Improvement in the properties of nickel by nano-Cr2O3 incorporation

Nano-ceramic composite coatings were prepared by the electrodeposition method using sulphamate electrolyte. Nickel was chosen as the metal matrix and nano-Cr₂O₃ particles were chosen as the reinforcement. The surface morphology and the particle distribution in the coating were analysed using field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). The particle content was obtained using energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX). A change in the surface morphology of Ni was seen on the incorporation of Cr₂O₃ particles. The coatings were characterized for their structure and no change in the diffraction pattern was seen between plain Ni and Ni-Cr₂O₃ composite. The mechanical property like microhardness and tribological behaviour of the nano-composite coatings was studied and it was observed that the incorporation of Cr₂O₃ particles enhanced the mechanical properties of Ni matrix. The nano-composites were analysed for their thermal stability and corrosion resistance. An improvement in thermal stability was observed but no change in the corrosion behaviour of Ni was seen on the incorporation of nano chromium oxide particles.     

TiO2-g-C3N4 composite materials for photocatalytic H2 evolution under visible light irradiation

In this investigation, we report the preparation of TiO₂-g-C₃N₄ composite materials with varying the wt.% of g-C₃N₄, the characterization of these materials by various techniques and photocatalytic hydrogen production under visible light irradiation in the presence of methanol. The X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) shows that the composite materials are consist of anatase TiO₂ and g-C₃N₄. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra show that the absorbance band intensity of composite materials was stronger than that of C₃N₄. The UV-vis absorption spectra show that the absorption edge of the composite materials shifts to the lower energy region comparing to pure anatase and to longer wavelengths with increasing the amount of C₃N₄. The significant photoluminescence quenching was observed in TiO₂-C₃N₄ composite materials, indicating the charge transfer from C₃N₄ to TiO₂. The visible light induced H₂ evolution rate was remarkably enhanced by coupling TiO₂ with C₃N₄.     

Fe2O3在钛合金干滑动磨损及摩擦层形成中的作用

通过在Ti6Al4V合金滑动界面人工添加Fe_2O_3纳米颗粒及其与TiO_2、MoS_2的混合物,试图促进含Fe_2O_3摩擦层在室温下的快速形成;研究了Fe_2O_3、TiO_2、MoS_2在钛合金滑动过程中的作用,并探讨Fe_2O_3相对含量对钛合金磨损行为及磨损机制的影响。结果表明:干滑动下的Ti6Al4V合金耐磨性较差,磨面添加的TiO_2进一步加速磨损,MoS_2一定程度上降低了磨损但并不显著,而Fe_2O_3完全抑制磨损但增大了摩擦系数。高载下,富TiO_2、MoS_2颗粒并不能形成摩擦层,反而聚集在磨面犁沟或者凹坑处,而富Fe_2O_3则容易形成致密的摩擦层覆盖于磨损表面,这证实了钛合金高温耐磨性的改善是由于Fe_2O_3的出现。混合MoS_2+80%(质量分数)Fe_2O_3形成的摩擦层,兼具MoS_2的润滑性和Fe_2O_3的承载能力,给Ti6Al4V合金带来最佳的摩擦磨损性能。     

The study of NiAl-TiB2 coatings prepared by electro-thermal explosion ultrahigh speed spraying technology

NiAl-TiB₂ composite coatings with 0, 10 and 20 wt.% TiB₂ were synthesized on the Ni-based superalloy substrate using electro-thermal explosion ultrahigh speed spraying technology. The microstructure analysis shows that the coatings consist of submicron grains. The bond between coatings and substrate is metallic cohesion. TiB₂ as a powerful reinforcement is doped in NiAl for increasing its hardness. The isothermal oxidation test is carried out for the composite coatings at 1100 °C in air. The result shows that the oxidation resistance of NiAl coating is higher than that of NiAl-10TiB₂ and NiAl-20TiB₂ coatings. The phases of oxides on the coatings during the process at high temperature have been analyzed by X-ray diffraction. The results show that Al₂O₃ and Cr₂O₃ coexistence on surface of NiAl coating, while Al₂O₃, Cr₂O₃, TiO₂ and a small amount of NiO form on surface of NiAl-10TiB₂ and NiAl-20TiB₂ coatings after oxidation for 4 h.     

超音速火焰喷涂Cr3C2/NiCr涂层抗加沙空蚀性分析

采用HVOF技术在1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢基体上制备了Cr3C2/NiCr涂层,借助XRD,TEM,SEM等方法分析了涂层的组织形貌及相组成.以1Cr18Ni9Ti奥氏体不锈钢作为对比材料,用磁致伸缩空蚀仪配备扬沙装置测试了涂层在清水以及含沙水中抗空蚀性能.结果表明,涂层呈层状结构,含有未熔颗粒和少量孔隙,涂层由Cr3C2,Cr7C3,Cr23C6及NiCr等相组成;在清水试验中,1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢抗空蚀性能良好,与空蚀过程中1Cr18Ni9Ti奥氏体不锈钢产生加工硬化有直接关系;在含沙40 kg/m3试验水中,Cr3C2/NiCr涂层呈现出较好的抗空蚀性能,与涂层自身相组成以及较高硬度有关.Cr3C2/NiCr涂层破坏总是从孔隙等薄弱环节开始,而1Cr18Ni9Ti奥氏体不锈钢的破坏起始于晶界和孪晶界.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of Al2O3-Cr2O3 composite coatings produced by atmospheric plasma spraying

Al₂O₃, Al₂O₃-Cr₂O₃ and Cr₂O₃ coatings were deposited by atmospheric plasma spraying. Phase composition of powders and as-sprayed coatings was determined by X-ray diffraction. Electron probe microanalyzer was employed to investigate the polished and fractured surface morphologies of the coatings. Mechanical properties including microhardness, fracture toughness and bending strength were evaluated. The results indicate that the addition of Cr₂O₃ is conducive to the stabilization of α-Al₂O₃. Compared with the pure Al₂O₃ and Cr₂O₃ coatings, Al₂O₃-Cr₂O₃ composite coatings show lower porosities and denser structures. Heterogeneous nucleation of α-Al₂O₃ occurs over the isostructural Cr₂O₃ lamellae and partial solid solution of Al₂O₃ and Cr₂O₃ might be occurring as well. Furthermore, grain refining and solid solution strengthening facilitate the mechanical property enhancement of Al₂O₃-Cr₂O₃ composite coatings.     

Photocatalytic performance of nano-photocatalyst from TiO2 and Fe2O3 by mechanochemical synthesis

Nano-particles of homogeneous solid solution between TiO₂ and Fe₂O₃ (up to 10 mol%) have been prepared by mechanochemical milling of TiO₂ and yellow Fe₂O₃/red Fe₂O₃/precipitated Fe (OH)₃ using a planetary ball mill. Such novel solid solution cannot be prepared by conventional co-precipitation technique. A preliminary investigation of photocatalytic activity of mixed oxide (TiO₂/Fe₂O₃) on photo-oxidation of different organic dyes like Rhodamine B (RB), Methyl orange (MO), Thymol blue (TB) and Bromocresol green (BG) under visible light (300-W Xe lamp; λ > 420 nm) showed that TiO₂ having 5 mol% of Fe₂O₃ (YFT1) is 3-5 times higher photoactive than that of P25 TiO₂. The XRD result did not show the peaks assigned to the Fe components (for example Fe₂O₃, Fe₃O₄, FeO₃, and Fe metal) on the external surface of the anatase structure in the Fe₂O₃/TiO₂ attained through mechanochemical treatment. This meant that Fe components were well incorporated into the TiO₂ anatase structure. The average crystallite size and particle size of YFT1 were found to be 12 nm and 30 ± 5 nm respectively measured from XRD and TEM conforming to nanodimensions. Together with the Fe component, they absorbed wavelength of above 387 nm. The band slightly shifted to the right without tail broadness, which was the UV absorption of Fe oxide in the Fe₂O₃/TiO₂ particle attained through mechanochemical method. This meant that Fe components were well inserted into the framework of the TiO₂ anatase structure. EPR and magnetic susceptibility show that Fe³⁺ is in low spin state corresponding to μ_B = 1.8 BM. The temperature variation of μ_B shows that Fe³⁺ is well separated from each other and does not have any antiferromagnetic or ferromagnetic interaction. The evidence of Fe³⁺ in TiO₂/Fe₂O₃ alloy is also proved by a new method that is redox titration which is again support by the XPS spectrum.     

Ti6Al4V钛合金表面Al2O3颗粒改性微弧氧化涂层制备及性能

微弧氧化技术是一门新的表面处理技术,在很多领域有着广泛的应用前景,但其结构受限于电解液成分。本文通过在磷酸盐电解液中加入Al2O3陶瓷颗粒,使得在Ti6Al4V钛合金表面的微弧氧化涂层结构和性能得到改性。涂层的结构和性能通过扫描电镜和XRD衍射仪进行表征和测试,涂层的抗高温氧化性能和热震性能通过高温热循环氧化试验和热震试验进行测试。结果表明,通过在电解液中添加Al2O3陶瓷颗粒,涂层由Al2TiO5 and TiO2组成,涂层更为致密,表现出更为优异的抗高温氧化和热震性能。电解液中游动的Al2O3陶瓷颗粒在微弧氧化过程中被吸入到样品表面并进入涂层,涂层的结构和性能得到改性。     

Synthesis of CeO2/TiO2 nanoparticles by laser ablation of Ti target in cerium (III) nitrate hexahydrate (Ce(NO3)3·6H2O) aqueous solution

A new synthesis process, laser ablation in an aqueous solution of target material, was applied to synthesize nanostructured CeO₂/TiO₂ catalyst particles. Reactivity within the laser plume (plasma) can be used to synthesize CeO₂ from an aqueous solution, 2 M cerium (III) nitrate hexahydrate (Ce(NO₃)₃·6H₂O) aqueous solution, and to fabricate TiO₂ from Ti target. CeO₂/TiO₂ nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by the laser ablation of Ti target in 2 M cerium (III) nitrate hexahydrate (Ce(NO₃)₃·6H₂O) aqueous solution. Laser ablation of Ti in a liquid environment and chemical reactions of the solution within a plasma plume are discussed.     

Al_2O_3/MoS_2复合涂层的制备及摩擦磨损性能

以大气等离子喷涂工艺制备的Al_2O_3陶瓷涂层为模板,利用陶瓷涂层中存在的孔隙和微裂纹,采用水热反应在其内部原位合成具有润滑特性的MoS_2,制备出Al_2O_3/MoS_2的复合涂层。结果表明,通过水热反应在陶瓷涂层原有的微观缺陷中成功合成了MoS_2,合成的MoS_2固体粉末呈类球形状,并且这球状的粉末是由纳米片层状的MoS_2搭建组成的。摩擦试验结果表明,与纯Al_2O_3涂层相比,复合涂层中由于MoS_2润滑膜的形成,其摩擦因数和磨损率都显著降低,且载荷越大,复合涂层的摩擦性能越好。     

In-situ TiB2 and Al2O3 formation by DC plasma spraying

In-situ plasma spraying (IPS) is a promising process to fabricate composite coatings with in-situ formed thermodynamically stable phases. In the present study, mechanically alloyed Al-12Si, B₂O₃ and TiO₂ powder was deposited onto an aluminum substrate using atmospheric plasma spraying (APS). It has been observed that, during the coating process, TiB₂ and Al₂O₃ are in-situ formed through the reaction between starting powders and finely dispersed in hypereutectic Al-Si matrix alloy. Also, obtained results demonstrate that in-situ reaction intensity strongly depends on spray conditions.     

Role of titanium valence states in optical and electronic features of PbO–Sb2O3–B2O3:TiO2 glass alloys

PbO–Sb₂O₃–B₂O₃ glasses mixed with different concentrations of TiO₂ (ranging from 0 to 1.5 mol.%) were synthesized. The samples are characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and DSC techniques. A variety of properties, i.e. optical absorption, photoluminescence, infrared, ESR spectra, magnetic susceptibility, photo-induced birefringence (PIB) and dielectric properties (constant ′, loss tan δ, a.c. conductivity σ_ac over a wide range of frequency and temperature) of these glass–ceramics have been explored. The analysis of these results indicated that Ti ion surrounding ligands play principal role in the observed PIB and the sample crystallized with 0.8 mol.% of TiO₂ is the most suitable for the applications in non-linear optical devices.     

反应等离子喷涂 Al2O3-TiB2-Al 复相涂层的反应机理

目的在铝合金表面制备Al2O3-TiB2-Al复合涂层,研究Al,TiO2,B2O3在等离子喷涂中的反应机理。方法采用反应等离子喷涂技术在铝合金表面制备复合涂层,应用扫描电镜与X射线衍射技术测试复合涂层的物相组成和显微组织,并通过燃烧波淬熄试验分析等离子喷涂产物。结果机械球磨可以有效降低粉末发生反应的活化能,等离子喷涂最佳飞行距离范围为150~200 mm。结论喷涂粉末在飞行过程中发生反应,经历了预热、熔化、分解、团聚等过程,验证了最终引燃发生燃烧化学反应的机理。     

MoS2颗粒表面包覆Al2O3及其在镀层中的应用

采用非均匀形核法将Al2O3包覆到MoS2颗粒表面,提高颗粒的亲水性能。研究了溶液pH值、Al(NO3)3的摩尔浓度和预处理工艺对包覆率的影响;采用SEM及EDS分析了包覆前后MoS2颗粒的微观形貌和表面成分;通过测量接触角研究了颗粒表面的亲水性。结果表明,颗粒表面均匀包覆了一层Al(OH)3;溶液pH值对包覆率的影响最大,Al(NO3)3的摩尔浓度次之。最佳工艺为:溶液pH值为5.5,Al(NO3)3浓度为0.15mol/L,预处理过程不添加表面活性剂。随着包覆率的提高,MoS2颗粒的亲水性提高。利用包覆Al2O3的MoS2制得了Ni-P-MoS2化学复合镀层,提高了镀层中沉积粒子的均匀致密性。     

基于孔隙率的Cr2O3涂层工艺优化及回归分析

孔隙率是评价Cr2O3涂层质量的重要指标之一。根据Box-Behnken二阶响应曲面法设计了3因素3水平的回归分析试验,采用大气等离子喷涂技术在TC4钛合金表面制备了Cr2O3涂层,以不同工艺条件下的涂层孔隙率作为响应值,建立了喷涂电流、等离子气体和喷距影响因子与响应输出之间的数学模型,讨论了3种影响因子的显著性及交互作用影响,得到涂层孔隙率的连续变量响应曲面和等高曲线。模型可以用于大气等离子喷涂Cr2O3涂层的工艺优化和性能预测,最小孔隙率的预测参数是电流I=500A,氩气流量QAr=40L/min和喷距d=80mm,能获得的最小孔隙率为1.5%。     

Preparation of nanostructured Ni/Al2O3 composite coatings in high magnetic field

Ni/Al₂O₃ composite coatings were prepared by a novel method from a modified Watt's type electrolyte containing nano-Al₂O₃ particles, where a high magnetic field was imposed in the direction parallel to an electrolytic current instead of mechanical agitation. Effects of magnetic field on the content of particles, surface morphology, microhardness and wear resistance of plating layer were investigated. It was found that the high magnetic field played an important role in the formation of composite coatings. The amounts of nano-Al₂O₃ particles in the composite coating increased with increasing of magnetic flux density and reached a maximum value at 8 T, then reduced slightly. The microhardness and wear resistance of the nanocomposite coatings also enhanced with increasing of magnetic flux density as compared to that of pure Ni coating fabricated in the absence of magnetic field. That was because the co-deposited nano-Al₂O₃ particles were uniformly distributed in the Ni matrix and contributed to greatly increase the microhardness and wear resistance of the composite coatings. Moreover, the mechanism of action of high magnetic field was discussed preliminarily.     

Fe3O4/SiO2/Bi2WO6磁性复合光催化剂的制备及其光催化性能

钨酸铋(Bi₂WO₆),结构最简单的Aurivillius相化合物,是近期受到研究者关注的新型光催化材料。然而,光催化剂粉末在反应介质中难被回收,工业化应用成本较高。本文用三步方法合成了可回收的Fe₃O₄/SiO₂/Bi₂WO₆磁性复合光催化剂,通过溶剂热法合成具有磁性的Fe₃O₄,用溶胶凝胶法在Fe₃O₄表面覆盖SiO₂层,后将磁性颗粒与Bi₂WO₆纳米片相结合。光催化剂的形貌结构及性能通过XRD、SEM、PL、UV-vis进行表征测试。结果表明,直径约500 nm的Fe₃O₄微球附着在边长约500 nm的Bi₂WO₆纳米片的表面,SiO₂在两者之间起到了粘连作用。光催化剂Fe₃O₄/SiO₂/Bi₂WO₆对于罗丹明B的光降解活性较好,且有一定磁性,可以通过外加磁场将其从溶液中分离,有较大的应用潜力。     

Effect of applied current on the electrodeposited Ni-Al2O3 composite coatings

Nano-sized Al₂O₃ ceramic particles (50 nm) were co-deposited with nickel using electrodeposition technique to develop composite coatings. The coatings were produced in an aqueous nickel bath at different current densities and the research investigated the effect of applied current on microstructure and thickness of the coatings. The variation in some mechanical properties such as hardness, wear resistance, and the adhesive strength of the composite coatings is influenced by the applied current and this was also studied. The morphology of the coatings was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The hardness, wear resistance, and bond strength of the coatings were evaluated by Vickers micro-hardness test, pin-on-disc test, and tensile test, respectively. Results showed that the Al₂O₃ particles were uniformly distributed in the coatings, and the coatings deposited at a current density of 0.01 A/cm² was most favorable in achieving a maximum current efficiency which causes the co-deposition of a maximum amount of Al₂O₃ particles (4.3 wt.%) in the coatings. The increase in Al₂O₃ particles in the coatings increased the mechanical properties of the Ni-Al₂O₃ composite coatings by grain refining and dispersion strengthening mechanisms.     

La2O3含量对Al2O3/Cu基复合材料组织与性能的影响

以La₂O₃粉、Al粉、CuO粉为反应物原料、纯铜为基体,采用原位合成技术和近熔点铸造法制备颗粒增强Cu基复合材料,研究La₂O₃对Al-CuO体系制备的Cu基复合材料组织及性能的影响。结果表明：添加La₂O₃可获得纳米Al₂O₃颗粒,且弥散分布于Cu基体中,制备的材料组织更加细小、均匀,其材料的电导率及摩擦磨损性能明显提高。当添加0.6%wtLa₂O₃,复合材料的电导率达到90.2%IACS,磨损量达到最小,相比未添加La₂O₃,其导电率提高10.1%,磨损量减小36.6%。     

Effect of MoSi2/rare earth composite particles on microstructure and mechanical properties of molybdenum

MoSi₂/La₂O₃ and MoSi₂/Y₂O₃ composite particles were prepared by mechanical milling and doped into molybdenum by solid-solid method, respectively. Rods with a diameter of 17 mm were made by pressing and sintering. The effects of different composite particles on microstructures and strength of the as-sintered molybdenum were investigated. Results show that the MoSi₂/La₂O₃ and MoSi₂/Y₂O₃ composite particles transformed to La₂O₃/Mo₅Si₃ and Y₂O₃/Mo₅Si₃ composite particles due to the in situ reaction between Mo and MoSi₂ during sintering process. Mo₅Si₃/La₂O₃ and Mo₅Si₃/Y₂O₃ composite particles can reduce the grain size and improve both strength and toughness of sintered molybdenum significantly. Mo₅Si₃/Y₂O₃ composite particles contribute more to the strength, while the effect of Mo₅Si₃/La₂O₃ on toughness is greater than that of Mo₅Si₃/Y₂O₃.