土工袋加固砂性土质边坡模型试验与上限解

 通过模型试验比较有土工袋加固和无土工袋加固时边坡的破坏形态及承载力,验证土工袋对边坡的加固效果,并基于试验结果建立边坡的许可破坏模式及其速度场,利用极限分析上限法求解了边坡的极限高度上限解,利用模型试验结果对边坡极限高度进行验证。试验及计算结果均表明：边坡越陡,有土工袋加固较无土工袋加固时边坡的极限高度和承载力提高越大,表明土工袋加固效果越好。试验结果与计算结果基本吻合,表明该计算方法的可信性,可为边坡的稳定性设计问题提供理论依据。     

Field study of a retaining wall constructed with clay-filled soilbags

This paper presents a field study of constructing retaining walls using soilbags that are formed by filling the excavated clayey soils into woven bags (geosynthetics). The strength and deformation of the soilbags filled with clayey soils were studied via laboratory tests. A 100?m testing retaining wall was constructed with soilbags in a waterway project. The lateral deformation, the lateral pressures and the surface settlements of the testing retaining wall were monitored during construction and after 7 months operation. The results show that the soilbags can increase the strength of clayey soils. After 7 months of the completion, the lateral deformation and the surface settlement of the testing retaining wall tend to be stable with the maximum values of 29.4?cm and 19.2?cm, respectively. The lateral earth pressure on the front retaining structure could be positively reduced owing to the interlayer's friction of soilbags. Compared to the conventional gravity concrete retaining wall, about 38% construction cost was saved in the 100?m testing retaining wall.     

"土袋"在日本软土地基加固中的应用与分析

近年来,土工合成材料在加筋土工程中得到了广泛的应用,目前常规的设计方法是在土层中水平布设加筋材料,如土工织物、土工网、土工格栅等.介绍了目前在日本应用的一种新的结构形式,即采用加筋材料包裹土体--"土袋"加固软土地基的方法,并从试验和理论两个方面介绍了土袋的加固机理.列举了土袋在日本铁路基床加固、房屋软土地基处理、修筑挡土墙及导流堤坝的应用实例.     

Two dimensional experimental study for the behaviour of surface footings on unreinforced and reinforced sand beds overlying soft pockets

This paper presents results of a comprehensive investigation undertaken to quantify the efficiency of using reinforcement layers in order to enhance the bearing capacity of soils that are characterised by the existence of localised soft pockets. Small-scale model experiments using two dimensional tank were conducted with beds created from well graded sand with mean particle size of 300 μm but prepared with different dry densities. A relatively softer material was embedded at predetermined locations within the sand beds so as to represent localised soft pockets. Various arrangements of soil reinforcement were tested and compared against comparable tests but without reinforcement. In total 42 tests were carried out in order to study the effect of the width and depth of the soft pocket, the depth of one reinforcing layer and the length and number of reinforcing layers on the soil bearing capacity. The results show clearly that the ultimate bearing capacity reduces by up to 70% due to the presence of a soft pocket. It was also noted that the proximity of the soft pocket also influenced the bearing capacity. Reinforcing the soil with a single layer or increasing the length of reinforcement is not as effective as was anticipated based on previous studies. However, bearing capacity increased significantly (up to 4 times) to that of unreinforced sand when four layers of reinforcement were embedded. The results suggest that rupture of the bottom reinforcement layer is imminent in heavily reinforced sand beds overlying soft pockets and therefore its tensile strength is critical for successful reinforcement.     

土工袋防渠道冻胀模型试验研究

为研究土工袋在寒冷地区的防渠道冻胀效果,开展了冻融循环作用下土工袋处理渠道和常规渠道模型试验,研究了土工袋处理渠道和常规渠道的冻胀量、融沉量、含水率和温度随时间的变化规律。试验结果表明：冻融循环作用下土工袋处理渠道防冻胀效果显著,同时揭示了土工袋防渠道冻胀机理,即土工袋通过抑制毛细水、薄膜水上升、加筋作用达到防冻胀效果,为寒区渠道防冻胀提供理论依据。     

Experimental and theoretical studies on the ultimate bearing capacity of geogrid-reinforced sand

Geosynthetic reinforced soil (GRS) structures have gained popularity in replacing concrete rigid piles as abutments to support medium or small-spanned bridge superstructures in recent years. This study conducted 13 model tests to investigate the ultimate bearing capacity of the GRS mass when sand was used as backfill soil. The GRS mass was constructed and loaded to failure under a plane strain condition. Test results were compared with two analytical solutions available in literature. This study also proposed an analytical model for predicting the ultimate bearing capacity of the GRS mass based on the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion. The failure surface of the GRS mass was described by the Rankine failure surface. The effects of compaction and reinforcement tension were equivalent to increased confining pressures to account for the reinforcing effects of the geosynthetic reinforcement. The proposed model was verified by the results of the model tests conducted in this study and reported in literature. Results indicated that the proposed model was more capable of predicting the ultimate bearing capacity of the GRS mass than the other two analytical solutions available in literature. The proposed model can be used to predict the ultimate bearing capacity of GRS structures when sand was used as backfill material. In addition, a parametric study was conducted to investigate the effects of friction angle of backfill soil, reinforcement spacing, reinforcement strength, and reinforcement stiffness on the ultimate bearing capacity of the GRS mass calculated with and without compaction effects. Results showed that the ultimate bearing capacity of the GRS mass was significantly affected by the friction angle of backfill soil, reinforcement spacing and strength. Compaction effects resulted in an increase in the ultimate bearing capacity of the GRS mass.     

土工袋柔性挡墙位移模式及土压力研究

用土工袋构筑而成的挡土墙具有一定的柔性, 在墙后土压力作用下,墙体能够发生一定的变形, 墙后土压力分布及大小与刚性挡土墙大不相同。设计并进行了土工袋柔性挡土墙模型试验,通过试验观测了墙体的位移模式和墙后填土的破坏模式,研究了土压力沿墙体高度方向及墙体水平方向的分布;运用水平微分单元法推导了主动平衡状态下土工袋柔性挡土墙土压力的计算公式,土压力理论计算值与模型试验实测值基本吻合;进行了模型试验用土工袋层间摩擦试验,建立了土压力与土工袋层间摩擦力的平衡关系式,分析了土压力沿土工袋墙体水平方向的传递规律。     

Experimental and upper-bound study of the influence of soilbag tail length on the reinforcement effect in soil slopes

Soilbags have good reinforcement effect on soil slopes. In this paper, traditional soilbag is modified by adding a tail to it. Model tests have been used to study the influence of soilbag tail length on the reinforcement effect in soilbags reinforced slopes. Moreover, a permissive failure pattern and a corresponding velocity field have been established based on the experimental results. Then, the ultimate failure heights of the reinforced slopes are obtained by using the upper-bound solution theory and compared with the experimental results. Both the experimental and analytical results show that within a certain limit, the reinforcement effect improves with the increase of tail length. However, when the tail length is over a certain value, the increase of the tail length does not improve the reinforcement effect any more. This provides theoretical basis to the optimized design of soilbags reinforced slopes.     

Finite element limit analysis of load-bearing performance of reinforced slopes using a non-associated flow rule

This paper presents a numerical study on the load-bearing performance of reinforced slopes under footing load using a finite element limit analysis (FELA) method where a non-associated flow rule is assumed in the analysis. The method was validated against results from full-scale model tests and a limit equilibrium (LE) analytical method. A series of parametric analyses was subsequently carried out to examine the influences that the soil dilation angle, footing location, and reinforcement design (i.e. length, tensile strength, and vertical spacing) could have on the load-bearing performance of reinforced slopes. Results indicate that dilation angle has a significant influence on the predicted magnitudes of bearing capacity, slope deformation, and mobilized reinforcement load. The predicted values of bearing capacity using the FELA are smaller than those from the Meyerhof's analytical method for unreinforced semi-infinite foundation, especially for larger friction angle values. Additionally, the ultimate bearing capacity of the slope and its corresponding horizontal deformation increase with the reinforcement tensile strength. Finally, the slip planes under the applied footing load are found to be y-shaped and primarily occur in the upper half of the slope.     

Effect of random inclusion of sisal fibre on strength behaviour of soil

Construction of building and other civil engineering structures on weak or soft soil is highly risky on geo-technical grounds because such soil is susceptible to differential settlements, poor shear strength and high compressibility. Improvement of load bearing capacity of the soil may be undertaken by a variety of ground improvement techniques like stabilisation of soil, adoption of reinforced earth technique etc. Reinforced earth technique is considered as an effective ground improvement method because of its cost effectiveness, easy adaptability and reproducibility. Therefore, in the present investigation, sisal fibre has been chosen as the reinforcement material and it was randomly included in to the soil at four different percentages of fibre content, i.e. 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1% by weight of raw soil. Four different lengths of fibre, i.e. 10, 15, 20 and 25 mm are also considered as one of the parameters of this study. The main objective of this investigation had been focused on the strength behaviour of the soil reinforced with randomly included sisal fibre. The reinforced soil samples were subjected to compaction and triaxial compression tests. The results of these tests have clearly shown a significant improvement in the failure deviator stress, Shear strength parameters (C and φ) of the studied soil. It can be concluded that sisal fibre can be considered as a good earth reinforcement material.     

袋装淤泥质土挡墙现场试验研究

在平原地区航道建设过程中,航道开挖会产生大量的淤泥质土,将开挖的淤泥质土装入土工袋用于修筑引航道挡墙,能够有效解决开挖淤泥处理的问题。结合苏州杨林塘航道整治工程,利用航道开挖的淤泥质土,通过室内无侧限压缩与固结试验研究了土工袋处理淤泥质土的作用原理;对100 m长的袋装淤泥质土挡墙试验段开展了现场试验,实测了挡墙施工过程中与竣工后的水平位移、侧向土压力及表面沉降。结果表明土工袋能够加速袋内土体固结,增大袋内土体强度;竣工7个月后实测墙体最大水平位移为29.42 mm,发生在挡墙顶部,墙顶面沉降位移为19.2 cm,基本达到稳定;由于土工袋层间摩擦作用,土工袋挡墙墙后土压力从墙内向墙外会逐渐减小;与常规重力式混凝土挡墙相比,所设计的袋装淤泥质土挡墙能够有效降低工程造价。     

Bearing capacity of square footings on geosynthetic reinforced sand

The results from laboratory model tests and numerical simulations on square footings resting on sand are presented. Bearing capacity of footings on geosynthetic reinforced sand is evaluated and the effect of various reinforcement parameters like the type and tensile strength of geosynthetic material, amount of reinforcement, layout and configuration of geosynthetic layers below the footing on the bearing capacity improvement of the footings is studied through systematic model studies. A steel tank of size 900 × 900 × 600 mm is used for conducting model tests. Four types of grids, namely strong biaxial geogrid, weak biaxial geogrid, uniaxial geogrid and a geonet, each with different tensile strength, are used in the tests. Geosynthetic reinforcement is provided in the form of planar layers, varying the depth of reinforced zone below the footing, number of geosynthetic layers within the reinforced zone and the width of geosynthetic layers in different tests. Influence of all these parameters on the bearing capacity improvement of square footing and its settlement is studied by comparing with the test on unreinforced sand. Results show that the effective depth of reinforcement is twice the width of the footing and optimum spacing of geosynthetic layers is half the width of the footing. It is observed that the layout and configuration of reinforcement play a vital role in bearing capacity improvement rather than the tensile strength of the geosynthetic material. Experimental observations are supported by the findings from numerical analyses.     

Bearing capacity of strip foundations in horizontal-vertical reinforced soils

The formula for calculating the ultimate bearing capacity of horizontal-vertical reinforced soil is investigated based on the failure mode and the mechanism of sand beds reinforced with horizontal-vertical reinforcement. Two components of soils and reinforcement are calculated separately. The ultimate bearing capacity of a shallow, concentrically loaded strip footing on homogeneous soil is commonly determined using the Terzaghi superposition method. The contribution of horizontal-vertical reinforcement is calculated based on the bearing resistance of the soil against the transverse members. A vertical inclusion is treated as a retaining wall, the confinement being calculated using Rankine's earth pressure theory. An analytical solution is presented including the traditional factors of soil, unit soil weight, footing width, number of horizontal-vertical reinforcement layers, and reinforcement geometry. The results were validated against experimental results and the mean error of the theoretical model was about 10%, with a maximum error of about 20%.     

装配式剪力墙浆锚连接的受力性能试验研究

为研究装配式剪力墙竖向浆锚连接的钢筋锚固性能及结合面受剪性能,以插筋配筋率为参数进行了3组搭接试验和2组抗剪试验,确定了其竖向插筋的搭接长度,得到了抗剪试件结合面的承载力、破坏模式和荷载-滑移关系曲线。试验结果表明：选取的钢筋搭接长度能够满足承载力要求;同一试件中,结合面1（后浇混凝土与抗剪键相连的界面）先于结合面2（后浇混凝土与凹槽连接的界面）破坏;插筋配筋率对结合面开裂荷载影响较小,但对受剪承载力影响较大;抗剪试件破坏时凹槽附近易发生混凝土脱落,建议剪力墙受拉钢筋直径尽量大于8 mm。采用ABAQUS软件对抗剪试验进行了有限元模拟,并分析了后浇混凝土强度、后浇带宽度和凹槽长度等参数对结合面受剪承载力的影响。分析结果表明：提高后浇混凝土强度可使结合面受剪承载力提高;在满足锚固需求条件下,增加后浇带宽度可提高墙体的受剪承载力,减少凹槽长度对墙体受剪承载力影响较小。     

钢纤维活性粉末混凝土梁柱中节点抗震性能试验研究

为研究钢纤维活性粉末混凝土梁柱中节点的抗震性能及受剪承载力,完成了8个钢纤维活性粉末混凝土梁柱中节点试件的拟静力试验,研究了钢筋强度、节点核心区配箍率、贯通节点的腰筋及柱内非角部钢筋对活性粉末混凝土梁柱中节点的破坏过程、破坏形态、受剪承载力、滞回特性、耗能、承载力和刚度退化等抗震性能的影响。结果表明,梁柱纵筋采用HRB600高强钢筋延缓了刚度退化速率,提高了试件的耗能能力;核心区箍筋配筋率的增大能够改善破坏阶段试件的承载力退化特性和耗能能力,节点核心区横向钢筋面积率为0~0.98%时,节点的受剪承载力和延性随横向钢筋面积率的增大而增大;贯通节点的梁内腰筋和柱内非角部钢筋均能够有效提高节点受剪承载力、延缓构件承载力的退化、提高其耗能能力。采用GB 50011—2010《建筑抗震设计规范》的受剪承载力公式,对于低配箍率节点承载力计算偏于保守,当面积配箍率大于0.98%时偏于不安全;ACI 352-02中公式的计算结果与试验值更接近,约有9%~46%的安全裕度。     

Experimental study on seismic response of soilbags-built retaining wall

The seismic performance of soilbags-built retaining wall model was studied experimentally. A series of small-scale shaking table tests with the input of different amplitude sinusoidal waves and a large-scale shaking table test in a designed laminar shear box with the input of the Wenchuan earthquake wave were carried out on soilbags' retaining wall models. For comparison, the small-scale shaking table tests were also conducted on horizontally reinforced retaining wall models. The horizontal acceleration responses, the Fourier spectra, the dynamic earth pressure and the lateral displacements of soilbags' retaining wall models were investigated in shaking table tests. The results show that the seismic response of the soilbags' retaining wall is equivalent to or even slightly better than that of the horizontally reinforced retaining wall. The fundamental frequency and the Fourier spectral characteristics of the soilbags’ retaining wall are similar to those of backfill sands. The dynamic earth pressure of the wall model fluctuates almost synchronously with the input Wenchuan wave and no residual earth pressure is induced by the seismic loading. The permanent lateral displacements are small when subjected to multiple shakings, providing a proof that the retaining wall of soilbags has a good seismic performance.     

多边多腔钢管自密实高强混凝土短柱轴心受压性能试验研究

以天津高银117大厦巨型柱为原型,按1/20缩尺设计制作7个多边多腔钢管自密实高强混凝土短柱试件。通过轴心受压试验,考察了试件的破坏形态,实测试件的荷载-变形曲线、荷载-应变曲线,研究了试件轴压性能,分析了混凝土强度、钢管壁厚度、有无钢筋笼等参数对试件承载力的影响。研究表明,多边多腔钢管自密实高强混凝土短柱轴心受压全过程大致分为四个阶段;在达到90%极限承载力之前,试件外形无明显变化;提高混凝土强度对试件承载力的提高作用最为明显,有无钢筋笼对试件承载力的影响不明显,增加钢管壁厚度不仅可以提高试件承载力,而且可以显著改善试件延性。基于试验结果,参考国内外相关规范,建立了多边多腔钢管自密实高强混凝土短柱轴心受压承载力实用计算公式,可供实际工程设计参考。     

Q690高强钢板式加强型节点抗震性能研究

在抗震设防区,钢结构节点在具备足够承载力的同时应有良好的转动能力.板式加强型节点不仅能提高粱端的受弯承载力,使塑性铰转移到加强板以外位置,还能有效保证梁端焊缝不发生脆性破坏,提高节点的延性.通过对6个Q690高强钢板式加强型节点进行低周反复加载试验,分析不同加强形式、钢材强度等级和节点域补强措施等因素对节点性能的影响,...     

土工格栅加筋砂土复合体极限承载能力分析

土工合成材料加筋土桥台可以有效减小桥梁与路基之间的差异沉降,避免“桥头跳车”现象的发生。为了计算土工合成材料加筋土复合体在设计中承受荷载的安全冗余度,对其极限承载能力进行了分析。首先讨论了评价加筋土复合体极限承载能力的计算公式,并提出了该公式是否适用于评价加筋细颗粒土复合体承载性能的问题。然后在平面应变的条件下,进行了5组土工格栅加筋砂土模型试验和1组无加筋模型试验,考虑了加筋间距和筋材强度对加筋砂土复合体极限承载能力的影响,并将试验结果与公式的计算结果进行对比,发现该公式低估了加筋砂土的承载能力。基于莫尔库仑破坏准则,并假定加筋土的破坏面符合朗肯破坏面,提出了预测加筋砂土极限承载能力的分析模型,并将模型的计算值与试验值进行对比,发现两者基本吻合。     

Effects of prestressing the reinforcement on the behavior of reinforced granular beds overlying weak soil

The effects of prestressing the reinforcement on the strength improvement and settlement reduction of a reinforced granular bed overlying weak soil are being investigated through a series of laboratory scale bearing capacity tests. The influences of parameters such as strength of underlying weak soil, thickness of granular bed, magnitude of prestressing force, direction of prestressing forces and number of layers of reinforcement are being examined. Finite element analyses are carried out using the FE program PLAXIS to study the effect of prestressing the reinforcement. Results obtained from finite element analyses are found to be in reasonably good agreement with the experimental results.