铜钢堆焊接头的超声信号特征及质量评价

采用水浸聚焦超声C扫描成像的检测方法,研究了铜钢堆焊接头的质量评价.首先从理论上分析了聚焦声束垂直于圆柱形工件表面入射时,沿圆柱体轴线与圆周两个互相垂直的方向上的声场情况.在此基础上对堆焊试件进行了超声C扫描检测试验,为了验证检测结果的可靠性,在试件上典型位置处进行了破坏性检测试验,分析了相应的超声A扫描信号特征.结果表明,采用该方法评定铜钢堆焊接头质量是可行的,同时指出采用从基体一侧入射的检测方式能够获得较高的可靠性.     

超声成像法检测复合材料层合板铺层方向

提出一种确定复合材料层合板铺设形式的新的无损检测方法。采用垂直入射的超声纵波进行铺层界面的C扫描或层板全波形B扫描，然后从结构缺陷的反射波中提取纤维方向信息。发现铺层界面的C扫描图大都包含两相邻铺层的纤维方向信息，而上铺层的信息显示更明显。因此，用二维傅里叶变换将界面C扫描图变换为定量的角度分布图，通过显示的方向信息确定上铺层的纤维方向。用类似方法对全波形B扫描图进行处理，将其转换为角度—时间图，图中信号幅度显示层合板中各铺层的方向。由于没有涉及众多界面时间门的设置问题，B扫描方法更为简单。分别用界面C扫描和全波形B扫描方法检测了几种复合材料层合板，确定了它们的铺制结构，并通过建模分析研究这些方法的机理。     

铝蜂窝夹芯结构的数字成像检测研究

蜂窝夹芯结构常见缺陷有蒙皮与蜂窝芯脱粘、蜂窝芯变形、蜂窝芯节点开裂和蜂窝积水等,目前单一的无损检测方法还不能有效地解决蜂窝夹芯结构中的各种缺陷检测问题。针对铝蜂窝夹芯结构,首先制作了6种典型人工缺陷,利用射线DR(Digital Radiography)和计算机射线照相(Computed Radiography,CR)技术对夹杂、蜂窝芯变形、蜂窝芯格断裂、富胶等缺陷进行了数字射线成像检测,得到了高质量的缺陷数字检测图像,并进行了对比分析。针对蜂窝积水检测问题,采用射线DR技术进行了数字成像检测研究,表明积水量大小会影响图像灰度。对含有人工脱粘缺陷的铝蜂窝夹芯结构件,采用脉冲反射法对其粘接质量进行了超声C扫描成像检测研究,通过底波幅值成像得到了脱粘缺陷的超声C扫描数字图像。结果表明:数字射线成像和超声C扫描成像结合为蜂窝夹芯结构提供了一种数字化的无损检测方法。     

相控阵技术在爆炸焊接钛/钢复合板检测中的应用

国内某化工项目使用爆炸焊接钛/钢复合板,除了对结合性能有高于标准要求的指标外,对界面结合的均匀性也提出要求。目前,对界面结合均匀性的判定采用常规的超声脉冲回波法难以实现,采用常规超声C扫检测速度较慢,无法满足大批量的生产进度要求。国内首次将相控阵技术应用到爆炸焊接层状金属复合板产品检测和验收中。相控阵检测通过电子扫查技术,大大提升了检测效率,同时结合C扫描像,使得爆炸焊接钛/钢复合板界面波纹的辨别与判定分析变得清晰直观,并与结合性能有一定的对应关系。     

Research on edge identification of a defect using pulsed eddy current based on principal component analysis

It is difficult to identify the edge of a defect in nondestructive testing (NDT), which affects the result of a C-scan image acquired by arrays of pulsed eddy current sensors (APECS). To overcome the problem of low accuracy in identification of the edge of a defect using the conventional eddy current techniques, which only extract features in time domain, features from pulsed eddy current that has a broadband frequency are extracted both in time and frequency domains. A method based on principal component analysis (PCA) is proposed to enhance the accuracy in identification of the edge of a defect, the agreement between theory and experiment shows that the proposed method is applicable and preferable to APECS.     

复合材料层压板的超声相控阵检测

为满足复合材料层压板在厚度方向不存在加工余量及其缺陷特征的需求,设计了具有不同大小和埋深的人工缺陷的复合材料层压板试块,利用超声相控阵检测法对该试块进行100%扫查。C扫图像显示所有人工缺陷均能被检测出来,且位于第一与第二层碳布之间3mm的最小缺陷清晰可辨。经实际应用表明,超声相控阵检测法可用于复合材料层压板的无损检测。     

SUS304奥氏体不锈钢板点焊接头的超声成像分析

利用超声波水浸聚焦入射法对1 mm厚的SUS304奥氏体不锈钢板点焊接头进行超声C扫描成像检测.分析了不同焊接工艺参数下的C扫描图像特征,甄别了飞溅、焊穿等典型焊接缺陷,并提取其对应的A扫描信号.基于C扫描图像对焊核直径进行了测量,并与焊核切口端面尺寸进行了比较.结果表明,基于超声波水浸聚焦入射法得到的C扫描图像,能有效观测焊核内部形貌特征.焊接电流超过8 kA,电极力小于2 700 N时,超声波C扫描图像中清晰反映出飞溅、焊穿等缺陷,其对应区域的A扫描信号与正常熔核区波形特征有明显差异;借助超声C扫描图像测得的焊核直径为4.39~5.25 mm.     

声阻法胶接结构缺陷实时成像检测

为了有效检测胶接结构缺陷,构建了基于声阻法的成像检测系统. 系统包括声学信号采集、声学探头定位、数据处理及绘图三部分. 利用两轮式编码器,实现了动态扫查过程探头位置信息的采集;利用结合质量检测仪采集缺陷信息;采用C + + 编写了数据处理及图像绘制程序,实现了胶接结构缺陷声阻法实时成像检测. 利用声阻法及常规超声C扫描成像方法对铝合金/环氧树脂/铝合金三明治胶接结构进行了检测,并对检测结果进行了分析对比. 结果表明,声阻法能更有效识别胶接结构中的缺陷,且单面检测即可满足缺陷表征需求.     

Polycrystalline diamond cutting element control using high frequency C-scan image processing

The quality control of drilling tools used in the oil industry essentially consists of testing the cutting elements distributed around the petroleum tool. This study presents a nondestructive testing (NDT) method for the detection of different kinds of defects inside polycrystalline diamond cuttine elements (PDC). This ultrasonic method, based on high frequency (100 MHz) C-scan image processing, allows the detection of three major types of defect such as diamond layer debonding from the substrate, cracks and thermal defects of the diamond layers. These defects induce a perfectly quantified behaviour to mechanical abrasion resistance and fatigue tests. Experimental results show good correlation between our ultrasonic measurements and classical abrasion resistance tests. In fact, a PDC sample exhibiting defects detected by the C-scan technique has been submitted to a mechanical fatigue process and optical microscopic analysis. These tests have shown that each kind of defect has an influence on one or more mechanical characteristics. Using C-mode scanning acoustic microscopy (with a 50 μm pixel size), allows an extremely precise and quantified level of erosion resistance of the cutting elements without systematic resort to expensive destructive tests carried out during the reception of the batch. The rejection of samples showing harmful defects will eliminate the erratic and sometimes unexplained destruction of some tools which were considered to be defect-free.     

The applications of ultrasonic backward radiation from a layered substrate submerged in liquid

A theoretical model was developed for the angular profiles of ultrasonic backward radiation by the single transducer, pulse-echo method. Parts of the velocity dispersion curves for Ni/Al layered substrates with various bonding qualities were constructed using the backward angular radiation profiles. It was shown that the angular profiles of the insonified region were related to interface bonding qualities. An inclined C-scan method was used to receive backward radiation waves from a glass substrate with 1 and 3 mm notched gratings. The results show that the inclined C-scan method could be useful in the evaluation of a surface area.     

Defect edge identification with rectangular pulsed eddy current sensor based on transient response signals

The Pulsed Eddy Current (PEC) testing is an increasingly emerging nondestructive testing & evaluation (NDT&E) technique. The main purpose of this study is to improve the performance of defect edge identification of C-scan imaging technique utilizing the rectangular PEC sensor. When sensor scans along the defect, peak waves of response signals always present a crest and a trough in direction of magnetic induction flux, while present different shapes in direction of exciting current. The maximum and minimum values of peak waves in direction of magnetic induction flux are corresponding to the moment of sensor entering and leaving the length edge of defect, which provides us a way to evaluate the length edge of defect. To evaluate the width edge of defect, we obtain and analyze the C-scan imaging results in direction of magnetic induction flux. For improving the identification of width edge of defect, we proposed news features from response signals and differential response signals. Experiment results have shown that the width edge of defects on surface can be identified effectively by selecting and normalizing the appropriate features in time domain. Therefore, both length edge and width edge of defect can be evaluated effectively in direction of magnetic induction flux. The rectangular PEC sensor is helpful for C-scan imaging inspection technique and has a good prospect in field of nondestructive testing & evaluation.     

Optimal signal-adaptive maximum likelihood filter for enhancement of defects in eddy current C-scan images

True estimation of the boundary and size of defects are major problems in eddy current (EC) non-destructive evaluation of conductive materials. EC image processing techniques can be used for better estimation of defect details. Because of non-stationary nature of EC C-scan images and same intensities of noise and defect histograms, the linear techniques do not produce good results. In this paper a non-linear signal-adaptive filter based on maximum likelihood (SAML) criterion is designed and successfully used for defect detection. The model of EC noise in this filter is assumed to be non-zero mean complex Gaussian process. The desired model of SAML (MSAML) filter is also modified to further reduce the probability of error and enhance defect details and boundary realization. Simulated and experimental results demonstrate the successful performance of the SAML and MASML filters in estimation of defect details and noise removal.     

复杂结构电子束焊缝超声无损评价

采用超声C扫描成像方法检测了复杂结构电子束焊缝.根据这类焊接结构的特点,采用模拟试件,代替真实试件,简化了试验条件.着重分析了大深宽比工件内超声的传播特性,在此基础上,经反复试验研制了聚焦效果较好的声透镜,将声透镜应用于平探头上进行检测试验,为了验证检测结果的可靠性,对试件上典型位置进行了破坏性试验分析.结果表明:自制探头的检测灵敏度较高,超声检测结果与界面缺陷分布情况具有较好的一致性,说明超声C扫描成像检测方法是电子束焊缝质量评价的有效手段.     

扩散焊接头缺陷超声C扫描检测能力分析

扩散焊界面缺陷的检测是目前无损检测领域的难点之一. 为研究超声C扫描对钛合金扩散焊接头小缺陷的检测能力,以钛合金为研究对象,制作了含有不同尺寸和类型缺陷的扩散焊试件,研究了步进长度和检测频率对检测能力的影响,最后通过破坏性测试结果对其进行验证. 结果表明,使用较小的步进长度和较高的检测频率,可提高检测的准确度,但扩散焊界面存在大量接触型和微小型缺陷,因此采用超声法难以对其进行精确定量.     

堆焊铜合金/35CrMnSiA接头的界面结构特征

采用冷体TIG堆焊方法在钢质基体上堆焊铜合金层,重点分析了其微观组织.通过显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)观察了界面、铜合金层及基体的组织形貌特征, 分析了焊接工艺对铜合金层中泛铁量的影响.通过能谱 (EDXA)研究了铜合金层内和界面的成分变化,发现在焊接过程中发生了基体元素向铜合金层中溶解和某些铜合金层元素向基体扩散,在由CuSi3形成的铜合金层中有Fe2Si生成,在由B30形成的铜合金层中存在树枝晶组织.而且,焊接工艺不当时,因界面处存在低熔共晶进而出现渗透裂纹.     

弹簧扁钢内部缺陷的分层超声C扫描成像技术研究

对弹簧扁钢的全厚度范围进行C扫描成像检测时,需以一定间隔调整焦点位置以确保检测精度。本研究测量了聚焦声束焦柱高度并分析其对C扫描图像的影响,提出了应用于弹簧扁钢全厚度C扫描成像检测的焦距调整法则。此外,通过分析C扫描图像的特征区域确定缺陷边界,并通过金相试验对其进行了验证。研究结果显示:根据焦柱高度确定焦距调整间隔可在提高检测效率的同时保证较高的检测精度,所提出的缺陷图像特征边界可用于精确测量缺陷尺寸;水浸聚焦超声C扫描成像方法可用于评价弹簧扁钢内部缺陷的尺寸及其分布。     

一种新型超声C扫描检测系统

超声C扫描检测具有缺陷成像直观、测试精度高等优点,在无损检测领域有着较为广泛的应用。目前在超声C扫描检测过程中,如何描述复杂工件的扫描路径是一个非常重要的课题。文章基于CAD/CAM集成技术,研制了一套新型超声C扫描检测系统。该系统能够通过工件CAD图纸获取所需扫查路径,降低了扫查路径输入的复杂性和C扫描检测对操作人员的技术要求,增强了超声C扫描应用的普适性,提高了超声自动化检测的效率,取得了较好的效果。     

面状缺陷超声B扫描检测图像增强研究

针对面状焊接缺陷超声B扫描检测图像受噪声污染造成的质量下降问题,利用多尺度小波分析方法,对超声B扫描图像进行了增强处理.分析了缺陷信号和噪声的小波变换特性,分别在软、硬阈值函数条件下,采用固定阈值、Stein无偏似然估计阈值、混合型阈值、极大极小准则阈值等方法进行了信号增强处理,比较了不同阈值方法小波变换的处理效果.结果表明:小波变换方法能有效地提高超声B扫描图像质量,硬阈值条件下固定阈值小波变换方法的图像增强处理效果较好.     

异种材料连接界面弱信号缺陷的提取与量化

采用基于形态学增强和面积重构预处理的分水岭变换方法,对异种材料连接界面的超声检测图像进行了自适应分块阈值化分割处理.为了验证无损检测处理结果的可靠性,根据铜钢堆焊界面检测图像特征,对堆焊接头进行抽样破坏检测.结果表明,通过形态学增强和面积重构的预处理可有效抑制经典分水岭算法的过度分割,实现了检测图像按缺陷的分布特征进行自适应分块,进而通过阈值化分割,达到了超声弱信号缺陷的有效提取与量化的目的.经破坏性试验验证,该方法具有较高的检测可靠性.     

T型激光焊接接头近表面微小缺陷的自动超声波检测

给出了超声波自动检测过程中影响C扫描图像成像质量的各种参数,如探头的种类、水程、扫查灵敏度和闸门,并对设计和加工的模拟试件进行了超声水浸检测,获得焊缝中的模拟缺陷图像。与X射线照相图片对比结果表明,应用此方案检测T型钛合金激光焊缝时,可以发现在焊缝表面粗糙度较小的试件表面以下1.0~2.5 mm深处、直径>0.3 mm的缺陷。