A high resolution multi‐view 3D display using switchable liquid crystal lens

A 4.4‐inch 2D/3D switchable full high definition (FHD) six‐view 3D display with 3D resolution greater than 170 ppi has been accomplished. In addition to adopting low temperature polysilicon technology (LTPS), which is most suitable for high resolution displays, a new RGBW pixel arrangement using four‐square sub‐pixels has been devised. In 2D, a resolution greater than 500 ppi, accompanied with high luminance, has been achieved. A new liquid crystal lens (LCL) has been exploited for 2D/3D switching. By employing a special multielectrode structure and dedicated manufacturing process, an optical focal ratio less than 20%, which is essential for low 3D cross talk for a six‐view 3D display, has been attained by adopting the LCL. In the vertical direction of the display, there is no cross talk increase when the viewing position is changed because of the new pixel structure. The strong focal strength of the LCL combined with a revised high‐density multi‐view design give rise to a wide 3D viewing angle greater than 20 degrees in the horizontal direction and minimum cross talk less than 10%.     

Two‐way multi‐view 2‐D/3‐D display combining LC lens and HVxDP panel using novel pixel arrangement

We have developed a two‐way multi‐view 2‐D/3‐D display combining a liquid crystal lens and horizontally and vertically x times‐density pixels (HVxDP) arrangement. The two‐way multi‐view display features the same display resolution in 2‐D and 3‐D modes and a quite small color moiré for landscape and portrait, respectively, when using the HVxDP arrangement. In this paper, we realized suitable 3‐D properties for achieving a good balance between 3‐D moiré and 3‐D crosstalk for landscape and portrait by a two‐way liquid crystal lens with two kinds of focal lengths for the edge part and the center part of the lens.     

Development of 100‐in. TFT‐LCDs for HDTV and public‐information‐display applications

Abstract— LCDs have achieved a full‐high‐definition resolution of 1920 × 1080 (16:9), 600‐nit brightness, 3000:1 dynamic contrast ratio, 92% color gamut, 178° viewing angle, and 5‐msec response time at all gray levels and are targeted for HDTV and public‐information‐display applications. Some unique technologies, such as Cu bus line, advanced wide view polarizer, and wide‐color‐gamut lamp, were applied. A new stitching‐free technology was developed to overcome the size limitation of the photomask in both the TFT and color‐filter processes. The size of the panel (100 in.), based on the wide format (16:9), is determined by the maximum efficiency of the world's first seventh‐generation line (glass size, 1950 × 2250 mm) in LG.Philips LCD's (LPL) Paju display cluster. The issues facing 100‐in. TFT‐LCDs will be discussed.     

Low voltage fast response display using dual π‐cells with quarter‐wave thickness

In this paper, a design for a fast response display consisting of dual π‐cells is investigated. The thickness of each liquid crystal cell layer is only half of a single LC cell device with the same retardation change, which results in about one quarter of the response time for a single π‐cell device. While this result is obviously anticipated, an additional advantage is that a good viewing angle can be achieved by using negative C plates, which allows a lower cost device with a more uniform black state across the area of the display than the case of a single cell compensated by a discotic compensator. We also propose a solution to solve parallax issue from two‐layer structure of liquid crystal cell, and it opens a window of opportunity for a device with two‐layer structure.     

Analysing observer preferences when presenting a product in a rendered scene: 2D vs. autostereoscopic 3D displays

ABSTRACT

This research compares the way the image of a product included within a rendered scene shown on an autostereoscopic 3D display is rated versus the same image shown in a 2D display. The purpose is to understand the observer's preferences and to determine the features that a composition should have to highlight the product and to make its presentation more attractive to observers, thereby helping designers and advertisers who use both displays to prepare images to make them more effective when visually presenting a product.

The results show that observers like the images on autostereoscopic 3D displays slightly more than those presented by means of 2D displays. On both displays the product is perceived more quickly when it is larger than the other elements and is shown with greater chromatic contrast, but a composition is seen as more attractive when the chromatic relationship between all the elements is more harmonious.     

2D/3D image registration using regression learning

In computer vision and image analysis, image registration between 2D projections and a 3D image that achieves high accuracy and near real-time computation is challenging. In this paper, we propose a novel method that can rapidly detect an object’s 3D rigid motion or deformation from a 2D projection image or a small set thereof. The method is called CLARET (Correction via Limited-Angle Residues in External Beam Therapy) and consists of two stages: registration preceded by shape space and regression learning. In the registration stage, linear operators are used to iteratively estimate the motion/deformation parameters based on the current intensity residue between the target projection(s) and the digitally reconstructed radiograph(s) (DRRs) of the estimated 3D image. The method determines the linear operators via a two-step learning process. First, it builds a low-order parametric model of the image region’s motion/deformation shape space from its prior 3D images. Second, using learning-time samples produced from the 3D images, it formulates the relationships between the model parameters and the co-varying 2D projection intensity residues by multi-scale linear regressions. The calculated multi-scale regression matrices yield the coarse-to-fine linear operators used in estimating the model parameters from the 2D projection intensity residues in the registration. The method’s application to Image-guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT) requires only a few seconds and yields good results in localizing a tumor under rigid motion in the head and neck and under respiratory deformation in the lung, using one treatment-time imaging 2D projection or a small set thereof.     

基于Java3D的立体显示技术及其在仿真中的应用

提出用虚拟环境建模API Java3D产生场景左右眼图像的关键技术,以及用Java3D如何控制影响立体显示效果的主要因素,这些主要因素是左右图像视差、虚拟眼睛视场宽度和虚拟眼睛到显示平面的距离。这些技术已成功应用于Java3D开发的汽车驾驶仿真系统中以实现立体显示。这些技术为用Java3D开发视景仿真系统和三维立体视觉游戏软件提供支持。     

Development of a 14.1‐in. UXGA TFT‐LCD using LTPS technology

A 14.1‐in. UXGA low‐temperature poly‐Si TFT‐LCD has been developed using p‐MOS technology. Both the peripheral driving circuits and the pixel switches are implemented using only p‐channel TFTs. The device performance for the driving circuits and the panel design issues, such as crosstalk and flicker, were investigated. The image quality required for the notebook‐PC display has been achieved by optimizing the panel design and by improving the device performance. In addition, the redundant gate driving structure has been developed to minimize the degradation of the panel yield.     

Development of a viable 3D integrated circuit technology

Three-dimensional integrated circuit technology with transistors stacked on top of one an-other in multi-layer silicon film has always been a vision in the future technology direction. While the idea is simple, the technique to obtain high performance multi-layer transistors is extraordinarily diffi-cult. Not until recently does such technology become feasible. In this paper, the background and vari-ous techniques to form three-dimensional circuits will be reviewed. Recent development of a simple and promising technology to achieve three-dimensional integration using Metal-Induced-Lateral-Crystalliza-tion will be described. Preliminary results of 3D inverters will also be provided to demonstrate the viabil-ity for 3D integration.     

三维虚拟空间移动物三维坐标的二视映射算法

在接受三维坐标输入装置的三维虚拟空间中 ,移动物在三维坐标输入装置的控制下在屏幕上移动、改变大小以实现虚拟空间。为满足真实性 ,提出了从移动物的三维坐标映射屏幕二视坐标的算法。     

Influence of 2D and 3D view on performance and time estimation in minimal invasive surgery

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) images on time performance and time estimation during a surgical motor task. A total of 60 subjects without any surgical experience (nurses) and 20 expert surgeons performed a fine surgical task with a new laparoscopic technology (da Vinci robotic system). The 80 subjects were divided into two groups, one using 3D view option and the other using 2D view option. We measured time performance and asked subjects to verbally estimate their time performance. Our results showed faster performance in 3D than in 2D view for novice subjects while the performance in 2D and 3D was similar in the expert group. We obtained a significant interaction between time performance and time evaluation: in 2D condition, all subjects accurately estimated their time performance while they overestimated it in the 3D condition. Our results emphasise the role of 3D in improving performance and the contradictory feeling about time evaluation in 2D and 3D. This finding is discussed in regard with the retrospective paradigm and suggests that 2D and 3D images are differently processed and memorised.     

脊柱手术导航中分步式2D/3D图像配准方法

为实现微创脊柱手术导航,提出一种将脊柱术前CT与其术中X射线图像配准的方法.首先基于一种最近点迭代法进行快速粗配准;然后提取图像的梯度特征,根据投影变换原理,采用寻找具有CT最大梯度投影位置的方法进行精配准.在模拟数据及临床标本上进行实验的配准率分别为92%和78%. 实验结果表明:该方法鲁棒性强、人工干预少、适合于临床应用.     

A monolithic segmented functional light guide for 2‐D dimming LCD backlight

Abstract— An edge‐lit backlight with a thin structure and 2‐D dimming function is a highlighted requirement. To achieve a thin backlight unit for 2‐D dimmable displays, a monolithic functional light‐guide plate (LGP) was segmented by using a recessed U‐groove with graded height as semi‐partitions. The height of the U‐groove controls the cross‐talk between the segments. A single segment was characterized with an array of louver‐shaped micro‐prisms that function as unilateral reflectors for light distributing, directing, and extracting. Arrays of rounded micro‐prisms, and lenticular prisms for in‐ and out‐coupling, are designed on the light injection surface and front surface of the LGP for light‐cone shaping on the BLU. The light guide has a length of 73.0 mm, a width of 40.7 mm, and a thickness of 0.7 mm. The LGP was segmented into 16 segments where the width and graded height of the recessed U‐prism between the segments is 0.020 mm and 0.10–0.50 mm, respectively. By using the monolithic light‐guide plate, the cross‐talk is suppressed to 20% and 4% at the center of first and second neighboring segments, respectively.     

电影2D/3D转换技术概述

3D电影能够比传统电影带来更好的视觉体验,并在近年来得到了快速的发展,但是片源不足成为制约这一产业兴起的主要瓶颈.在当前电影产业朝3D化方向蓬勃发展的趋势下,将2D电影转为3D电影是解决此问题的有效途径.文中对电影2D?3D转换技术进行了总结,按摄像机和场景相对运动的4种不同类型,介绍了其中几种基本的转换方法,并在此基础上进一步介绍了几种重要的高级转换方法,最后提出了今后的研究方向.     

White stacked OLED with 38 lm/W and 100,000‐hour lifetime at 1000 cd/m2 for display and lighting applications

Abstract— The three critical parameters in determining the commercial success of organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs), both in display and lighting applications, are power efficiency, lifetime, and price competitiveness. PIN technology is widely considered as the preferred way to maximize power efficiency and lifetime. Here, a high‐efficiency and long‐lifetime white‐light‐emitting diode, which has been realized by stacking a blue‐fluorescent emission unit together with green‐ and red‐phosphorescent emission units, is reported. Proprietary materials have been used in transport layers of each emission unit, which significantly improves the power efficiency and stability. The power efficiency at 1000 cd/m² is 38 lm/W with CIE color coordinates of (0.43, 0.44) and a color‐rendering index (CRI) of 90. An extrapolated lifetime at an initial luminance of 1000 cd/m² is above 100,000 hours, which fulfils the specifications for most applications. The emission color can also be easily tuned towards the equal‐energy white for display applications by selecting emitting materials and varying the transport‐layer cavities.     

Design and implementation of a dual‐band concurrent fully‐integrated LNA for WLAN IEEE 802.11a/b/g applications

This article presents a dual‐band concurrent fully‐integrated low‐noise amplifier (LNA) targeted to WLAN IEEE 802.11a/b/g standards. The use of a concurrent topology enables saving die area and power consumption compared with the parallel solution that employs two separated LNAs. An original design methodology that helps in the selection of input/output matching network element values is also presented. The LNA die area is 1.0 × 0.9 mm² and it consumes 9 mW (5 mA at 1.8 V). © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2009.     

Integration of Hough Transform of lines and planes in the framework of conformal geometric algebra for 2D and 3D robot vision

This paper presents the application of 2D and 3D Hough Transforms together with conformal geometric algebra to build 3D geometric maps using the geometric entities of lines and planes. Among several existing techniques for robot self-localization, a new approach is proposed for map matching in the Hough domain. The geometric Hough representation is formulated in such a way that one can easily relate it to the conformal geometric algebra framework; thus, the detected lines and planes can be used for algebra-of-incidence computations to find geometric constraints, useful when perceiving special configurations in 3D visual space for exploration, navigation, relocation and obstacle avoidance. We believe that this work is very useful for 2D and 3D geometric pattern recognition in robot vision tasks.     

Retraction of ‘Computer‐aided ergonomics and visualization for improving 3D display techniques. Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries, 22, 556–561. doi: 10.1002/hfm.20298’

The article listed above, published online on Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been retracted by agreement between the journal Editors‐in‐Chief, Gavriel Salvendy and Waldemar Karwowski, and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. The retraction has been agreed due to evidence indicating that the peer review of this paper was compromised. It is believed that the paper was accepted based on recommendations from reviewers with conflicts of interest. In addition, ISI provided the publisher with evidence of inappropriate manipulation of citations.     

Global biomass mapping for an improved understanding of the CO2 balance—the Earth observation mission Carbon-3D

Understanding global climate change and developing strategies for sustainable use of our environmental resources are major scientific and political challenges. In response to an announcement of the German Aerospace Center (DLR) for a national Earth observation (EO) mission, the Friedrich-Schiller University Jena and the JenaOptronik GmbH proposed the EO mission Carbon-3D. The data products of this mission will for the first time accurately estimate aboveground biomass globally, one of the most important parameters of the carbon cycle. Simultaneous acquisition of multiangle optical with Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) observations is unprecedented. The optical imager extrapolates the laser-retrieved height profiles to biophysical vegetation maps. This innovative mission will reduce uncertainties about net effects of deforestation and forest regrowth on atmospheric CO₂ concentrations and will also provide key biophysical information for biosphere models.