液环真空泵内气液两相流动的数值分析

液环真空泵是广泛应用于石油、化工、冶金、矿山、电力、轻工等行业的基础设备.液环泵内的流动属于十分复杂的非稳态气液两相流动,目前还存在着能耗高、效率偏低等问题,而现有的理论分析无法准确描述液环真空泵内气液两相流动状况.本文运用FLUENT流动软件中的多相流欧拉分析方法结合滑移网格技术,模拟计算一单级单作用液环真空泵三维非稳态气液两相流动问题.计算区域包括液环泵进出气段、叶轮、进水管及泵体,滑移界面分别设置在液环泵的进、出气段与叶轮之间的交界面以及叶轮出口与泵壳间的交界面.模拟计算包括液环真空泵内气液两相流速、压力、两相分布等内容.计算结果表明:本文所采用的分析方法和手段,可以较好的模拟分析计算液环真空泵非稳态气液两相流动问题,对实现产品的优化设计,具有重要的工程指导作用.     

基于VOF模型的稳压罐充水两相流流场数值模拟

以水流量标准装置中稳压罐为研究对象,利用计算流体力学软件Fluent,采用标准k-ε湍流模型与PISO算法,结合VOF瞬态模型对空稳压罐充水和满罐情形下不同速度进口的罐内气液两相流场进行数值模拟,对罐内气液两相流动中流态、相位分布、速度场分布等进行了探讨。结果表明:空罐充水过程会产生大量气泡和气团,形成掺气现象和泡状流;低速水流入口罐内流场有固定周期的晃荡现象,高速水流入口会打散压缩气腔、无法稳定。     

基于热不平衡两流体模型气氧射流冷凝过程研究

建立了氧气在液氧流体中流动冷凝过程的一维热不平衡两流体六方程模型,提出了气泡冷凝模型,对过热蒸气状态方程,相界面受力方程也进行了改进。研究了高温气氧射流冷凝过程的气液两相分布特性,包括两相流速分布,声速分布以及冷凝特征长度L/d。分析了气液流量比,液氧温度和压力对气氧射流冷凝过程的影响,得出了提高液氧过冷度能够减小气氧射流冷凝特征长度。获得了冷凝特征长度凝结关系式,仿真结果与气氧射流冷凝试验结果一致,验证了热不平衡两流体模型求解气氧射流冷凝问题在较大工况范围的适应性。     

通气空化多相流动特性的实验与数值研究

为了进一步分析通气空化多相流的特性,采用实验和数值模拟相结合的方法,对绕带空化器回转体的通气两相流动和通气三相流动的结构进行了对比分析。实验中采用高速全流场流动显示技术获得了通气空化多相流动的空泡形态;数值模拟中采用滤波器湍流模型（FBM）进行了数值计算,获得了空泡形态和流线分布,数值模拟获得的空泡形态与实验一致。结果表明,由于空化数的不同,在相同通气率下,绕回转体通气空化三相流动的空泡形态不同于通气两相流动;同时空泡的非定常行为也发生了大的变化。     

基于声发射技术的气液两相流相含率测量方法

气液两相流动广泛存在于石油、化工、管道运输、核反应堆等领域,利用声发射检测技术的非侵入式优势,对管内两相流动系统的进行无干扰,通过检测气液两相流动噪声,实现气液两相流相含率的测量。通过提取垂直管气液两相流流动噪声信号特征参数,在时域、频域分析方面分辨单相流动与两相流动的差别,研究两相流动的流动机理、流型过渡特性、流动噪声与流动形态之间的关系。在垂直管弹状流流型下,利用重标极差分析法(R/S分析法)对所测得垂直管气液两相流流动噪声进行分析,提取的垂直管两相流声发射信号作为输入量,利用支持向量机回归的方法,克服两相流声发射信号的非线性关系,成功建立相含率测量模型。     

轴流泵叶轮内空化流动的计算研究

首先通过轴流式模型泵外特性试验,确定了汽蚀性能曲线。基于完整空化模型和混合流体两相流模型,对轴流式模型泵设计工况下叶轮内空化流动进行全流道数值计算。选择空化开始发生、临界汽蚀点以及空化严重时3个工况比较分析叶轮内空化流动的发展情况。计算获得了不同汽蚀余量时叶片背面静压、空泡体积组分分布和不同轴截面上的空泡体积组分分布。当叶轮流道内发生局部空化时,不会影响到泵的能量性能;空化严重时,翼形叶栅的过流面积受到严重堵塞,泵的能量性能严重下降。计算结果与外特性试验相吻合,较好地揭示了轴流泵叶轮内的空化流动的静态特征。对比计算扬程和效率确定了空化的发展阶段,对于保障轴流泵稳定运行有一定指导意义。     

循环预冷气液两相流压降特性及引射气等效研究

分析了液体运载火箭低温动力系统循环预冷的驱动力,总结了管路内气液两相流动压降的主要计算方法,深入研究不同工况垂直管路上升低温气液两相流压降各组成部分比例情况及影响因素,得到了气液两相流不同气体组分间压降等效转化关系,并利用计算模型与实验数据进行了对比验证,为低温动力系统循环预冷工程应用和仿真分析提供参考。     

新型气液两相流相含率检测装置特性研究

油气开采及油气运输中流体不分离计量是实现低碳生产的有效途径,气液两相流检测技术是实现这一目标的关键技术基础。利用近红外光谱技术作为研究测量方法,在水平管道上设计沿两相流流动方向进行测量的气液两相流相含率检测装置,将原有探头径向放置测量的方式改为沿流体流动方向进行测量,提高被相应的接收探头接收比例,达到准确测量的目的。利用计算流体动力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)仿真软件,优化装置结构。在新型测量装置上完成多个工况点的实验测试,得到相含率与近红外测量电压信号之间的数学模型,且相对误差分布在0.11%以内,为今后气液两相流不分离检测提供一种新方法 。     

气液两相低温流体空泡率测量技术及其进展

对目前几种用于测量低温气液两相流空泡率方法的基本原理、传感器结构及国内外研究情况进行了综述,包括辐射法(射线吸收法)、微波法、射频法、电容法,分析了4种方法的优缺点,在比较4种方法的基础上,提出了目前采用电容传感器测量气液两相低温液体空泡率的优势及设计准则.     

变工况气液段塞流诱导的柔性立管振动响应

柔性立管广泛用于海洋油气输送,因管内气液两相流压力、密度等的时空变化,易激发立管的振动响应。针 对水动力段塞流诱导的柔性立管振动响应问题,在气液两相流循环实验系统中开展了水动力段塞流诱导的悬链线 型柔性立管模型振动响应测试,采用非介入高速摄像测试方法同步捕捉了柔性立管模型的振动位移与管内气液两 相的流动特征。通过改变段塞流混合流速（0.8~3.0 m/s）和气液比（1.0~11.0）,剖析了振幅与振频的时空分布、振 动模态切换等振动特性与管内液塞长度、运移速度、流动频率间的内在联系。结果表明：柔性立管模型的振动主要 由一阶模态主导,振动模态随时间发生切换,即存在时间上的模态切换,根据其特征,辨识了三种模态切换形式,对 实验组次进行了分区。不同的模态切换形式与管内的段塞长度、段塞流动频率以及段塞在管内的分布有关。     

Online Voidage Measurement of Two-Phase Flow Based on the Ant System Algorithm

Based on the 12-electrode electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) system and the ant system algorithm (ASA), a new method was proposed for online voidage measurement of oil-gas two-phase flow. In practical voidage measurement, based on the 66 measurement capacitances obtained from the ECT system, the real-time flow pattern of oil-gas two-phase flow was first identified. Then, according to the flow pattern identification result, an appropriate measurement model was selected, and the measurement voidage value was calculated. The measurement models related to the flow pattern were developed in advance using the ASA. Static and dynamic experimental results show that the proposed voidage measurement method is effective. Moreover, the real-time performance and measurement accuracy are satisfactory.     

Two Methods for Measurement of Gas-Liquid Flows in Vertical Upward Pipe Using Dual-Plane ERT System

In modern industrial processes, the accurate measurement of two-phase flow is an important task. Process tomography can provide a distribution information of a two-phase pipe flow. In order to carry out instantaneous flowrate measurements of the gas-liquid two-phase flow in a vertical upward pipe, a dual-plane electrical-resistance-tomography (ERT) system is combined with a cross-correlation technique to measure the gas-liquid two-phase flow, in which the continuous phase is a conductive liquid. A pixel correlation method and a feature-value-correlation method are applied to estimate the disperse-phase velocity. Two methods are used to estimate the local void fraction and the disperse velocity distribution by reconstructing the image pixel gray value distribution. Estimates of the mean void fraction and the disperse-phase mean velocity are obtained by extracting the feature value of the measured data at the dual-plane ERT boundary. The variation in the disperse-phase distribution with changes in time is considered, and the estimated values for both the disperse-phase void fraction and velocity have been experimentally obtained, which are used in the calculation of the instantaneous flowrate. The air-water two-phase flow experiments are designed to evaluate the validity of the two methods used in estimation. The experimental results agree with the theoretical methods for obtaining the disperse-phase velocity and instantaneous-flowrate measurement in the vertical upward pipe.     

Influence of gravity state upon bubble flow in the deep penetration molten pool of vacuum electron beam welding

The governing equations of two-dimensional bubble flow model for gas–liquid two-phase system in deep penetration molten pool of vacuum electron beam welding were developed according to the laws of mass and momentum conservation. The separation models of gas and liquid convections in bubble flow were formed by regarding the gas phase in molten pool as a particle phase, and the vacuolar fraction, velocity slip, pressure gradient and other factors were introduced into the models. The influences of the gravity state upon the convection of bubble flow and the distribution of cavity-type defects in molten pool of AZ91D magnesium alloy were studied by the method of numerical simulation based on the mathematical models. The results showed that the gravity is an important factor to drive the convection of the bubble flow in the deep penetration molten pool during vacuum electron beam welding. The gravity has an impact on the gas distribution in molten pool, thus affects the distribution of cavity-type defects in weld. Because of the gravity contributing to driving the convection of bubble flow, it is conducive to the escape of gas phase in molten pool and reducing the air rate. A larger convection velocity of gas phase is helpful to the escape of gas phase, thus reduce the tendency of cavity-type defects.     

ON THE STABILITY AND SEGREGATION OF SUSPENDED PARTICLES IN FLOW AND POLARIZATION FIELDS

The stability of an assembly of particles which are suspended in a flow field of a gas, under the action of force fields, is considered. It is shown that the stability of the particle dispersion depends on the composite energy density due to the flow and the force fields. The stability can be maintained by balancing the change occurring in the flow and force fields, so that the total energy density after the change remains fixed. This capability is well established in Magnetically Stabilized Fluidized Beds (MSFBs), where the magnetic field can be used to lower the energy of the system against the rise in the kinetic energy of the fluidizing gas. A general criterion for stability is formulated in terms of the balance between energy densities that can be assigned to the dispersion as a composite entity. The sedimentation behavior of particles fluidized by gas discloses the factors that affect the intensity of instability of these systems. Simulation of batch sedimentation of concentrated, i.e. low voidage, polydisperse particle mixtures shows that the evolution of voidage disturbances is enhanced at higher particle concentrations and narrower size distributions. Under these conditions, relaxation time of the system becomes too high so that the evolution of the disturbance cannot be suppressed. This behaviour is the result of fluid particle interaction and the high sensitivity of the system to relatively small voidage perturbation. The application of polarization fields can eliminate this high sensitivity and render the system more stable. The extra stability is achieved by formation of ordered, pearl chain structures of the polarized particles. These structures render the system higher permeability levels to the flow of gas, thus allowing higher velocities at the same pressure drop. Alternatively, the formation of pearl chains changes the fluid particles interactions, decreasing the fluid drag and increasing the sedimentation velocity of the particles.     

Unsteady pressure waves and shock waves in elastic tubes containing bubbly air-water mixtures

Summary The flow of a two-phase fluid through elastic tubes is more complex than that of a single phase fluid. The mathematical model is based on an one-dimensional approach to the flow of a liquid-gas mixture. The one-dimensional equations for transient two-phase flow through elastic tubes are a system of nonlinear hyperbolic partial differential equations if the bubbles and the liquid particles move with the same velocity. Included in the model are the effects of wall elasticity, compressibility of the gas and the liquid, the surface tension and the variable area change. The propagation of finite pressure waves and shock waves in a liquid containing gas bubbles has been investigated. The results show a differently strong influence of the parameters on the wave propagation speed and on the shock wave relations.

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Zur Ausbreitung von Druck- und Stoßwellen in instationären Blasen-Flüssigkeitsströmungen durch elastische Leitungen

Zusammenfassung Es ist bekannt, daß bei der mathematischen Beschreibung einer Zweiphasenströmung insofern Schwierigkeiten auftreten können, als unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen sowohl reelle als auch komplexe charakteristische Richtungen auftreten können. Für den Fall gleicher Geschwindigkeiten von Blasen und Flüssigkeit erhält man aus den instationären Gleichungen ein nichtlineares hyperbolisches Differentialgleichungssystem. Berücksichtigt werden die Elastizität der Wandungen, die Kompressibilität des Gases und der Flüssigkeit sowie die Oberflächenspannung. Wellenausbreitungsgeschwindigkeiten und Stoßrelationen werden angegeben. Die Resultate zeigen einen unterschiedlich starken Einfluß der verschiedenen Parameter auf die Wellenaus-breitungsgeschwindigkeit und die Stoßrelationen.

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With 13 Figures     

Effects of Reduced Gravity Conditions on Bubble Dispersion Characteristics in the Bubble Column

Bubble-liquid turbulent flow has an excellent heat and mass transfer behaviors than single gas or liquid flow. In order to analyze the effects of normal and reduced gravity on cold bubble-liquid two-phase turbulent flow in bubble column a second-order moment cold bubble-liquid two-phase turbulent model was developed to disclose the bubble dispersion characteristics. Under the reduced gravity condition, volume fraction caused by the decrease of buoyance force is larger than normal gravity level due to bigger bubble solid volume. In addition, bubble frequency is also decreased by in decrease of buoyance force. Normal and shear stresses have strongly anisotropic characteristics at every directions and have larger values under normal gravity than reduced gravity. The liquid turbulent kinetic energy has the two-peak bimodal distribution and weaker than bubble turbulent kinetic energy with one peak unimodal, which is caused by vigorous wake fluctuations. The correlation of fluctuation velocities between bubble and liquid has clearly anisotropic behaviors Under reduced gravity, the bubble motion has a little impact on liquid turbulent flow caused by slight buoyancy force, however, it will greatly reduce the liquid turbulent intensity due to energy cascade transport, which was transformed into bubbles or dissipated by interface friction. Bubble formation and detachment mechanisms affected by gravity conditions lead to the different levels of bubble dispersion distributions.     

基于层析成像的气液两相流相关流量测量方法

对电阻层析成像技术和图像的小波纹理特征进行了研究,提出一种基于层析成像的气液两相流相关流量测量方法,实现了液相流量的准确测量。利用电阻层析成像技术和相关算法对不同泡型下的相含率、渡越时间进行检测,得到气相流量;利用小波分析提取出层析成像的流型纹理特征;从而基于BP神经网络建立不同泡型下的气液两相流的相关流量测量模型。实验结果表明,液体流量的测量精度可以达到3%以内。     

Distributed and non-steady-state modelling of an air cooler

The refrigerant flow inside the coils of a dry expansion plate-finned air cooler can be distinguished into two completely different types: two-phase flow and single-phase flow. The most difficult part of non-steady-state modelling of an air cooler is to describe the liquid and vapour mass transport phenomena occurring in the two-phase flow region, as this determines the boundary position between the two regions and then the superheat temperature, which is in turn the feedback signal of the thermostatic expansion valve. In fact, the mass transport is mainly governed by the momentum exchange between refrigerant liquid and vapour, which is usually called slip-effect. Because the momentum or force equilibrium is so fast compared to the thermal equilibrium, the slip-effect can be considered as a steady-state phenomenon. With this assumption, the mass transport in an air cooler can be described by using a simple propagation equation. The steady-state slip-effect, however, is found by solving the momentum equations for one-dimensional two-phase flow using advanced computer packages such as . This paper presents the derivation of the equations in non-steady-state modelling of an air cooler as well as the results obtained from the model. Because the model is purely distributed, it is applicable to various kinds of tube circuit arrangements of air coolers. The purpose of the model is studying and optimization of non-steady-state behaviour of refrigerating systems with capacity control.