脂润滑条件下PTFE/GCr15激光织构表面滑动摩擦性能研究

目的 研究PTFE薄膜与激光织构化GCr15轴承钢配副在脂润滑条件下的摩擦学性能,探究微织构面积占有率和工况参数对摩擦学行为的影响规律。方法 采用二极管泵浦声光调Q Nd∶YAG激光器对下试样进行表面织构加工,在Rtec MFT-5000多功能摩擦磨损试验机上进行往复摩擦学试验,其中上试样为粘结PTFE薄膜的圆柱销,下试样为进行激光织构化的GCr15轴承钢滑块。结果 脂润滑介质下,PTFE与微织构表面耦合摩擦系数最低。在前期磨合阶段,不同微织构面积占有率的表面摩擦系数均有小幅度上升;试验中期,不同微织构面积占有率的表面摩擦系数区分度逐渐变大。当微织构面积占有率由10%上升为40%时,摩擦系数先减小后增大,且微织构面积占有率为20%时,表面摩擦系数最小,仅为0.032。脂润滑条件下,三种不同微织构面积占有率的试样随着载荷由20 N增加至100 N时,摩擦系数均出现下降趋势,且趋势逐渐趋缓。在低频率阶段的摩擦系数较大,高频率阶段摩擦系数较小。结论 脂润滑条件下,PTFE与微织构耦合是一种有效的复合减摩手段。随着织构面积占有率的提升,表面摩擦系数先减小后增大,随着载荷的增大,表面摩擦系数迅速下降;随着往复运动频率的增大,表面摩擦系数先上升再缓慢下降。当面积占有率为20%时,能获得较好的摩擦润滑性能。     

表面微织构涂层-基体系统重载弹流润滑性能分析

目的研究表面涂层与织构化协同作用时摩擦副的重载弹流润滑性能,为重载传动的摩擦学设计提供参考。方法基于广义Reynolds方程、线弹性方程以及载荷平衡方程,建立表面微织构涂层-基体系统的弹流润滑模型,并无量纲化,然后运用Full-system有限元法编程求解,探讨涂层的弹性模量以及三角形织构深度、宽度、密度对系统弹流响应的影响。结果载荷一定时,薄膜涂层(2μm)的弹性模量变化(50～500 GPa)对油膜压力整体分布影响较小,但二次压力峰在硬质涂层上更为显著。在涂层与基体存在弹性模量差时,其上由微织构引起的集中应力是无涂层的2～3倍。最小油膜厚度随着涂层弹性模量的增大而增大。随着织构深度的增大(0～5μm),油膜压力和厚度波动更加明显,最小油膜厚度随之减小,系统最大等效应力也显著增大。当织构宽度增大(10～20μm)时,油膜压力和厚度波动减弱,最小油膜厚度先减小后增大。如果织构密度增大(0.5～2),油膜压力波动更为剧烈,油膜厚度波动变化不大,但其波动周期变化明显,最小油膜厚度先减小后增大。膜基界面最大剪应力出现在二次压力峰附近,织构化表面油膜压力波动越大,膜基界面剪应力波动也越大。结论存在一个最优的织构深度、宽度和密度,使得镀膜齿轮的承载能力最佳。合理的涂层选配和微织构设计,可以有效地提高齿轮的摩擦学性能,提前预防膜基系统失效。     

表面织构参数对液压马达滑靴副的摩擦学性能影响研究

目的通过表面织构改善液压马达连杆滑靴副的摩擦学性能。方法首先,基于Reynolds方程研究表面织构参数(直径d、面密度s_p、深度hp)对滑靴副的无量纲压力(P_(av))的影响规律。其次,设计正交试验研究表面织构参数对摩擦系数的影响,分析表面织构的润滑机理。结果 P_(av)随着d的增加而增大;随着s_p的增大,先增加后缓慢减小,当s_p=10%时,Pav达到最大值。此外,随着_hp的增大,P_(av)先增加后快速减小,在h_p=2μm时达到最大值。摩擦实验结果表明,合适的织构参数能有效降低摩擦系数,7#织构表面(d=700μm,s_p=10%,h_p=5μm)的摩擦系数最小为0.034,比无织构表面的降低66%。正交极差分析表明,各因素对摩擦系数影响的主次顺序为:直径面密度深度。摩擦系数随着直径的增大而减小,随着面密度的增大而增大,随着深度的增大而减小。结论经过优选的表面织构参数有利于形成动压润滑,从而降低摩擦系数和磨损。     

接触表面性质对圆柱滚子轴承混合润滑的影响

目的为了提高圆柱滚子轴承的润滑性能,研究滚子与外圈表面纹理及硬弹比对圆柱滚子轴承混合润滑的影响。方法基于平均流量模型、非牛顿效应、热效应和粗糙峰的弹塑性变形,建立了圆柱滚子轴承有限长线接触热混合润滑模型。研究了表面纹理及硬弹比对膜厚、膜厚比、载荷比、平均摩擦系数及最高温度的影响。结果随着表面纹理参数的增大,油膜厚度逐渐减小,粗糙峰接触压力、平均摩擦系数和载荷比逐渐增,最高温度先减小后增大,最小膜厚先增大后减小。但表面纹理参数小于1/3时,对最小膜厚的影响非常小。表面硬度引起的完全塑性变形、弹塑性和塑性变形、完全弹塑性变形对润滑状态的影响不同。在硬弹比处于0.01～0.03时,粗糙峰同时发生弹塑性和塑性变形,油膜厚度、最小膜厚、载荷比、平均摩擦系数、粗糙峰接触压力及最高温度不随表面硬度而变化。当硬弹比小于0.01时,粗糙峰产生完全塑性变形;当硬弹比大于0.03时,粗糙峰发生完全弹塑性变形。这两种情况的载荷比、平均摩擦系数、粗糙峰接触压力及最高温度均随着表面硬弹比的增大而增大。在不同工况下,表面硬度与表面纹理参数对圆柱滚子轴承润滑状态的影响存在差异。在表面纹理参数小于1/3时,表面硬度的影响占主导地位;在表面纹理参数大于1.0时,表面纹理参数的影响占据主导地位。结论表面纹理参数等于1.0时,润滑状态最好;硬弹比处于0.01～0.03时,综合润滑性能最好。在不同条件下,表面纹理参数与表面硬度对润滑影响的程度不同。因此,圆柱滚子轴承混合润滑中,存在最佳的表面纹理参数和表面硬弹比。     

三角表面微织构对304钢摩擦学性能的影响

目的 研究表面三角微织构对304钢减摩抗磨特性的影响,扩宽奥氏体不锈钢应用范围,为改善304钢的耐磨损性能提供理论依据.方法 采用激光加工技术在304钢表面制备三角形微织构,其底边长200μm,高200μm.利用有限元ANSYS软件对油膜压力等参数进行仿真分析,并在MRTR-1多功能摩擦磨损试验机上检测表面织构化304钢的摩擦学性能,探究不同旋转直径(15、25、35 mm)及不同转速(100、200、300 r/min)下三角微织构的摩擦磨损情况,并采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析工件表面的显微结构及形貌.结果 有限元仿真结果表明,三角微织构的存在使油膜内部的压力增大,并且转速越大,油膜承受压力越大,摩擦系数明显降低.试验结果表明,三角织构与无织构化表面相比,平均摩擦系数显著降低,最大降幅达14.89％.结论 激光加工三角织构的304钢摩擦磨损性能优异,且在旋转直径35 mm、转速300 r/min的条件下,减摩抗磨性能更好.主要作用机理为,接触表面间润滑液的及时有效补充,提供了"二次润滑"效应,并建立了连续的摩擦接触界面间的油膜,起到减摩抗磨的作用.     

局部凹坑织构化径向滑动轴承流体动力润滑数值分析

目的 探究局部凹坑织构化表面对径向滑动轴承流体动力润滑的影响.方法 基于雷诺边界条件和Reynolds方程,建立凹坑织构化径向滑动轴承表面流体动力润滑理论模型,采用Gauss-Seidel松弛迭代方法数值求解,获得润滑油膜的压力分布和承载能力,分析其润滑油膜承载机制,探讨凹坑几何参数和分布规律对油膜承载力的影响规律.结果 理论模型的数值解与经典理论的数值解误差较小,能有效分析轴承的流体动压润滑特性.当偏心率较大时,摩擦力的上升幅度也变大,在轴承承载区进行凹坑织构化处理能明显减小摩擦力,并且随着凹坑深度的增大,摩擦力减小,可见凹坑起润滑减摩的作用.油膜承载力随着偏心率的增大而增大,通过凹坑织构的"楔形效应"能够改善非承载区的油膜压力,存在最佳凹坑深度使得轴承达到流体动力润滑最佳状态.摩擦力随着面积率的增大而增大,特别是在偏心率较大时,润滑减摩效果较为明显,面积率对油膜承载力影响不大.将织构布置在径向滑动轴承的不同区域,其中当织构完全在下半瓦(压降区)时,织构能明显增大油膜厚度,产生油膜压力,有效降低摩擦力,提升承载力.结论 凹坑织构能明显改善径向滑动轴承流体动力润滑性能,合理设计轴承的偏心率,合适的织构参数与分布位置,能使流体动力润滑效果最佳.     

油润滑下不同槽宽网状织构表面润滑特性研究

为了提高油膜承载力、改善润滑效果、优化织构化表面的摩擦学性能，研究不同黏度润滑油下网状织构的润滑性能。设计4种不同凹槽宽度的网状织构，通过测量接触角、油膜承载力以及摩擦因数，得到不同转速、不同黏度润滑油下4种网状织构的油膜承载力以及摩擦因数的变化规律。实验结果表明：在4种织构中，凹槽宽度为0.4 mm的网状织构润滑性能最好，在设定的实验条件下，最大油膜承载力为0.52 N,最小摩擦因数为0.019。此外，接触角测量实验表明凹槽宽度为0.4 mm的网状织构表面疏水性能更好，有比较好的成膜能力，使得织构表面动压承载力有比较大提升，摩擦因数也更小。比较不同黏度润滑油和不同转速下网状织构润滑性能，黏度越大的润滑油，油膜承载力越大，润滑效果更佳。同时，油膜承载力随着转速的增大而增大，在润滑油黏度较高时这种影响更为显著。     

放电沉积凸貌微织构表面动压润滑性能仿真研究

目的 提出一种表面凸貌微织构的快速制造方法,并对其表面动压润滑性能及减摩机制进行研究。方法 利用高低压复合放电沉积加工技术实现气体介质中金属或半导体材料表面凸貌微织构的制备。高压脉冲电压实现两极间介质的电离度,低压直流放电实现电极材料蚀除,并沉积在工件表现形成微织构。通过控制工具电极直径,可获得直径410 μm、高12 μm尺度的凸貌微织构。利用FLUENT软件,对该方法所获的凸貌微织构表面动压润滑性能进行仿真,研究了不同高度、直径、面积比下,表面微织构对润滑性能的影响规律。结果 织构面积比和动压润滑性能成正比关系：随着面积比增大,织构上表面平均压力增大。油膜上表面平均压力在高度为7 μm、直径为500 μm、面积比为60%、对摩速度0.5 m/s时,达到最大值1.21×104 Pa。动压润滑性能随单个凸貌微织构高度的增加,先增大后减小,并在7 μm时达到最大。织构直径对润滑性能影响明显,仿真结果表明,在一定条件下,加大织构直径可提高油膜上表面平均压力。结论 凸貌微织构采用增材制造方法,减小了传统去除材料的织构制造方法导致的对材料强度的影响。该方法工艺简单,成本低,不需辅助其他加工条件。表面凸貌微织构的存在使两接触表面的间距减小,形成收敛楔,从而形成动压,使润滑膜产生动压承载力,改善了摩擦学性能。对凸貌微织构的结构参数（面积比、微织构高度、直径）进行仿真分析,获得了织构结构参数对动压润滑特性的影响规律,为后续研究提供了理论支持。     

不同流态下织构化动压滑动轴承润滑特性研究

为了探究不同流态下动压滑动轴承润滑及承载特性，以织构化动压滑动轴承为研究对象，基于Ng-Pan湍流润滑理论，建立不同流态下织构化动压滑动轴承润滑模型，分析润滑油流态、微织构以及轴承结构参数对动压滑动轴承油膜压力以及承载力的影响。研究表明：湍流流态能够有效地提高织构化动压滑动轴承的油膜压力，临界雷诺数随间隙比的增加而减小，随偏心率的增加而增大;不同流态下织构化轴承承载力随坑径与膜厚的增加而逐渐减小，随间距的增加呈现波动变化，随转速、偏心率与长径比的增加而增加，且湍流流态的承载远高于层流流态。     

Cu颗粒和条纹表面织构的协同作用对摩擦副摩擦磨损性能的影响

利用电加工的方法在45钢表面制备了宽度为15μm,深度为30 μm的条纹织构,在SRV往复式摩擦磨损试验机上对具有不同织构面积率的试样进行了摩擦磨损性能试验,分别考察了在纯液体石蜡和添加Cu颗粒液体石蜡润滑条件下摩擦副的摩擦因数和磨损情况,并结合扫描电镜观察和能谱分析研究了表面织构与Cu颗粒协同作用对摩擦磨损行为的影响.结果表明:在摩擦过程中,Cu颗粒能够改善摩擦磨损性能,而条纹织构的存在一方面增大了摩擦,但同时也起到了容纳磨屑的作用.条纹织构对摩擦因数的影响和织构面积率以及施加的载荷有关.在较大载荷下,二者的协同作用能有效的降低摩擦因数.在实验初期,添加0.2%Cu颗粒液体石蜡润滑条件下,当载荷为300 N时,织构面积率为15%的表面平均摩擦因数比原始表面降低约13.5%;而当载荷为500 N时,织构面积率为30%的表面的平均摩擦因数比原始表面降低约11.8%.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.