Swarm intelligence‐based anycast routing protocol in ubiquitous networks

As digital devices with communication capability become more pervasive, we are entering the era of ubiquitous computing, as predicted by Mark Weiser. In ubiquitous environments, distributed context management servers are deployed everywhere to provide information and computing resources for users anytime and anywhere. Smart handheld computing devices with context‐aware applications may retrieve context information from the nearest server. This study investigates the problem of routing packets to the nearest server in a ubiquitous environment. An anycast routing protocol based on swarm intelligence, referred to as ARPSI, is proposed to route packets dynamically to a nearby server in a mobile, ad hoc, wireless network. Based on swarm intelligence, ARPSI is able to find a short path to a neighboring server efficiently and quickly. Simulations are conducted to evaluate the performance of ARPSI and our simulation results show that ARPSI achieves a higher packet delivery ratio, shorter routing path to anycast servers, and lower control packet overhead than the AODV‐based anycast protocol (A‐AODV) protocol. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A study of Context-Based Adaptive Service Model in home environments

This paper suggests an adaptive service model designed for a context based home environment. This model is based on a ubiquitous home environment that consists of numerous sensors, devices, measuring equipment and common interfaces provided for interoperability. Furthermore, this model provides context information requested under applied services. In order to deal with these service requirements, this paper suggests a software structure based on the distributed object group framework for context based adaptive services in ubiquitous home environments. This context information is modeled under an ontology categorized as distinguishable characters of a home environment. Finally, we show the structure of the system with application services based on it.     

Syxaw: Data Synchronization Middleware for the Mobile Web

In this paper, we present a middleware for synchronization of opaque and structured data in a mobile and resource-constrained environment. The presented Syxaw (Synchronizer with XML-awareness) system distinguishes itself from related proposals in that it interoperates transparently with resources on the World Wide Web, and by exhibiting a model of synchronization that is both easy to understand and well suited for weak devices in a mobile and ubiquitous environment. We demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed system by considering several usage scenarios, including working on the Web and collaborative XML editing. We consider system performance on a mobile wireless device, and examine the impact of different optimization techniques to the performance. According to our analysis, Web interoperability suggests that the data share model be kept simple and conservative, and that moving functionality onto the client is advantageous. We find that the techniques of operation bundling and concurrent use of network downlink and uplink improve network utilization, but that achieving full bandwidth usage with a weak client is challenging in practice.     

A formal context specific trust model (FTM) for multimedia and ubiquitous computing environment

In order to ensure secure sharing of resources in an ad-hoc network of handheld devices in a multimedia and ubiquitous computing environment, mutual collaboration is essential. However, the limitations, such as poor storage and computational capability of these multimedia and ubiquitous devices stand as the bottleneck for effective sharing of resources. As a result of this drawback, the adversaries are obtaining access to the new doors for security breaches. Mutual Trust is the weapon used to combat security violations by restricting malicious devices from participating in any interaction in such an open and dynamic environment. In this paper, we present a context-specific and reputation-based trust model along with a brief survey and a comparative study of the existing trust models found in the literature. To the best of our knowledge, our model is the first formal trust model for multimedia and ubiquitous computing, which incorporates multi-hop recommendation capability and flexible behavioral model to handle interactions among devices. The other major contribution of this universal trust model is a simple protocol for circumventing malicious recommendations and handling them for achieving accuracy. This paper also illustrates the implementation and evaluation detailed of our proposed omnipresent formal trust model.     

基于时间序列分解的信号挖掘与预测

随着电磁信号环境日趋复杂以及通信设备数量的不断增加,电磁信号受到干扰问题逐渐加剧。因此,对于信号在不同噪声环境下的接收与处理技术的研究以及在复杂的电磁环境中对信号各项数据指标及其携带信息的利用十分关键。为了解在不同电磁环境下含噪信号的性能表现,提高信号的利用质量及可靠性,本文提出一种基于时间序列分解的电磁数据处理方法。建立了基于加法季节性时间序列分解的含噪信号处理模型,并利用该模型对信号在有噪环境下的表现与规律性、趋势、误码率等性能进行分析与评估,对原始信息、载波信息进行挖掘预测。与传统方法相比,本文提出的基于时间序列分解的信号挖掘与预测模型在高噪环境下对信号预测更为准确。     

Controlling mobile robots in distributed intelligent sensor network

Mobile robots need sufficient sensors and information on the environment in order to navigate. In this paper, we propose a system of mobile robots, which is controlled in a distributed intelligent sensor network. In such a networked space, the environment is divided by distributed sensors. Each area is monitored by a distributed sensor device, which connects with other distributed sensor devices and robots throughout the network. As a result, the mobile robots are able to accomplish tasks simply by following orders from the sensor devices in the networked environment, although the mobile robots are not self-contained with information on the environment and sensors for self-positioning and control. We test several situations to verify the proposed system.     

Design and implementation of a wireless sensor network architecture using smart mobile devices

Wireless sensor networks improve the quality of human daily life like ubiquitous city and healthcare services as well as the fundamental monitoring such as environment pollution, tunnel monitoring, earthquake diagnostic, and so on. To increase usability and feasibility of collected sensor data, a wireless sensor network should be required to apply a variety of mobile devices to give the information at anytime and anywhere to users. Thus, we present multi-sensor centric smart sensor network architecture using general mobile devices in order to provide more efficient and valuable sensor network application and services. The proposed system architecture is based on IEEE 802.15.4-2006 standard with smart mobile devices. We also show some scenarios with on-demand request and real time event driven data to show the feasibility of the proposed architecture using five kinds of sensors such as magnetic, photodiode, microphone, motion and vibration. Based on the experiment results, we show that the proposed system has the potential as smart mobile device-based wireless sensor network architecture.     

Issues in integrating cellular networks WLANs, AND MANETs: a futuristic heterogeneous wireless network

The popularity of wireless communication systems can be seen almost everywhere in the form of cellular networks, WLANs, and WPANs. In addition, small portable devices have been increasingly equipped with multiple communication interfaces building a heterogeneous environment in terms of access technologies. The desired ubiquitous computing environment of the future has to exploit this multitude of connectivity alternatives resulting from diverse wireless communication systems and different access technologies to provide useful services with guaranteed quality to users. Many new applications require a ubiquitous computing environment capable of accessing information from different portable devices at any time and everywhere. This has motivated researchers to integrate various wireless platforms such as cellular networks, WLANs, and MANETs. Integration of different technologies with different capabilities and functionalities is an extremely complex task and involves issues at all layers of the protocol stack. This article envisions an architecture for state-of-the-art heterogeneous multihop networks, and identifies research issues that need to be addressed for successful integration of heterogeneous technologies for the next generation of wireless and mobile networks.     

A secure mobile healthcare system using trust-based multicast scheme

Due to the introduction of telecommunication technologies in telemedicine services, the expeditious development of wireless and mobile networks has stimulated wide applications of mobile electronic healthcare systems. However, security is an essential system requirement since many patients have privacy concerns when it comes to releasing their personal information over the open wireless channels. For this reason, this study discusses the characteristics and security issues with wireless and pervasive data communications for a ubiquitous and mobile healthcare system which consists of a number of mobile devices and sensors attached to a patient. These devices form a mobile ad hoc sensor network and collect data that are sent to a hospital or healthcare center for monitoring. Subsequently, this paper discusses the innovation and design of a novel trust evaluation model. We then propose a secure multicast strategy that employs trust in order to evaluate the behavior of each node, so that only trustworthy nodes are allowed to participate in communications, while the misbehavior of malicious nodes is effectively prevented. We analyze the security properties of our multicast scheme and evaluate its performance based on simulation experiments. Our experimental results demonstrate that our scheme not only achieves the necessary data transmission in mobile environments, but also provides more security with reasonably little additional overhead.     

终端业务上下文的定义方法及业务模型

该文针对业务上下文仅关注业务质量较少考虑用户终端环境的现状,提出终端业务上下文的概念,为普适业务的开展提供必要的信息支撑。给出一种终端业务上下文的通用定义方法,该方法可以提取各类业务场景中终端环境的特征参数,使其形成可表示、可获知的上下文。提出基于终端业务上下文的业务模型,给出上下文的存储和使用方法。最后通过一个典型的普适业务接续场景验证了上述定义方法和业务模型。结果表明,该方法可以有效提取普适业务所需的上下文信息;基于该模型,业务平台能够动态适配异构的终端环境,为用户提供个性化终端呈现和接续服务。     

A self‐adaptive load‐dispatching control framework for device data accessing in IoT‐based systems

The Internet of things (IoT) information system plays important roles in disposing of huge volumes of real‐time service requests from heterogeneous devices, targeting for different complex application requirements. Load‐dispatching control (LDC) is a key problem to be solved for devices accessing concurrently in cluster systems. Self‐adaptive LDC optimizes the resource allocation to ensure no overloading node, thus, improving the performance of IoT systems. This paper focuses on adaptive dispatching control problem in IoT information system. First, a device data access platform is proposed for reducing the load imbalance and improving the efficiency of data processing. Then, we propose a processing capability prediction model to evaluate the system performance. On the basis of the model, we present a practical self‐adaptive LDC framework with a self‐adaptive control strategy and a load dispatching method. Finally, a case study is given to verify the framework and the control strategy. Experimental results show that the proposed strategy can meet the requirements of dynamic load balancing with the ability to avoid the load imbalance problem, and the LDC‐based device access platform can process data accessing effectively and ubiquitously.     

机器类通信流量建模与过载控制

机器类通信(或MTC通信)定义为通过蜂窝网络进行数据传输的机器通信,作为未来泛在网络的重要组成部分,具有广阔的应用前景和市场潜力。为评估MTC接入时的网络性能,以3GPP参考流量模型和G/M/1队列模型的通解为基础,为MTC通信建立Beta/M/1队列模型;通过推导形状参数为任意正整数的Beta分布的概率生成函数的解析解,给出Beta/M/1模型性能评估的求解过程;利用数值分析,给出Beta/M/1模型的主要特征。为解决MTC接入时系统面临的过载问题,提出了3个解决办法,分别是:1)不同属性终端间聚类;2)改变MTC终端到达时间间隔分布;3)分段均匀随机退避算法。所提Beta/M/1模型及分段均匀随机退避算法可作为物联网/MTC通信/海量终端入网性能分析及过载控制的参考模型。     

A group-based security protocol for machine-type communications in LTE-advanced

Machine-type communication (MTC) takes advantage of millions of devices being connected to each other in sensing our environment. A third-generation partnership project has been actively considering MTC as an enabler for ubiquitous computing and context-aware services. Until recently, we have not yet known how to productively manage the signaling traffic from these MTC devices because authentication requirements may impose such large signaling loads that they overwhelm the radio access of 4G cellular networks. This paper proposes the design of an efficient security protocol for MTC. This protocol is designed to be compatible with the incumbent system by being composed of only symmetric cryptography. Efficiency is attained by aggregating many authentication requests into a single one. The security and performance of the new design are evaluated via formal verification and theoretical analysis. Implementation of the proposed protocol in a real LTE-A network is provided through a feasibility analysis undertaken to prove the practicability of the protocol. Based on these evaluations, we contend that the proposed protocol is practical in terms of security and performance for MTC in LTE-Advanced.     

Mobile agent based framework for mobile ubiquitous application development

Ubiquitous computing which enabled by the availability of mobile, heterogeneous devices that supply context information, is currently not matured by the lack of programming support for the design and development of context-aware applications. Especially, ubiquitous computing environment is not static which can be compensable dynamically according to need of environment. Mobile agent is a very efficient framework applications can cooperative in heterogeneous environment. Therefore, we have developed a mobile agent based framework that significantly eases the development of mobile, context-aware applications. The framework allows developers to fuse data from disparate sensors, represent application context, and reason efficiently about context, without the need to write complex code. An event based communication paradigm designed specifically for ad-hoc wireless environments is incorporated, which supports loose coupling between sensors, actuators and application components.     

基于重核衰变原理的单电子存储器寿命模型

单电子存储器是依据库仑阻塞原理操纵单个电子进行信息存储的一种量子器件。它具有低功耗、高速度、极小尺寸的优点,是现有存储器极有希望的替代品。信息的记忆性能是衡量存储器的一个重要参数,因而对单电子存储器的记忆性能研究有重要的意义。存储器的结构以及温度、电磁辐射等环境因素都对单电子存储器记忆时间产生影响,因而有必要寻求一种模型来综合各种因素对储存器存储寿命的影响。借鉴Gamow、Gurney和Condon处理某些重核α粒子自然衰变的方法对单电子存储器的记忆能力进行研究,考虑到了环境参数和结构参数对记忆性能的影响,给出了一种新的单电子存储器记忆时间模型,并对该模型进行详细的理论分析。     

An agent-based self-adaptation architecture for implementing smart devices in Smart Space

Smart Space is a major currently challenging domain that includes ubiquitous, grid, and pervasive computing to provide intelligence, insight, and vision for emerging world of intelligent environment, products, services and human interaction. Smart Space consists of various objects (devices and applications) and, their extremely tight integration of and coordination between information world and physical resources. In Smart Space, people are allowed to acquire useful information and control devices anytime and anywhere with various smart devices. However the physical world where devices are deployed has much uncertainty and uncontrollable conditions, so that it is impossible to make devices suited to all situations. To achieve user satisfaction and overcome the system failure, devices in Smart Space must be dependable, secure, safe, and efficient, and operate in real-time. In addition, they must be scalable, cost-effective and adaptive. Especially, to deal with uncertainty and uncontrollable condition, devices in Smart Space could be more intelligent in the adaptation. In this paper, we propose an agent-based self-adaptation architecture for implementing smart devices in Smart Space. A self-adaptive smart device reasons about its state and environment, and adapts itself at runtime automatically and dynamically in response to changes. Also we present an adaptation mechanism used to implementing a self-adaptive system.     

分布式情境感知分层模型设计与角色分析

情境感知是普适计算环境的本质特征之一.本文提出了一种面向分布式情境感知的分层模型,通过情境资源的空间划分,刻画了传感器到情境知识的逐层抽象的特质.同时,分层模型对情境感知系统中的角色及角色间的关系进行了有效规约.本文通过与经典的Context Toolkit模型比较,证明了分层模型的运行时负载低的优点;通过模型的主动性分析,验证了情境感知主动性对系统数据收发负载的正反比影响.分层模型将在分布式情境感知系统部署和配置中发挥重要作用.     

指挥信息系统能力需求满足度评估模型

信息系统的能力需求评估是项目立项评审和系统建设论证的重要环节,为了提高指挥信息系统需求评价的准确性和可靠性,提出了基于满足度的需求评估模型。首先分析了能力需求评估方法的研究现状,构建信息系统能力需求测度体系,将测度体系中不确定性的指标映射到不同类型的能力满足度类型,并给出了需求满足度函数,将评估数据统一标准化为满足函数值,其次对能力需求满足度评估的具体步骤进行了细化,最后基于某数字化师指挥信息系统的支撑能力评估进行了实例分析,验证了该评估模型的有效性。     

Adhesion measurement for electronic packaging applications usingdouble cantilever beam method

Multilayers and interfaces are ubiquitous in microelectronics devices, interconnect and packaging structures. As the interface integrity becomes the major concern of performance, yield, and reliability, the need to evaluate the fracture and delamination behavior of various interfaces increases. This work focused on quantifying interfacial adhesion performance of a typical electronics packaging structure, flip-chip-on-organic-substrate. A series of experiments and analyzes were conducted to investigate the adhesion and fracture behaviors of the underfill/silicon and underfill/organic substrate interfaces. The experimental techniques for the interfacial fracture experiments were developed to produce the double-cantilever-beam (DCB) specimens and to establish a reproducible testing protocol. To extract the interfacial fracture energies, a closed-form solution was developed based on a beam-on-elastic-foundation model. A two-dimensional elastoplastic finite element analysis (FEA) model was also implemented to examine effects of mode-mixity, thermal/residual stresses, and underfill plasticity. The techniques allow for reproducible determination of underfill/printed circuit board (PCB) and underfill/silicon chip interfacial adhesion strength. The developed techniques are also readily applicable to evaluate interfacial adhesion performance for many other similar electronic packaging systems. This provides capabilities in optimizing material selections and process conditions to improve interfacial adhesion performance, Additionally, the interfacial fracture energy measured with high accuracy can provide a basis for realistic modeling of thermo-mechanical reliability of electronic components     

Theil Utility Based Multi-Device Cooperation Mechanism for Service Quality Equilibrium in Ubiquitous Stub Environments

An approach to make heterogeneous devices cooperate with each other to provide ubiquitous service remains a longstanding challenge in ubiquitous environments. In addition, when multi-user request ubiquitous services simultaneously, the arbitrariness in resource allocation process easily leads to non-equilibrium of qualities of multi- user＇s services. Thus, How to design an effective heterogeneous devices cooperation mechanism that meet the QoS requirements and also equilibrate QoS among multi-user＇s services becomes a very tough problem. In the paper, Equilibrium Index and Theil Utility function are imported to establish a multi- device equilibrium cooperation model, which is benefit for resource allocation in ubiquitous environments. Then a Theil-Equilibrium based Cooperation Mechanism for multi-service is proposed. Firstly, in order to simplify calculating, a dimensionless processing is introduced. After that, a cooperation approach with Theil-Utility Heuristic algorithm is designed to choose the best solution for the simplified model. At last, the mechanism is simulated in a smart home scenario. The simulation results show that this mechanism outperforms non-equilibrium method by improving almost 40% in internal equilibrium with just reducing 0-2% in the total utility of all the requested ubiquitous services. These data show that the proposed mechanism performs well in equilibrating qualities of multi-user＇s ubiquitous services.