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1.
R. Ryoo S. H. Joo M. Kruk M. Jaroniec 《Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)》2001,13(9):677-681
Ordered mesoporous carbons have recently been synthesized using ordered mesoporous silica templates. The synthesis procedure involves infiltration of the pores of the template with appropriate carbon precursor, its carbonization, and subsequent template removal. The template needs to exhibit three‐dimensional pore structure in order to be suitable for the ordered mesoporous carbon synthesis, otherwise disordered microporous carbon is formed. MCM‐48, SBA‐1, and SBA‐15 silicas were successfully used to synthesize carbons with cubic or hexagonal frameworks, narrow mesopore size distributions, high nitrogen Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) specific surface areas (up to 1800 m2 g–1), and large pore volumes. Ordered mesoporous carbons are promising in many applications, including adsorption of large molecules, chromatography, and manufacturing of electrochemical double‐layer capacitors. 相似文献
2.
Nanostructured organic materials, particularly those constructed with uniform nanopores, have been sought for a long time in materials science. There have been many successful reports on the synthesis of nanostructured organic materials using the so-called, 'supramolecular liquid crystal templating' route. Ordered nanoporous polymeric materials can also be synthesized through a polymerization route using colloidal or mesoporous silica templates. The organic pore structures constructed by these approaches, however, are lower in mechanical strength and resistance to chemical treatments than nanoporous inorganic, silica and carbon materials. Moreover, the synthesis of the organic materials is yet of limited success in the variation of pore sizes and structures, whereas a rich variety of hexagonal and cubic structures is available with tunable pore diameters in the case of the inorganic materials. Here we describe a synthesis strategy towards ordered nanoporous organic polymers, using mesoporous carbon as the retaining framework. The polymer-carbon composite nanoporous materials exhibit the same chemical properties of the organic polymers, whereas the stability of the pores against mechanical compression, thermal and chemical treatments is greatly enhanced. The synthesis strategy can be extended to various compositions of hydrophilic and hydrophobic organic polymers, with various pore diameters, connectivity and shapes. The resultant materials exhibiting surface properties of the polymers, as well as the electric conductivity of the carbon framework, could provide new possibilities for advanced applications. Furthermore, the synthesis strategy can be extended to other inorganic supports such as mesoporous silicas. 相似文献
3.
同步合成模板炭化法制备双电层电容器电极用中孔炭材料的研究 总被引:7,自引:22,他引:7
以正硅酸乙酯为模板硅源,间苯二酚—甲醛凝胶为炭前驱体,采用同步合成模板炭化(SSTCM)法制备了具有可控结构的中孔炭材料。炭材料的比表面积可达1500m^2/g,平均孔径在3nm~10nm之间。经过酸催化水解预处理的二氧化硅模板前驱体溶液与间苯二酚—甲醛溶液混合,碱性条件下使两者的溶胶凝胶反应同步发生,得到有机,无机凝胶混合物。再经炭化、HF去模,制得SSTCM炭材料。N2等温吸脱附研究表明,与炭前驱体聚合物同步合成的结构可调的二氧化硅模板,导致了SSTCM炭材料可控中孔结构的形成。循环伏安研究表明,采用这种同步合成模板炭化法制备的SSTCM炭材料质量比容量达270F/g,炭材料具有的典型中孔结构使其可能成为一种理想的双电层电容器电极材料。 相似文献
4.
自从1992年首次报道介孔氧化硅分子筛M41S系列以来, 人们采用各种商业化表面活性剂为模板, 合成了多种骨架组成、丰富的有序介观结构、不同孔径尺寸的介孔材料, 并将其应用在能源、环境、催化等诸多领域。然而, 由于常规商业化模板剂的分子量大小有限, 合成的介孔材料具有较小的孔径(< 8.0 nm), 从而极大地限制了其面对大尺寸客体分子的相关应用。此外, 利用常规模板剂难以合成出具有晶化墙壁的介孔金属氧化物材料。近年来, 大分子量两亲性嵌段共聚物相继被报道用来合成新型介孔材料, 本文将综述基于这种嵌段共聚物为模板剂合成各种具有大孔径和晶化墙壁介孔材料的研究进展。 相似文献
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Zhangxiong Wu Yunxia Yang Dong Gu Qiang Li Dan Feng Zhenxia Chen Bo Tu Paul A. Webley Dongyuan Zhao 《Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2009,5(23):2738-2749
Ordered mesostructured tungsten carbide and graphitic carbon composites (WC/C) with nanocrystalline walls are fabricated for the first time by a temperature‐programmed carburization approach with phosphotungstic acid (PTA) as a precursor and mesoporous silica materials as hard templates. The mesostructure, crystal phase, and amount of deposited graphitic carbon can be conveniently tuned by controlling the silica template (SBA‐15 or KIT‐6), carburizing temperature (700–1000 °C), the PTA‐loading amount, and the carburizing atmosphere (CH4 or a CH4/H2 mixture). A high level of deposited carbon is favorable for connecting and stabilizing the WC nanocrystallites to achieve high mesostructural regularity, as well as promoting the carburization reaction. Meanwhile, large pore sizes and high mesoporosity of the silica templates can promote WC‐phase formation. These novel, ordered, mesoporous WC/C nanocomposites with high surface areas (74–169 m2 g?1), large pore volumes (0.14–0.17 cm3 g?1), narrow pore‐size distributions (centered at about 3 nm), and very good oxidation resistance (up to 750°C) have potential applications in fuel‐cell catalysts and nanodevices. 相似文献
7.
Y. R. Liu 《Journal of Materials Science》2009,44(13):3600-3607
Mixed amphiphilic block copolymers of poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO–PPO–PEO) and polydimethylsiloxane-poly(ethylene
oxide) (PDMS–PEO) have been successfully used as co-templates to prepare ordered mesoporous polymer–silica and carbon–silica
nanocomposites by using phenolic resol polymer as a carbon precursor via the strategy of evaporation-induced self-assembly
(EISA). The ordered mesoporous materials of 2-D hexagonal (p6m) mesostructures have been achieved, as confirmed by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), transmission electron microscopy
(TEM), and nitrogen-sorption measurements. Experiments show that using PDMS–PEO as co-template can enlarge the pore sizes
and reduce the framework shrinkage of the materials without evident effect on the specific surface areas. Ordered mesoporous
carbons can then be obtained with large pore sizes of 6.7 nm, pore volumes of 0.52 cm3/g, and high surface areas of 578 m2/g. The mixed micelles formed between the hydrophobic PDMS groups and the PPO chains of the F127 molecules should be responsible
for the variation of the pore sizes of the resulting mesoporous materials. Through the study of characteristics of mesoporous
carbon and mesoporous silica derived from mother carbon–silica nanocomposites, we think mesoporous carbon–silica nanocomposites
with the silica-coating mesostructure can be formed after the pyrolysis of the PDMS–PEO diblock copolymer during surfactant
removal process. Such method can be thought as the combination of surfactant removal and silica incorporation into one-step.
This simple one-pot route provides a pathway for large-scale convenient synthesis of ordered mesostructured nanocomposite
materials. 相似文献
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以廉价水玻璃为原料, 通过控制水解条件, 合成出具有不同尺寸的SiO2溶胶, 并与间苯二酚-甲醛(RF)溶胶形成均相的凝胶复合物, 经常压干燥、炭化、酸洗, 得到具有可控结构的中孔炭材料。考察了水解温度、水解时间和反应物组成对孔结构的影响, 并通过氮气吸附、扫描电镜和透射电镜对材料的微观结构进行了表征。结果表明: 中孔炭的孔隙反相复制于SiO2凝胶网络, 其平均孔径随水解时间的延长或水解温度的升高而增大, 并在6~12 nm范围内精细调控, 而其总孔隙率可以通过改变炭、SiO2前驱体比例调节。对液相复合溶胶通过悬浮聚合法和喷雾干燥法处理, 分别制备出毫米级和微米级的中孔炭球, 进而实现了中孔炭在宏观形貌上的调控。本工作为中孔炭的低成本制备、精细结构调控以及球形功能化提供了重要参考。 相似文献
10.
Lee J Kim J Kim J Jia H Kim MI Kwak JH Jin S Dohnalkova A Park HG Chang HN Wang P Grate JW Hyeon T 《Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2005,1(7):744-753
Hierarchically ordered mesocellular mesoporous silica materials (HMMS) were synthesized using a single structure-directing agent. The mesocellular pores are synthesized without adding any pore expander; the pore walls are composed of SBA-15 type mesopores. Small-angle X-ray scattering revealed the presence of uniform pore structures with two different sizes. Using HMMS as a nanoscopic template, hierarchically ordered mesocellular mesoporous carbon (HMMC) and polymer (HMMP) materials were synthesized. HMMS was used as a host for enzyme immobilization. To improve the retention of enzymes in HMMS, we adsorbed enzymes, and then employed crosslinking using glutaraldehyde (GA). The resulting crosslinked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) show an impressive stability with extremely high enzyme loadings. For example, 0.5 g alpha-chymotrypsin (CT) could be loaded in 1 g of silica with no activity decrease observed with rigorous shaking over one month. In contrast, adsorbed CT without GA treatment resulted in a lower loading, which further decreased due to continuous leaching of adsorbed CT under shaking. The activity of crosslinked CT aggregates in HMMS was approximately 10 times higher than that of the adsorbed CT, which represents a 74-fold increase in activity per unit weight of HMMS due to higher CT loading. 相似文献
11.
Sonia Álvarez 《Materials Research Bulletin》2008,43(7):1898-1904
Mesoporous carbon materials formed by nanosized particles have been synthesized by means of a nanocasting technique based on the use of mesostructured silica materials as templates. We found that the modification of the chemical characteristics of the surfactant employed allows mesostructured silica materials with particle sizes <100 nm to be synthesised. The mesoporous carbons obtained from these silica materials retain the structural properties of the silica used as template and consequently they have a particle size in the 20-100 nm range. These carbons exhibit large BET surfaces areas (up to 1300 m2 g−1) and high pore volumes (up to 2.5 cm3 g−1), a framework confined porosity made up of uniform mesopores (3.6 nm) and an additional textural porosity arising from the interparticle voids between the sub-micrometric particles. The main advantage of nanometer-sized mesoporous carbons in relation to the micrometer-sized carbons is that they have enhanced mass transfer rates, which is important for processes such as adsorption or catalysis. 相似文献
12.
结构有序、双重孔隙中孔炭材料的合成与表征 总被引:18,自引:11,他引:7
采用纳米涂层技术,以介孔分子筛SBA 15为模板,在其纳米孔道内引入糠醇/草酸溶液,经原位聚合,炭化后制得炭/SBA 15复合物。采用化学法脱除模板后制得具有规则结构的中孔炭。高分辨TEM表征结果显示该中孔炭是由纳米炭管相互联接、堆积而成,且具有六方对称结构。氮吸附结果显示其比表面积高达2000m2/g,孔径呈双峰分布。孔径相对较大的孔隙来源于SBA 15孔道经纳米涂层后所保留的孔隙;孔径相对较小的孔隙来源于SiO2移除后遗留的纳米孔空间。该方法可应用于以其他多孔氧化硅为模板制备新型纳米复合物的研究过程。 相似文献
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14.
Fan W Snyder MA Kumar S Lee PS Yoo WC McCormick AV Lee Penn R Stein A Tsapatsis M 《Nature materials》2008,7(12):984-991
Shaped zeolite nanocrystals and larger zeolite particles with three-dimensionally ordered mesoporous (3DOm) features hold exciting technological implications for manufacturing thin, oriented molecular sieve films and realizing new selective, molecularly accessible and robust catalysts. A recognized means for controlled synthesis of such nanoparticulate and imprinted materials revolves around templating approaches, yet identification of an appropriately versatile template has remained elusive. Because of their highly interconnected pore space, ordered mesoporous carbon replicas serve as conceptually attractive materials for carrying out confined synthesis of zeolite crystals. Here, we demonstrate how a wide range of crystal morphologies can be realized through such confined growth within 3DOm carbon, synthesized by replication of colloidal crystals composed of size-tunable (about 10-40 nm) silica nanoparticles. Confined crystal growth within these templates leads to size-tunable, uniformly shaped silicalite-1 nanocrystals as well as 3DOm-imprinted single-crystal zeolite particles. In addition, novel crystal morphologies, consisting of faceted crystal outgrowths from primary crystalline particles have been discovered, providing new insight into constricted crystal growth mechanisms underlying confined synthesis. 相似文献
15.
Guangyu Du Yuxia Xu Shasha Zheng Huaiguo Xue Huan Pang 《Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2019,15(11)
Ordered mesoporous materials, porous materials with a pore size of 2–50 nm which are prepared via the sol–gel process using surfactant molecular aggregates as a template to assemble channels through the interfacial action of organic and inorganic substances, have recently triggered a heated debate. In addition to applications in the catalytic cracking of heavy oils and residues, the manufacturing of graft materials, the purification of water, the conversion of automobile exhaust, biochips, and the treatment of environmental pollutants via photocatalysts, ordered mesoporous materials have drawn substantial attention in the field of electrochemical energy storage due to advantages such as large specific surface area, uniform and continuously adjustable pore size, and orderly arrangement. Here, a general summary and appraisal of the study of ordered mesoporous materials for batteries in recent years is given, including the synthesis methods, meso/nanostructural features, and electrochemical capabilities of such materials. 相似文献
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In Situ Probing of the Particle‐Mediated Mechanism of WO3‐Networked Structures Grown inside Confined Mesoporous Channels
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Lingling Zhang Jiang Li Hongjun You Chuansheng Ma Si Lan Zhenduo Wu Jianrong Zeng Feng Tian Jixiang Fang 《Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2018,14(4)
Nanocasting, using ordered mesoporous silica or carbon as a hard template, has enormous potential for preparing novel mesoporous materials with new structures and compositions. Although a variety of mesoporous materials have been synthesized in recent years, the growth mechanism of nanostructures in a confined space, such as mesoporous channels, is not well understood, which hampers the controlled synthesis and further application of mesoporous materials. Here, the nucleation and growth of WO3‐networked mesostructures within an ordered mesoporous matrix, using an in situ transmission electron microscopy heating technique and in situ synchrotron small‐angle X‐ray scattering spectroscopy, are probed. It is found that the formation of WO3 mesostructures involves a particle‐mediated transformation and coalescence mechanism. The liquid‐like particle‐mediated aggregation and mesoscale transformation process can occur in ≈10 nm confined mesoporous channels, which is completely unexpected. The detailed mechanistic study will be of great help for experimental design and to exploit a variety of mesoporous materials for diverse applications, such as catalysis, absorption, separation, energy storage, biomedicine, and nanooptics. 相似文献
18.
《Materials Letters》2007,61(23-24):4639-4642
The pore structure and electrochemical performances of mesoporous carbons prepared by silica sol template method as electrode material for supercapacitor were investigated in this work. The pore size distribution of the mesoporous carbons changes from unimodal to bimodal and the mean pore size increases with the increase of silica sol/glucose ratio. The specific capacitance of the mesoporous carbons also increases with the increase of silica sol/glucose ratio. A novel technique named as template–chemical activation method, combining both template and chemical activation methods, is proposed, which can effectively control the pore structure, improving the electrochemical properties of the mesoporous carbon with improved porosity especially microporosity. 相似文献
19.
Bundles of multi-walled carbon nanotubes of uniform diameter decorated with Ni nanoparticles were synthesized using mesoporous silicates as templates. The ordered morphology and the narrow pore size distribution of mesoporous silicates provide an ideal platform to synthesize uniformly sized carbon nanotubes. In addition, homogeneous sub-10?nm pore sizes of the templates allow in?situ formation of catalytic nanoparticles with uniform diameters which end up decorating the carbon nanotubes. The resulting carbon nanotubes are multi-walled with a uniform diameter corresponding to the pore diameter of the template used during the synthesis that are decorated with the catalysts used to synthesize them. They have a narrow size distribution which can be used in many energy related fields of research. 相似文献
20.
以1-甲基萘热溴化/脱溴聚合沥青为前驱体, 中孔二氧化硅SBA-15为模板, 采用液相浸渍法合成有序中孔炭。通过不同测试手段对中孔炭的微观结构和电化学性能进行了研究。当模板剂和沥青质量比为1:1, 升温速率为 1 ℃·min-1, 碳化温度为900 ℃时, 所制备的中孔炭性能最优, 具有高度有序的二维六方孔道结构, 比表面积为675 m2·g-1, 孔容为1 cm3·g-1, 孔径集中在3.84 nm左右。该中孔炭用于Li-S电池的正极载体材料表现出良好的电化学性能, 在0.2C(1C=1675 mA·g-1)电流密度下经300次循环后放电比容量和容量保持率分别为688 mAh·g-1和67.1%, 在3C电流密度下比容量可达556 mAh·g-1。 相似文献