生物含氧燃料对柴油机排放特性影响的研究

在柴油中分别掺混20％乙醇、20％生物柴油以及lO％乙醇和10％生物柴油,组成E20、B20、E10B10和柴油共4种燃料,在一台4缸柴油机上进行排放特性试验研究.结果表明:在中低负荷下,含氧燃料对HC和CO的排放影响较大,随着含氧燃料中乙醇比例的增加HC和CO排放增加,在中高负荷下,3种含氧燃料的HC和CO排放基本相当;除了在2200r·min-1的中低负荷下含氧燃料的HC和CO排放较柴油高以外,其它工况下含氧燃料的HC和CO排放均较柴油低.含氧燃料不同对NOx排放的影响很小,3种含氧燃料的NOx排放都比柴油低.3种含氧燃料的碳烟排放也较柴油低,而且随含氧燃料中乙醇比例的增加,碳烟排放减小.     

柴油机燃用不同比例菜籽油生物柴油和乙醇柴油的对比试验研究

在一台S195直喷柴油机上进行燃料燃烧对比试验,试验结果表明,燃用生物柴油和乙醇柴油会使柴油机的动力性有所下降,其中菜籽油生物柴油的动力性接近纯柴油燃料的动力性,乙醇柴油的动力性相对较差。生物柴油和乙醇柴油的油耗率都比纯柴油要高,生物柴油的油耗率要高于乙醇柴油。但随负荷的增大,这种差距呈下降趋势。生物柴油和乙醇柴油在较大工况范围都可以保持比纯柴油燃料较低的CO排放量。低负荷状态下改善不明显,甚至会增大;高负荷工况下,混合燃料的CO排放比纯柴油降低较多。绝大部分工况下,生物柴油和乙醇柴油燃料的HC排放都比纯柴油高。绝大部分工况下,生物柴油和乙醇柴油的NOx排放和碳烟排放都比纯柴油低,其中生物柴油的表现优于乙醇柴油。     

基于放热率分析的乙醇柴油燃烧特性的研究

对高速轻型车用柴油机燃用乙醇柴油燃料的放热率和燃烧特性进行了研究,并对多种比例乙醇柴油的排放特性进行了考察。研究表明:在乙醇柴油的十六烷值恢复到原柴油的条件下,乙醇柴油的预混燃烧延长,扩散燃烧缩短,总的燃烧持续期缩短;高负荷下的着火延迟接近柴油,但在中低负荷仍然与柴油有较大的差距;乙醇柴油的最大瞬时放热率低于柴油。在排放方面,乙醇柴油能够同时降低烟度和NOx排放,但在中低负荷下的CO和HC略有上升。     

乙醇与柴油混合燃料燃烧特性及排放特性的试验研究

在一台YC4112ZLQ增压柴油机上进行了不加任何助溶剂和着火改进剂的情况下,无水乙醇与柴油混合对柴油机燃烧过程影响的研究。试验结果表明,随着混合燃料中乙醇比例的提高,滞燃期延长,放热峰值增大,缸内最大爆发压力和最大压力升高率升高。与柴油相比,E10和E20有效热效率与原机相当,E30在高速大负荷工况热效率降低,NOx和碳烟排放明显降低;但HC和CO排放随着混合燃料中乙醇比例的增大,发动机转速为1500 r／min时,HC排放和CO排放均降低,发动机转速为2300 r／min时,HC排放和CO排放均有所升高。     

柴油机燃用F-T柴油与0号柴油混合燃料时的性能与排放研究

开展了直喷式柴油机燃用F-T柴油与0号柴油混合燃料时性能与排放的研究,试验用燃料为O号柴油、含25%和50%F-T柴油的混合燃料以及100%F-T柴油.结果表明,在相同工况下,随着混合燃料中F-T柴油比例的增加,滞燃期缩短,预混燃烧放热峰值降低,扩散燃烧放热峰值增大,最高燃烧压力略微降低,发动机的燃油消耗率和有效热效率得到改善.在负荷特性上,发动机的CO2、HC、CO、NOx和碳烟排放随着F-T柴油的加入而降低,其中CO和碳烟在中高负荷时降低幅度最为显著.当F-T柴油掺混比例由0增至25%时,碳烟排放降低效果最为明显,此后随着F-T柴油的继续增加,碳烟排放降低幅度减少.     

柴油/正戊醇/甲醇三元微乳化燃料柴油机燃烧与排放特性研究

为了使柴油与甲醇互溶,提高燃料氧含量以控制碳烟排放,以正戊醇作为助溶剂,形成柴油/正戊醇/甲醇三元微乳化燃料,对三元燃料在不同温度下的互溶性进行了研究。在一台电控高压共轨柴油机上测试了1 400r/min转速下柴油/正戊醇/甲醇三元微乳化燃料的燃烧压力和排放特性;计算了瞬时燃烧放热率与燃烧温度,并与柴油进行对比。研究结果表明:甲醇能够以一定比例与柴油/正戊醇互溶,且互溶比例随温度升高而增大。与纯柴油相比,随氧含量的增加,混合燃料的滞燃期延长,燃烧持续期缩短,峰值燃烧温度升高;在中低负荷,峰值燃烧放热率上升;在高负荷,三元微乳化燃料的峰值燃烧放热率下降,但其扩散燃烧强度增加;混合燃料的有效燃油消耗率增加,但是其热值逐渐降低,有效热效率上升;3种含氧燃料的CO排放在低负荷时增加,高负荷时降低;HC及NOx排放升高,NO2在NOx中的比例下降;碳烟排放明显减少。     

新型多碳醇-柴油燃料在发动机上的应用研究

本试验在一台S195柴油机上进行,试验结果表明,新型混合燃料的油耗率比纯柴油要高,但随负荷的增大,这种差距呈下降趋势。新型混合燃料在较大工况范围都保持较低的CO排放量。两种新型燃料的HC排放曲线呈相同的规律,绝大部分工况下,新型混合燃料的HC排放要高于纯柴油。新型混合燃料的NOx排放比纯柴油低,并且随燃料中碳原子数的增加,NOx排放进一步降低。新型混合燃料的碳烟排放比纯柴油低,BL20D80燃料对碳烟排放的改善要优于HL20D80燃料。     

柴油机燃用混合替代燃料的燃烧与排放特性

将生物柴油和F-T柴油(F-T diesel)进行掺混,并将其混合燃料应用于4100QBZL柴油机上.在未对原机做任何改动的情况下,研究了该机燃用不同体积配比混合燃料时的燃烧特性及NOx和碳烟排放性能.研究表明,与0#柴油相比,该机的预混燃烧放热峰值降低、扩散燃烧放热峰值升高、燃烧更柔和;NOx排放随着生物柴油掺混比例的增大而升高;碳烟排放显著下降,较0#柴油的降低幅度高达37%;低比例的混合燃料对NOx排放和碳烟排放的trade-off关系有明显改善.生物柴油与F-T柴油混合燃料宜在较低的生物柴油掺混比例范围内使用.     

正丁醇燃料特性对柴油机低温燃烧影响的机理

在一台单缸柴油机上,将20%体积分数的正庚烷、异辛烷和正丁醇分别与柴油进行掺混燃烧,研究了正丁醇沸点、燃料组分、十六烷值和含氧特性等理化特性对柴油机低温燃烧(LTC)的影响机理.结果表明,十六烷值是影响LTC燃烧特性的主导参数,柴油+正庚烷和柴油+异辛烷的燃烧特性分别与纯柴油和柴油+正丁醇接近.碳烟排放上,柴油+正庚烷与纯柴油差别很小,表明在20%掺混条件下,物理特性和燃料组分对LTC碳烟排放影响较小;柴油+异辛烷的碳烟排放较纯柴油降低明显,表明十六烷值是影响LTC碳烟排放的重要因素;柴油+正丁醇的碳烟排放比柴油+异辛烷有较大降低,表明正丁醇含氧特性对改善LTC碳烟排放具有重要作用.燃料理化特性对NOx、CO和HC等气体污染物排放影响较小.     

增压柴油机燃用生物柴油的排放特性

通过对比实验研究了增压柴油机燃烧生物柴油和普通柴油对发动机动力性、经济性和排放特性的影响,研究结果表明：对于实验发动机,在对喷油泵不做任何调整时,直接燃烧生物柴油对柴油机动力性的影响小于5％;无论在全负荷还是在部分负荷工况下,燃用生物柴油均能大幅度降低柴油机的排气可见污染物、PT、CO和HC排放,但会引起NOx排放量的上升,通过适当推迟喷油提前角能明显降低燃用生物柴油时发动机的COx排放,同时还能保留排气可见污染物低、PT、CO和HC排放低的优点,但对发动机动力性的影响却不大,研究表明生物柴油是理想的可再生清洁燃料。     

柴油机掺烧不同比例生物柴油的试验研究

将体积分数为10%2、0%、30%的生物柴油掺混到柴油里组成3种混合燃料,并连同纯柴油共4种燃料,在一台四缸增压中冷柴油机上进行性能、燃烧和排放特性的试验研究.结果表明,柴油机燃用生物柴油与柴油混合燃料的折合油耗率与燃用纯柴油时基本相当;燃用混合燃料的缸内最大爆发压力和压力升高率较低,着火时刻较晚;混合燃料的NOx和碳烟排放与燃用纯柴油时相比均有不同程度的降低,但混合燃料的HC和CO排放只是在1 500r/min时才较纯柴油低,当转速在2 300 r/min时,混合燃料的HC和CO排放更高.     

Performance and emission study on the effect of oxygenated additive in neat biodiesel fueled diesel engine

This work presents the effect of the Di-tetra-butyl-peroxide (DTBP) as an oxygenated additive on neat used mustard oil biodiesel (B100) to evaluate the emission and performance engine characteristics. Four fuels, namely, diesel, biodiesel (Mustard biodiesel), a blend of B100-10percentage, and 20% by volume of DTBP (BD90DTBP10 and BD80DTBP20) are prepared and tested on a single cylinder, constant speed diesel engine. Experimental outcomes revealed that 20% of DTBP reduces 7.3% CO, 5.1% HC, and 4.6% NOx and 3.2% smoke emissions of B100. From this study, further, it is inferred that BD80DTBP20 blend could be utilized as an alternative fuel for a CI engine with no modifications in engine design.     

Emission analysis of diesel engine fueled with soybean biodiesel and its water blends

The present study is carried out to formulate stable water-in-soybean biodiesel emulsion fuel and investigate its emission characteristics in a single cylinder diesel engine. Four types of emulsion fuels, which consist of a different percentage of water (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) in soybean biodiesel, were prepared with suitable surfactant and properties were measured. The physicochemical properties are on par with EN 14214 standards. The experimental result of test fuels indicates that the soybean biodiesel promotes a lower level of hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) and smoke emissions compared to base diesel except for nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission. Increase in water concentration with soybean biodiesel significantly reduces the NOx emission and smoke opacity. The HC and CO emissions are further reduced with emulsified biodiesel up to 10% water concentration and beyond that limit, marginal increases are recorded. Overall, it is observed that inclusion of water with soybean biodiesel reduces the HC, CO, NOx and smoke emissions when compared to base diesel and soybean biodiesel, and 10% water in soybean biodiesel is an appropriate solution to reduce the overall emissions in the soybean-fuelled diesel engine.     

The impacts of compression ratio on the performance and emissions of ice powered by oxygenated fuels: A review

Energy sources are becoming a governmental issue, with cost and stable supply as the main concern. Oxygenated fuels production is cheap, simple and eco-friendly, as a well as can be produced locally, cutting down on transportation fuel costs. Oxygenated fuels are used directly in an engine as a pure fuel, or they can be blended with fossil fuel. The most common fuels that are conceded under oxygenated fuels are ethanol, methanol, butanol Dimethyl Ether (DME), Ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE), Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and biodiesel that have attracted the attention of researchers. Due to the higher heat of vaporization, high octane rating, high flammability temperature, and single boiling point, the oxygenated fuels have a positive impact on the engine performance, combustion, and emissions by allowing the increase of the compression ratio. Oxygenated fuels also have a considerable oxygen content that causes clean combustion. The aim of this paper was to systematically review the impact of compression ratio (CR) on the performance, combustion and emissions of internal combustion engines (ICE) that are operated with oxygenated fuels that could potentially replace petroleum-based fuels or to improve the fuel properties. The higher octane rating of oxygenated fuels can endure higher compression ratios before an engine starts knocking, thus giving an engine the ability to deliver more power efficiently and economically. One of the more significant findings to emerge from this review study was the slight increases or decreases in power when oxygenated fuel was used at the original CR in ICE engines. Also, CO, HC, and NOx emissions decreased while the fuel consumption (FC) increased. However, at higher CR, the engine performance increased and fuel consumption decreased for both SI and CI engines. It was seen the NOx, CO and CO₂ emissions of oxygenated fuels decreased with the increasing CR in the SI engine, but the HC increased. Meanwhile, in CI engine, the HC, CO and NOx decreased as the CR increased with biodiesel fuel.     

推进特性试验下生物乳化柴油对柴油机性能的影响

在柴油机上进行柴油、三种生物乳化柴油(E10、E15和E20)和生物柴油的推进特性试验,就其燃烧特性、动力性、经济性及常规排放特性进行对比。试验结果显示:高转速时,生物乳化柴油的缸内燃烧压力和放热率略低于柴油,缸内燃烧温度有所降低;动力性相比柴油略有下降,仅E10的燃油消耗率比柴油低,B100最高;烟度和NOx排放均有显著降低,且随水和丁醇掺混比例增加而降低; CO和HC排放与柴油基本无差别,整体增加不多。表明:生物乳化柴油作为替代燃料能保证柴油机运行的稳定性,可同时降低柴油机的烟度和NOx排放,具有良好的环境效益和经济效益。     

Effect of diethyl ether and ethanol additives on the combustion and emission characteristics of biodiesel-diesel blended fuel engine

An experimental investigation is conducted to evaluate the effects of using diethyl ether and ethanol as additives to biodiesel/diesel blends on the performance, emissions and combustion characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine. The test fuels are denoted as B30 (30% biodiesel and 70% diesel in vol.), BE-1 (5% diethyl ether, 25% biodiesel and 70% diesel in vol.) and BE-2 (5% ethanol, 25% biodiesel and 70% diesel in vol.) respectively. The results indicate that, compared with B30, there is slightly lower brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) for BE-1. Drastic reduction in smoke is observed with BE-1 and BE-2 at higher engine loads. Nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions are found slightly higher for BE-2. Hydrocarbon (HC) emissions are slightly higher for BE-1 and BE-2, but carbon monoxide (CO) are slightly lower. The peak pressure, peak pressure rise rate and peak heat release rate of BE-1 are almost similar to those of B30, and higher than those of BE-2 at lower engine loads. At higher engine loads the peak pressure, peak pressure rise rate and peak heat release rate of BE-1 are the highest and those of B30 are the lowest. BE-1 reflects better engine performance and combustion characteristics than BE-2 and B30.     

不同海拔下VGT对含氧燃料柴油机性能的影响

利用大气压力模拟装置,试验研究了可变几何截面涡轮增压器(VGT)对高压共轨柴油机分别燃用纯柴油和生物柴油-乙醇-柴油(BED)含氧燃料的经济性、排放特性及燃烧特性的影响。结果表明:随着海拔的升高,柴油机经济性恶化,氮氧化物(NO_x)排放降低,而一氧化碳(CO)和碳氢化合物(HC)排放及烟度升高。燃用纯柴油与含氧燃料,随着VGT喷嘴环开度的增大,柴油机的经济性均有不同程度的恶化,而CO、HC排放及排气烟度也都有不同程度的升高。在高海拔地区,燃用纯柴油的经济性优于含氧燃料,但使用含氧燃料有助于改善柴油机的CO、HC排放及烟度。在中等负荷工况下,NO_x排放随着VGT喷嘴环开度的增大呈现先减小后增大的趋势;在高负荷工况下,放热率峰值和最高气缸压力均随着VGT喷嘴环开度的增大而降低,从而降低了NO_x排放。     

压燃发动机燃用不同原料生物柴油的燃烧与排放特性

利用KIVA3数值模拟研究柴油以及三种生物柴油(大豆油甲酯、棕榈油甲酯、麻疯油甲酯)对压燃发动机燃烧和排放性能的影响。数值计算结果表明:生物柴油在燃烧初始阶段与柴油燃烧特性基本一致,燃烧中后期,生物柴油的平均缸温低于柴油,其中麻疯油甲酯最为明显;生物柴油碳烟和CO生成量明显低于柴油。生物柴油虽然缸内氧含量比柴油高,但由于受缸温的影响,NOx排放比柴油低,而麻疯油甲酯在三种生物柴油中NOx排放最低。     

不同含氧调合汽油燃料的整车及排放性能试验研究

将甲醇、乙醇、正丁醇和2,5-二甲基呋喃(DMF)分别与市售编号为92号汽油按照体积比为1∶9的比例混合,连同纯汽油组成M10、E10、B10、F10、G100 5种燃料,在一辆缸内直喷(GDI)乘用车上研究不同燃料对整车性能的影响。试验结果表明,在新欧洲驾驶循环(NEDC)下,丁醇混合燃料的百公里体积油耗和去除热值影响的当量油耗均是被测5种燃料中最低的,其余3种含氧燃料掺混后的百公里体积油耗和当量油耗均高于纯汽油燃料;除M10的CO排放比汽油低外,含氧汽油的CO和THC排放均高于汽油;掺混3种醇类燃料均能够降低NO_x排放,F10的NO_x排放与纯汽油相当;4种含氧汽油大幅降低了颗粒物质量和数量排放。向汽油中添加含氧燃料能够降低汽车在中高车速稳定运行时的油耗和排放,但添加含氧燃料后的汽油比纯汽油更加不适应低车速和起动工况。在动力性方面,4种含氧汽油均缩短了汽车的加速时间。