Provisioning of dynamic traffic in mixed-line-rate optical networks with launch power determination

In mixed-line-rate (MLR) networks, different line rates on different wavelengths can coexist on the same fiber. MLR architectures can be built over transparent optical networks, where the transmitted signals remain in the optical domain along the entire path. Along the transparent optical path, a signal experiences various physical layer impairments (PLIs), and its quality degrades as it travels through each optical component. One of the major factors that affect the transmission quality is the launch power of the optical signal. The power must be large enough to ensure noise resiliency at the receiver, but it must be below the limit where fiber nonlinearities distort the signal. Moreover, high launch power is disruptive not only for the actual lightpath itself but also for neighboring lightpaths, and this effect is particularly critical in MLR networks since advanced modulation techniques used for high line rates are highly susceptible to PLIs. In this study, we investigate the problem of determining the appropriate launch power for provisioning of dynamic connection requests in MLR networks. By setting the appropriate launch power for each connection, we aim to maximize the number of established connections. We propose two different heuristics to determine the appropriate launch power of a lightpath. Worst-case best-case average (WBA) is based on optical reach of signal in a transparent optical network. In impairment-aware launch power determination (I-ALPD), current state of the network and impairments are evaluated to determine the launch power. The proposed approaches are practical and can adapt to the needs of network operators. Simulation results show that the performances of the proposed approaches show better results than the existing schemes in terms of blocking probability and bandwidth blocking ratio.     

一种基于改进DD-RLS的非线性相位噪声追踪算法

在相干光纤通信系统中,为了提高接收端的相位追踪算法性能,提出了一种相位追踪算法——基于改进的判决导向递归最小二乘(DD-RLS)算法,将改进的DD-RLS算法和非线性前补算法结合应用于WDM相干光纤系统中抑制交叉相位调制(XPM).传输仿真结果表明:该算法能够有效抑制系统中的XPM效应,在1000 km的11个信道的波...     

高非线性光纤中并行交叉相位调制的偏振膜色散监测方法

利用信号光和插入的连续泵浦光之间产生的交叉相位调制（XPM）效应,提出了一种基于并联的XPM效应来监测光相位调制信号的一阶偏振模色散（PMD）的新技术。泵浦光的光谱会随着信号光中PMD和色散（CD）的变化而发生变化,所以导致泵浦光的光功率发生变化,在并联的一个支路中抑制PMD的影响,利用并联的两路同一波段泵浦光功率的差值来进行监测。仿真结果显示,新的技术可以实现对40 Gb/s非归零差分四相移相键控（NRZ-DQPSK）光信号从0~20 ps的监测。在20 ps的监测范围内,新技术的动态范围大于3 dB,可以用来进行准确的监测。对信号速率、色散、泵浦光功率和滤波器带宽对新技术的影响做了详细的研究。     

Multiple-Constraint-Aware RWA Algorithms Based on a Comprehensive Evaluation Model： Use in Wavelength-Switched Optical Networks

Because of explosive growth in Internet traffic and high complexity of heterogeneous networks,improving the routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) algorithm in underlying optical networks has become very important.Where there are multiple links between different the node pairs,a traditional wavelength-assignment algorithm may be invalid for a wavelength-switched optical networks (WSON) that has directional blocking constraints.Also,impairments in network nodes and subsequent degradation of optical signals may cause modulation failure in the optical network.In this paper,we propose an RWA algorithm based on a novel evaluation model for a WSON that has multiple constraints.The algorithm includes comprehensive evaluation model (CEM) and directional blocking constraint RWA based on CEM (DB-RWA).Diverse constraints are abstracted into various constraint conditions in order to better assign routing and wavelength.We propose using the novel CEM to optimize routing according to an assessed value of constraints on transmission performance.This eliminates the effects of physical transmission impairments in a WSON.DB-RWA based on CEM abstracts directional blocking conditions in multiple links between network nodes into directional blocking constraints.It also satisfies rigorous network specifications and provides flexibility,scalability,and first-fit rate for the backbone,especially in multiple links between WSON nodes.     

Optical network design with mixed line rates

Future telecommunication networks employing optical wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) are expected to be increasingly heterogeneous and support a wide variety of traffic demands. Based on the nature of the demands, it may be convenient to set up lightpaths on these networks with different bit rates. Then, the network design cost could be reduced because low-bit-rate services will need less grooming (i.e., less multiplexing with other low-bit-rate services onto high-capacity wavelengths) while high-bit-rate services can be accommodated on a wavelength itself. Future optical networks may support mixed line rates (say over 10/40/100 Gbps). Since a lightpath may travel a long distance, for high bit rates, the effect of the physical impairments along a lightpath may become very significant (leading to high bit-error rate (BER)); and the signal’s maximum transmission range, which depends on the bit rate, will become limited.In this study, we propose a novel, cost-effective approach to design a mixed-line-rate (MLR) network with transmission-range (TR) constraint. By intelligent assignment of channel rates to lightpaths, based on their TR constraint, the need for signal regeneration can be minimized, and a “transparent” optical network can be designed to support all-optical end-to-end lightpaths. The design problem is formulated as an integer linear program (ILP). A heuristic algorithm is also proposed. Our results show that, with mixed line rates and maximum transmission range constraints, one can design a cost-effective network.     

ACO-based routing and spectrum allocation in flexible bandwidth networks

Optical networks with flexible bandwidth provisioning are a very promising networking architecture. It enables efficient resource utilization and supports heterogeneous bandwidth demands. In this paper, we focus on the dynamic routing and spectrum allocation (RSA) problem which emerges in such networks and propose a novel dynamic RSA algorithm by means of ant colony optimization (ACO). In our proposed algorithm, ants are launched to modify the routing table according to the length and the spectrum fragmentation information along the path. A simulation study is performed considering five algorithms in terms of blocking probability: WDM-based RWA approach, KSP-based RSA approach, Slot-based RSA algorithm, and our proposed ACO-based RSA approach. We then compare the deterioration degree of blocking probability by adding more types of line rate. Simulation results indicate that our proposed ACO-based RSA approach achieves lower blocking probability, complexity, and higher adaptability to more line rates mixture.     

On the effect of channel spacing,launch power,and regenerator placement on the design of mixed-line-rate optical networks

Due to the increasing heterogeneity and the growing volume of traffic, telecom backbone networks are going through significant innovations. Wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) optical networks can now cost-effectively support the growing heterogeneity of traffic demands by having mixed line rates (MLR) over different wavelength channels.The coexistence of wavelength channels with different line rates, e.g., 10/40/100 Gbps, in the same fiber brings up various design issues: in this study, we focus on (1) choice of channel spacing; (2) choice of launch power; and (3) regenerator placement. Channel spacing affects the signal quality in terms of bit-error rate (BER), and hence affects the maximum reach of lightpaths, which is a function of line rates. Various approaches to set an opportunistic width of the channel spacing can be considered, viz., (i) uniform fixed channel spacing specified by the ITU-T grid (typically 50 GHz); (ii) different channel spacing for different line rates; or (iii) optimal value of channel spacing for all line rates that leads to minimum cost.The launch optical power of a signal is another important parameter that affects the network cost. Adjacent channels on different line rates, especially 10 Gbps and 100 Gbps, may exhibit serious degradation of signal quality and optical reach for both the channels due to cross-phase modulation (XPM) between them. Launch power plays a role in such a scenario as it governs the BER by affecting both the signal power and the noise power due to XPM. Moreover, intelligent choice of launch powers on different line rates can significantly reduce the number of regenerators required in the network. The tradeoff between placement of regenerators and choice of launch power is an important problem to address for MLR network design.In this work, we investigate the effects of channel spacing and launch optical power by evaluating the cost of a MLR network for different values of these parameters. We also study the interplay between regenerator placement and launch power. Our results show that (a) it is possible to identify optimal values of channel spacing for a minimum-cost MLR network design, and (b) controlling the power of 10 Gbps and 100 Gbps channels shows maximum sensitivity to the network cost.     

Estimation of synchronization impairments in multi-relay DF cooperative networks

Cooperative communication systems can effectively increase channel capacity and combat fading. Effective cooperation requires synchronization impairments such as multiple timing offsets and multiple carrier frequency offsets to be accurately estimated and mitigated. This paper seeks to address the joint estimation of synchronization impairments in multi-relay decode-and-forward （DF） cooperative networks. Firstly, a simple yet effective estimation method based on the devised training signals is presented for achieving synchronization. Then, an iterative algorithm is further derived in order to improve the performance associated with the estimation of synchronization impairments. Our proposed algorithm converts the difficult multiple parameter estimation problem into more tractable sub-problems of estimating many individual impairments pairs for the independent relays. Simulations indicate that, the proposed estimator can asymptotically achieve the mean square error （MSE） for the perfectly timing or frequency synchronized case.     

色散缓变光纤中交叉相位调制不稳定增益谱

从非线性薛定谔方程出发得到了色散缓变光纤中交叉相位调制(XPM)不稳定性的增益谱。结果表明,XPM产生的调制不稳定性既可以在光纤反常色散区产生,也可在正常色散区产生,反常色散区的增益谱宽比正常色散区宽,且色散缓变光纤中XPM不稳定增益谱宽比普通光纤中XPM不稳定增益谱宽宽,增益峰值高。色散缓变光纤是XPM调制不稳定性的较好色散介质。     

Effects of the cross-phase modulation on the propagation of femtosecond optical pulses in photonic crystal fibers

The propagation of two femtosecond pulses in the region with minimum group-velocity dispersion, influenced by the cross-phase modulation (XPM) in photonic crystal fiber (PCF), is investigated in this paper. The adaptive split-step Fourier method is used to simulate the generalized nonlinear Schr?dinger equations (GNSE). The numerical results show that the combination of the Raman scattering and XPM can make the spectrum and the pulse shape changed, inducing the pulse compression and supercontinuum generation. The Raman effect from molecular vibrations, which can make the pulse spectrum in anomalous-dispersion region to be more symmetrical, is also discussed.     

QoS-Aware Wavelength Assignment With BER and Latency Constraints for All-Optical Networks

Physical impairments originating from optical fiber components and intermediate switching nodes can be the dominant reason calls are blocked in wide-area all-optical wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) networks. When a centralized network controller is used, estimating the impact of the physical impairments on the quality of a lightpath before provisioning it can cause a significant delay. In this paper, quality of service aware wavelength assignment algorithms are proposed that consider both bit-error rate (BER) and latency constraints. A novel wavelength assignment technique called wavelength ordering is shown via simulation to reduce the call blocking probability resulting from both physical impairments and excessive processing delay caused by channel BER estimation.     

多信道IM—DD密集波分复用光纤传输系统中的交叉相位调制效应

本文研究了交叉相位调制（XPM）对DWDM数字基带主干传输网性的影响,建立了表征XPM效应对任意调制信号在色散信道中传输的指标损伤的等效系统函数模型,并据此推导出了不同系统参数条件下（基带信号速率,波长信道间隔,复用信道数）计算XPM导致和系统光功率代价的计算公式,通过数值模拟计算证明了在基带信号速率高（＞2.5Gbit/s),波长信道间隔窄（－1nm),复用信道数多（＞8）的条件下XPM效应将成为限制系统性能的主要非线性因素。     

量子信号与经典光信号共纤传输中的噪声抑制技术

目前基于光纤的点对点量子密钥分配所需的器件和系统技术正逐步成熟并呈现商业化应用趋势,因此如何将量子信号和经典光信号复用在一根光纤中以大幅提高系统容量和节约光纤资源成为学术界近年来关注的热点问题之一。主要研究了量子信号与经典光信号共纤传输中的噪声抑制问题,首先分析四波混频和拉曼散射这两种主要噪声因素对量子信道产生的影响;然后针对不同信道间隔和不同传输距离的应用场景分别提出了一种基于非等间隔波长分配的四波混频噪声抑制算法以及一种针对四波混频和拉曼散射进行联合优化的波长分配算法;最后采用仿真验证了所提算法的性能优越性,为未来不同应用场景下的量子信号与经典光信号共纤传输提供了良好的技术方案。     

A novel signal separation algorithm based on compressed sensing for wideband spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks

In cognitive radio networks, since cognitive terminals use a shared wideband frequency spectrum for data transmissions, they are susceptible to malicious denial‐of‐service attacks, where adversaries try to corrupt communication by actively transmitting interference signals. To address this issue, in this paper, we propose a novel signal separation algorithm based on compressed sensing, which can not only recover the entire spectrum but also separate mixed occupying signals. Specifically, the proposed algorithm is executed following three steps: (i) each cognitive terminal attempts to recover all signals over an entire wideband spectrum employing the compressed sensing technique; (ii) all cognitive terminals send their recovered signals to the fusion center where a wavelet edge detection method is adopted to locate the spectrum edges of these signals and then divide the entire spectrum into several sub‐bands; (iii) the fusion center separates its received signals on each spectrum sub‐band into different categories according to their features. Both analytical and simulation results indicate that this novel compressed‐sensing‐based algorithm can effectively separate wideband signals at a low cost and combat interference of the malicious terminals in cognitive radio networks as well. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fiber-Wireless Networks and Subsystem Technologies

Hybrid fiber-wireless networks incorporating WDM technology for fixed wireless access operating in the sub-millimeter-wave and millimeter-wave (mm-wave) frequency regions are being actively pursued to provide untethered connectivity for ultrahigh bandwidth communications. The architecture of such radio networks requires a large number of antenna base-stations with high throughput to be deployed to maximize the geographical coverage with the main switching and routing functionalities located in a centralized location. The transportation of mm-wave wireless signals within the hybrid network is subject to several impairments including low opto-electronic conversion efficiency, fiber chromatic dispersion and also degradation due to nonlinearities along the link. One of the major technical challenges in implementing such networks lies in the mitigation of these various optical impairments that the wireless signals experience within the hybrid network. In this paper, we present an overview of different techniques to optically transport mm-wave wireless signals and to overcome impairments associated with the transport of the wireless signals. We also review the different designs of subsystems for integrating fiber-wireless technology onto existing optical infrastructure.      

Cross-phase modulation in multispan WDM optical fiber systems

The spectral characteristics of cross-phase modulation (XPM) in multispan intensity-modulation direct-detection (IM-DD) optical systems are investigated, both experimentally and theoretically. XPM crosstalk levels and its spectral features are found to be strongly dependent on fiber dispersion and optical signal channel spacing. Interference between XPM-induced crosstalk effects created in different amplified fiber spans is also found to be important to determine the overall frequency response of XPM crosstalk effects. XPM crosstalk between channels with different data rates is evaluated. The crosstalk level between higher and lower bit rate channels is found to be similar to that between two lower bit rate channels. The effect of dispersion compensation on XPM crosstalk in multispan optical systems is discussed and per span dispersion compensation was found to be the most effective way to minimize the effect of XPM crosstalk     

A survivable multicast routing mechanism in WDM optical networks

In Next Generation Networks (NGN), survivability and availability are becoming more and more key features. Reliability gains more importance in high- capacity networks where IP and optical technologies have converged toward a common control plane, such as GMPLS. In most previous research works, survivability aspects were mainly limited to a single fiber failure and a few considered the differentiated reliability concepts when routing new connection requests. In this article, a novel survivable multicast routing mechanism under SRLG constraints is proposed. We first formulate the problem as an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) model that is shown NP-Complete. We then propose a heuristic algorithm that alleviates the problem’s complexity by decomposing it into two sub-problems resolved separately. Compared with another algorithm proposed in the literature, our algorithm allows for higher acceptance rates even for stringent reliability requirements.     

基于深度神经网络的光纤传感识别算法

为解决光纤传感过程中不同类型事件信号混叠造成识别概率降低的问题,搭建了一种采用差分相关计算的双光纤传感结构,并在此基础上提出了基于深度神经网络的信号识别算法。首先利用双光纤回波信号计算相关系数,再通过不同事件类型信号特征设置阈值范围,从而通过相关计算与阈值滤波提高信噪比。设计了包含三个隐藏层的深度神经网络模型,以分离输入层与相关运算层的形式完成低频噪声抑制与信号混叠解调的目的。实验分别对三种常见入侵事件进行测试,并在此基础上分析了不同算法对组合事件的识别概率。结果显示三种事件的回波谱形具有显著特征。三种算法对单一触发事件的识别概率均在95%以上,该算法的识别均值为98.5%。当两个事件同时触发时,三种算法的平均识别概率分别为73.4%、 84.5%和96.4%。当三个事件同时触发时,三种算法的平均识别概率分别为65.2%、78.3%和93.5%。可见,该算法在光纤传感中信号存在干扰及混叠时具有更好的识别效果。     

杂波环境下共享频谱恒模波形设计

针对射频频谱环境愈发拥挤问题,深入研究了通过波形设计的手段实现频谱共享的问题。为紧密贴近工程实践,提出了一种新的方法设计恒定幅度信号的问题。该算法首先针对雷达发射端,提出雷达波形满足特定的时域与频谱要求,施加约束,然后考虑雷达接收滤波器接收杂波,以优化最大信干噪比建立优化问题模型,得到了一个非凸的分式规划问题模型。最后,利用分步优化方法分解为两个优化问题,并且将非凸问题松弛为可解的凸问题再利用高斯随机化方法得到优化信号,多次循环优化。仿真结果验证了该算法的有效性,该方法设计得到的探测信号能够实现频谱共存,而且信干噪比性能能够得到保证。      

Fair distributed congestion control in multirate multicast networks

We study fairness of resource allocation in multirate, multicast networks. In multirate networks, different receivers of the same multicast session can receive service at different rates. We develop a mathematical framework to model the maxmin fair allocation of bandwidth with minimum and maximum rate constraints. We present a necessary and sufficient condition for a rate allocation to be maxmin fair in a multirate, multicast network. We propose a distributed algorithm for computing the maxmin fair rates allocated to various source-destination pairs. This algorithm has a low message exchange overhead, and is guaranteed to converge to the maxmin fair rates in finite time.