基于FOA-SVM的超声信号端点检测

在超声缺陷识别系统中,端点检测是确保缺陷准确识别的重要环节。为提高在实际探伤过程中端点检测的准确率,提出一种以果蝇算法优化支持向量机的端点检测方法。针对超声检测信号的特点,采用小波包变换提取反映该信号性质的特征向量。鉴于传统方法检出率不高及支持向量机(SVM)参数难确定的问题,利用果蝇算法(FOA)优化SVM的惩罚子和核参数,提高支持向量机建模准确度。试验结果表明:FOA-SVM模型的平均检出率达到97.5%,端点检测效果明显优于传统的双门限法、普通SVM模型和GA-SVM模型。     

基于粒子群-向量机的汽车加速噪声评价

以乘用车由50 km/h加速到100 km/h时的噪声信号为评价对象,用成对比较法对车内加速噪声品质偏好性进行主观评价实验,获得每个样本的偏好性评价值。计算各噪声样本的主要心理声学客观参数并进行相关分析。鉴于评价者对非稳态噪声主观评价过程的复杂性,建立支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)的主客观评价模型,并利用粒子群优化算法(Particle Swarm Optimization,PSO)对模型参数进行优化。为对比优化后预测效果,建立BP神经网络回归模型。结果表明,优化后的粒子群-向量机回归模型用于噪声声品质评价能获得更好的预测效果,可较大程度提高声品质预测精度。     

基于改进麻雀算法优化支持向量机的滚动轴承故障诊断研究

针对群智能算法优化支持向量机模型应用在滚动轴承故障诊断领域中易陷入局部最优、准确率较低的问题,提出了一种基于改进麻雀算法(sparrow search algorithm, SSA)优化支持向量机(support vector machine, SVM)的滚动轴承故障诊断方法。首先引入均匀化分布Chebyshev混沌映射初始化麻雀种群,以提高种群空间分布均匀性,之后将自适应惯性权重融入麻雀算法的发现者位置更新,最后对更新位置后的最优麻雀进行随机游走扰动,提高算法的全局和局部搜索能力,避免算法陷入局部最优。将该算法用于支持向量机的参数优化,构建改进麻雀算法优化支持向量机故障诊断模型实现对轴承故障信号的分类诊断。滚动轴承故障诊断试验分析结果表明,该算法模型故障分类效果明显优于粒子群算法优化支持向量机模型、遗传算法优化支持向量机模型和麻雀算法优化支持向量机模型,能够有效识别滚动轴承各故障类型。     

基于EMD和GA-SVM的超声检测缺陷信号识别

为提高金属探伤时对缺陷的识别能力,提出一种遗传优化支持向量机,结合经验模态分解(EMD),对超声波缺陷信号进行自动识别。首先进行经验模态分解法分解,提取出原始信号特征,构建特征向量。鉴于常用的神经网络模型识别率不高及支持向量机参数难确定的问题,利用遗传算法优化支持向量机模型(GA-SVM)的惩罚因子和核参数,提高支持向量机建模精度。分别采用神经网络模型、SVM模型和GA-SVM模型对特征向量进行训练与测试,GASVM模型识别率达到98.437 5%,优于神经网络方法和未改进的交叉验证法SVM模型。试验结果表明:遗传算法能有效提高支持向量机的性能,在小样本条件下能够提高超声缺陷的识别率。     

基于自由搜索算法和支持向量机的燃煤锅炉NOx 建模与优化

利用支持向量机（ SVM）建立锅炉NOx 排放模型,采用自由搜索（ FS）算法对支持向量机模型参数进行优化并对模型输入参数进行寻优。结果表明,FS-SVM模型能够较好地预测NOx 排放,且模型精度较高。通过优化输入参数,NOx 排放量有明显地降低,优化后的参数变化情况与有关文献中实验所得的结果一致。     

基于GWO的SVM在红外甲烷传感器测量误差分析中的应用

针对传统支持向量机回归模型应用在红外甲烷传感器测量数据处理时出现预测精度低的问题,提出了一种基于灰狼优化算法的支持向量机回归模型。该模型在传统支持向量机的基础上,利用灰狼优化算法自适应搜索特征空间来选择最佳特征组合,经过循环比较,能快速、准确地搜索到最优的惩罚因子C与gamma参数。用实验室研制的红外甲烷传感器对0～5.05%浓度范围的标准甲烷气体进行测量后,建立了3种SVM回归模型,并进行对比。结果表明,采用灰狼优化算法建立的支持向量机回归模型其绝对误差和相对误差小,精度高。     

基于两阶段学习的半监督SVM故障检测方法

提出一种基于两阶段学习的半监督SVM故障检测方法。该方法首先使用标识传递算法给未标识样本赋予初始伪标识,并通过k近邻图对比样本点标识值,将可能是噪声的样本点识别并剔除;然后将去噪处理后的样本集输入到SVM中,使得SVM在训练时能兼顾整个样本集的信息,从而提高SVM的故障检测性能。实验中将该方法同支持向量机(SVM)、模糊支持向量机(FSVM)、直推式支持向量机(TSVM)及拉普拉斯支持向量机算法(LapSVM)进行比较,结果表明该方法在不同数目标识样本集合的情况下,检测精度较其他算法有较大幅度提高,同时该方法还比较了不含测试样本和含测试样本训练条件下的故障检测性能,结果表明结合测试样本可进一步提高算法的故障检测性能。     

基于混沌理论和支持向量机的人脸识别方法

针对如何选定主成分分析(PCA)特征维数和如何选定支持向量机(SVM)的参数来进一步提高人脸识别系统性能的问题,提出了一种基于混沌理论和支持向量机的人脸识别方法.首先,在统一的目标函数下,在采用PCA方法对人脸图像进行降维和将得到的特征送入SVM中进行训练期间,使用具有可操作性的改进混沌优化算法同时对PCA图像特征维数和分类器参数进行优化选择,然后用得到的优化人脸特征和最佳参数的分类器对未知图像进行识别.基于该方法,对ORL和Yale人脸库进行实验,其识别率都高达99%以上,仿真结果表明,该方法极大地提高了人脸识别能力.     

一种新型回归支持向量机的学习算法

支持向量机(SVM)是一种基于结构风险最小化原理的学习技术,也是一种具有很好泛化性能的回归方法,本文对标准支持向量机稍作改动,提出了一种新型回归支持向量机,并推导出它的对偶表达方式,随后利用一个优化定理设计了一个多变量更新学习算法,该算法能单调收敛于极值点,并具有简单的迭代方式,仿真实例说明所提出的回归支持向量机及其训练算法具有较好的学习性能.     

改进果蝇优化LSSVM超声波萃取产物浓度软测量

针对超声波天然产物萃取过程中产物浓度难以在线检测的问题,提出了一种改进果蝇优化最小二乘支持向量机(Least Squares Support Vector Machine,LSSVM)的超声波萃取产物浓度软测量建模方法。首先将混沌优化与迭代步长动态调节方法相融合,提出了一种混沌动态步长改进果蝇优化算法(Chaos Dynamic Step Fluit Fly Optimization Algorithm,CDSFOA),该算法引入动态调节因子对步长动态更新,并利用混沌优化实现各变量之间映射等操作,能够有效提高果蝇优化算法的收敛精度和收敛速度,然后利用CDSFOA对LSSVM进行参数寻优,构建最优CDSFOA-LSSVM软测量模型,最后利用超声波斛皮素萃取实验数据进行验证。结果表明,提出的模型不仅有较好的学习和泛化能力,而且具有良好的预测精度,可为超声波天然产物萃取工艺优化提供理论指导。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...