光伏发电系统低功率运行并网电流谐波抑制研究

以低功率运行的光伏发电系统为研究对象,通过理论分析和实验研究的方法,对光伏发电系统低功率运行时并网逆变器输出电流畸变恶化的问题进行探讨,并设计一种减小并网电流谐波的解决方案,最后进行实验验证。结果表明:提出的解决方案可有效减小并网逆变器低功率运行时输出的低次电流谐波,实现光伏发电系统低功率运行时并网电流总谐波畸变率满足IEEE Std.1547-2003标准。     

基于深度学习的光伏并网系统谐波预测研究

“双碳”目标下,针对温度及光照的变化对光伏系统并网引起的谐波影响问题,提出一种基于ip-iq谐波提取法与改进双向长短期记忆网络（Bi-LSTM）相结合的谐波预测方法,旨在为谐波抑制提供新的解决方案。首先使用MATLAB/SIMULINK工具建立光伏并网系统,利用基于瞬时无功理论的ip-iq谐波提取法得到实际谐波变化数据,并采用微分插值将数据进行化简;然后,利用网格搜索优化的Bi-LSTM神经网络算法进行谐波数据的预测,并与BP、LSTM、GRU、Bi-LSTM多种时间序列型深度学习方法进行比较,得出MSE、MAE、MAPE损失函数与预测结果图;最后,以陇东地区实际算例进行光伏并网仿真,结果表明,该方法可实现谐波的准确预测。     

光伏并网系统隔离变压器联接方式的应用研究

对光伏并网系统隔离变压器进行了仿真与实验,探讨适于光伏并网系统的变压器连接方式.对隔离变压器及其作用进行了简要论述,对谐振过电压、系统故障检测及系统谐波等问题进行了理论分析,确定了光伏并网系统隔离变压器连接方式选择的基本准则.研究结果表明,在单级式光伏并网发电系统中,隔离变压器的连接选择△/Yn方式较合适,为今后大容量光伏并网电站的发展提供了基础和依据.     

一种基于加窗插值FFT和Prony算法的谐波与间谐波检测方法

针对含有频率相近的谐波和间谐波成分的电网信号,提出了一种基于加窗插值快速傅里叶变换(FFT)与Prony算法的分析方法;对信号加窗并利用FFT进行频谱分析,搜索谱线确定谱峰位置,利用谱线相位差来判断主瓣干扰是否存在;若主瓣干扰不存在,利用插值算法计算谐波或间谐波的参数;若主瓣干扰存在,利用插值算法的计算结果及原信号获得残差信号,使用Prony算法从残差信号中提取受到主瓣干扰的谱峰所对应的谐波和间谐波参数。仿真算例表明,该方法能够有效分析信号中谐波与间谐波的参数。     

新能源汇集地区次同步谐波检测方法的研究

快速傅里叶变换(fast Fourier transform,FFT)在非同步采样和非整数周期截断时难以高精度检测谐波各参数,加窗和插值算法可提高FFT的精确度。在对纳托尔窗(Nuttall)频谱特性分析的基础上,提出以4项5阶Nuttall窗通过自卷积运算得到Nuttall自卷积窗函数,推导基于Nuttall自卷积窗四谱线校正公式。仿真结果表明,该算法能较精确地检测次同步谐波的频率特征值并抑制谱间干扰。最后,将Nuttall自卷积窗和四谱线插值FFT算法应用于新疆哈密地区次同步谐波检测,验证了该算法的有效性。     

光伏电站阵列单元运行特性曲线的计算机绘制方法

针对大型并网光伏电站工程设计与仿真分析系统开发中,如何绘制光伏阵列单元运行特性曲线的实际问题,提出一种分段非线性插值算法。该算法以光伏组件性能参数为基础,计算得到5个光伏组件性能特征点,再结合光伏阵列的串并联方式,实现光伏电站阵列单元性能曲线的计算机生成。并以基于该算法开发的软件模块工程为例,说明该算法的应用情况。     

五项MSD-Rife窗的四谱线插值FFT电力谐波分析

在采用快速傅里叶变换(FFT)对电网谐波进行分析时,信号的非整周期截断和非同步采样而造成的频谱泄漏会影响检测结果的精度,加窗插值则能有效地解决问题。分析了五项MSD-Rife窗在不同权重时的频谱特性,提出了一种基于五项MSD-Rife窗的四谱线插值FFT谐波分析算法,即先对谐波信号加窗,然后利用真实谐波点附近的4根最大谱线值确定实际谱线的位置,运用曲线拟合函数推导出了简单实用的四谱线修正公式。仿真试验结果表明,该算法较其他算法在幅值、相位和频率上的检测精度更高,从而消除了频谱泄漏和栅栏效应带来的影响。     

光伏并网逆变器户外实证性测试技术初探

光伏并网逆变器是光伏发电系统的核心部件,其性能的优劣直接关系到整个电站的发电效率。目前,逆变器的性能检测基本上都是在标准实验室环境下进行的,缺乏实际发电运行环境下的性能检测。本文针对逆变器在实际运行环境中存在的问题,构建了光伏并网逆变器入网检测平台,提出了逆变器户外测试方案。实验表明,该测试平台可实现对光伏逆变器实际性能指标的检测与分析,具有较好的合理性和有效性,可以用于光伏并网逆变器的户外实证性测试。     

基于模糊神经网络控制方法的光伏发电系统并网设计

针对光伏发电系统运行过程中极易受到环境温度、太阳辐照度等外部条件干扰，从而导致其输出功率存在间歇性、随机性问题的情况，提出一种基于模糊控制算法及前馈(BP)神经网络的智能控制方法 (下文简称为“模糊神经网络控制方法”)来进行光伏发电系统并网设计，并搭建并网电路模型进行仿真分析。分析结果显示：相较于扰动观察法、模糊控制算法，采用模糊神经网络控制方法的并网光伏发电系统的泛化能力和鲁棒性更强，能更好地提高系统的稳态性和可靠性，可有效解决光伏发电输出功率存在的间歇性和随机性问题。     

基于扰动补偿器与矢量比例积分控制器的单相光伏并网逆变器谐波抑制方法研究

受电网电压畸变等问题的影响,单相光伏并网逆变器输出电流中存在大量谐波,严重降低了该逆变器输出电能的质量。针对上述问题,提出一种基于扰动补偿器与矢量比例积分控制器的单相光伏并网逆变器谐波抑制方法。该方法借助扰动补偿器倍频次谐波的抑制能力实现高频谐波电流的有效补偿,利用矢量比例积分控制器实现工频交流电流的无静差跟踪。文章利用额定功率为5 kW的单相光伏并网逆变器样机进行稳态运行实验。实验结果表明,文章所提出的控制算法能够大幅度降低单相光伏并网逆变器输出电流的总谐波畸变率,从而提升该逆变器的并网电能质量。     

Rapid transaction to load variations of active filter supplied by PV system

This paper deals with the analysis and control of a photovoltaic (PV) system connected to the main supply through a Boost converter and shunt active filter supplied by a PV system providing continuous supply of nonlinear load in variation. A robust control of a PV system connected to the grid while feeding a variable nonlinear load is developed and highlighted. This development is based on the control of the Boost converter to extract the maximum power from the PV system using the Perturb and Observe (P and O) algorithm in the presence of temperature and illumination. The proposed modeling and control strategy provide power to the variable nonlinear load and facilitates the transfer of power from solar panel to the grid while improving the quality of energy (harmonic currents compensation, power factor compensation and dc bus voltage regulation). Validation of the developed model and control strategy is conducted using power system simulator Sim-Power System Blockset Matlab/Simulink. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the shunt active filter to load changes, the method of instantaneous power (pq theory) is used to identify harmonic currents. The obtained results show an accurate extraction of harmonic currents and perfect compensation of both reactive power and harmonic currents with a lower THD and in accordance with the IEEE-519 standard.     

Grid-connected photovoltaic power systems: Technical and potential problems—A review

Traditional electric power systems are designed in large part to utilize large baseload power plants, with limited ability to rapidly ramp output or reduce output below a certain level. The increase in demand variability created by intermittent sources such as photovoltaic (PV) presents new challenges to increase system flexibility. This paper aims to investigate and emphasize the importance of the grid-connected PV system regarding the intermittent nature of renewable generation, and the characterization of PV generation with regard to grid code compliance. The investigation was conducted to critically review the literature on expected potential problems associated with high penetration levels and islanding prevention methods of grid tied PV. According to the survey, PV grid connection inverters have fairly good performance. They have high conversion efficiency and power factor exceeding 90% for wide operating range, while maintaining current harmonics THD less than 5%. Numerous large-scale projects are currently being commissioned, with more planned for the near future. Prices of both PV and balance of system components (BOS) are decreasing which will lead to further increase in use. The technical requirements from the utility power system side need to be satisfied to ensure the safety of the PV installer and the reliability of the utility grid. Identifying the technical requirements for grid interconnection and solving the interconnect problems such as islanding detection, harmonic distortion requirements and electromagnetic interference are therefore very important issues for widespread application of PV systems. The control circuit also provides sufficient control and protection functions like maximum power tracking, inverter current control and power factor control. Reliability, life span and maintenance needs should be certified through the long-term operation of PV system. Further reduction of cost, size and weight is required for more utilization of PV systems. Using PV inverters with a variable power factor at high penetration levels may increase the number of balanced conditions and subsequently increase the probability of islanding. It is strongly recommended that PV inverters should be operated at unity power factor.     

Modeling and simulation of three phase multilevel inverter for grid connected photovoltaic systems

This paper presents a control for a three phase five-level neutral clamped inverter (NPC) for grid connected PV system. The maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is capable of extracting maximum power from the PV array connected to each DC link voltage level. The MPPT algorithm is solved by fuzzy logic controller. The fuzzy MPPT is integrated with the inverter so that a DC–DC converter is not needed and the output shows accurate and fast response. A digital PI current control algorithm is used to remain the current injected into the grid sinusoidal and to achieve high dynamic performance with low total harmonic distortion (THD). The validity of the system is verified through MATLAB/Simulink and the results are compared with three phase three-level grid connected NPC inverter in terms of THD.     

Advances in reduction of total harmonic distortion in solar photovoltaic systems: A literature review

The use of photovoltaic (PV) systems has increased in recent years due to the high demand for clean energy sources. PV systems can utilize abundant and free energy from the sun, which is a substantial advantage. However, compared with other renewable technologies, the PV system still faces major obstacles such as high cost and low efficiency. In addition, fluctuating incident energy from the sun creates harmonics in the generated power that might lead to undesirable system performance. Total harmonic distortion (THD) is the ratio of distorted power to the main power of the signal, and is most commonly used to indicate the amount of signal distortion. THD has become a serious concern as more PV systems are integrated into grid systems. Previous research and reviews have attempted to reduce THD and its effect, but unfortunately focused on reducing THD at individual parts of the PV system. For the first time, this study holistically and systematically reviews the advances in THD reduction techniques for the entire PV system. The causes of harmonics, current solutions, and research gaps for further investigation are described in detail. Moreover, the current THD reduction techniques used in each stage of the PV system are compared, including their main benefits and drawbacks. Finally, this study recommends the use of adaptive filters as a possible solution for THD reduction because these filters have effectively reduced noise and disturbance in other systems.     

Experimental assessment of the waveform distortion in grid-connected photovoltaic installations

This paper provides a multi-faceted view on the characterization of the waveform distortion in grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) plants from experimental results. The focus is set on the characterization of the waveform distortion occurring under different operating conditions in field measurements and laboratory tests. The assessment is carried out by considering the system-based point of view, on the basis of the measurements gathered at the interface between the PV plant and the grid or the supply point in the laboratory. New methodological hints on the formulation of the experimental tests are provided. The results of the waveform distortion analysis for harmonic currents and voltages are compared to the requirements of present power quality standards, indicating that in practical cases the current distortion can be significantly higher than in normal test conditions. Furthermore, the key aspect concerning harmonic and interharmonic modelling of multiple grid-connected PV inverters is addressed. Experimental results on plant configurations with multiple PV inverters show that low-order harmonics sum up almost arithmetically, whereas the higher-order harmonics and the interharmonics sum up in an almost Euclidean way.     

谐波影响下电力电容器的协调无功降损方法

传统采用退火—逐步优化算法对电力系统中的电容器,进行多形态高载荷负荷协调时,未综合考虑谐波影响下电容器的负荷状态,无法对总谐波畸变进行有效控制,降损效果差;因此提出新的谐波影响下电力电容器的协调无功降损方法,通过谐振影响下的电力电容器优化配置数学模型,综合考虑谐波影响下电力电容器电能消耗总金额和配置电容器所需的费用,获取谐波影响下电容器的电压总谐波畸变率;通过微粒群优化算法,确保各节点电压总谐波畸变率控制在规定限值以内,对电容器进行优化配置,实现电容器的无功降损控制。实验结果说明,采用所提方法优化配置后的电容器可有效抑制谐振发生,可降低约37%的电网损耗,具有节能高的优势。     

Power conditioning system for grid-connected photovoltaic system

This study develops a new control strategy for an expandable grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system. The proposed system performs dual functions of a PV generation and an active power filter, or either one. To this end, the grid current, instead of output current of the converter, is shaped to be a sinusoidal current in phase (or opposite phase) with the grid voltage. Furthermore, its reference current is generated in multiplying the voltage loop controller output by the grid voltage waveform, and therefore non-active components analysis for harmonics elimination and reactive power compensation in the conventional design is not necessary. As a result, the algorithm is simple and easy to implement, and only one sensor for current detection plus two voltage sensors are required. Experimental results verified the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

基于派克变换算法的空冷电厂，厂用电谐波分析

对空冷发厂厂用电系统的谐波进行了测试,依据空冷变低压侧变频器的谐波测试数据,采用派克变换算法对空冷变高压侧谐波进行了合成。结果表明,当2台接线为O／yn11和Y/yn12的空冷变并联运行时,低压变频器产生的谐波在高压侧能够有效抵消。对发电机和厂用高压设备无显著影响。     

大规模光伏并网电站接入系统若干问题的探讨

结合光伏并网发电的发展趋势,分析了大规模光伏并网电站的特点．对其接入电力系统时的防孤岛效应、谐波控制、无功功率调节能力、光伏电站接入点的短路电流、并网电压及升压变压器的选择等方面做了研究和探讨。     

Improvement of large scale solar installation model for ground current analysis

Application of a simplified PV model to large-scale PV installations neglects the current distortion, potential rise and losses in the system as consequence of the capacitive coupling inside the dc electric circuit. These capacitive couplings represent a leakage impedance loop for the capacitive currents imposed by the high frequency switching performance of power converters. This paper proposes a suitable method to reproduce these harmonic currents injected not only into the grid, but also into the dc circuit of the PV installation. The capacitive coupling proposed of PV modules with ground is modeled as a parallel resistance and capacitor arrangement which leads to an accurate approximation to the real operation response of the PV installation. Results obtained are compared with those of simplified models of PV installations used in literature. An experimental validation of the proposed model was performed with field measurements obtained from an existing 1 MW PV installation. Simulation results are presented together with solutions based on the proposed model to minimize the capacitive ground current in this PV installation for meeting typical power quality regulations concerning to the harmonic distortion and safety conditions and to optimize the efficiency of the installation.