated by adding a term describing the state of residual stress to explain this anomalous growth. Before crack coalescence, a large crack showed a crack velocity higher than expected from the coalescent crack. The coalescent crack velocity increased with K_I,eff and the slope of dc/dt−K_I,eff curves differed from that for a single crack, depending on the crack length.